Die mit regem Eifer betriebenen Forschungen der physi- kalischen Chemie haben in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zu Resultaten gefUhrt, mittels deren eine grosse Reihe der bisher offnen Fragen der exakten N aturwissenschaften gelOst ist. Unter anderem ist ein tieferer Einblick in das Wesen der Losungen gewonnen, nachdem die Giiltigkeit del' A VOGADRO- schen Regel, die bis dahin nul' auf die Gase Anwendung fand, von VAN'T HOFF auch fUr die Korper im gelOsten Zu- stand dargethan worden war. Ganz besonders ist dieses Er- gebnis der Elektrochemie zu gute gekommen, wenn es auch auf den ersten Blick mit ihr nicht in Beziehung zu stehen scheint. Man darf heutzutage behaupten, dass die Leitung des galvanischen Stromes in Elektrolyten, wie auch die .Entstehung desselben in den VOLTAschen Ketten, iiber deren Natur man ein Jahrhundert lang im Zweifel war, vollig klar- gestellt ist. Die Lehren del' Elektrochemie sind in den Fachzeit- schriften und den Lehrbiichern der physikalischen Chemie von OSTWALD und von NERNST ausfiihrlich dargelegt. Trotzdem habe ich es unternommen, dieses Biichlein zu schreiben, da ich es fUr zeitgemass hielt, in gedrangter Form jene N eue- rungen zusammenzustellen und so demjenigen einen kurzen Uberblick zu geben, del' nicht in del' Lage ist, die ausgedehnte Fachlitteratur eingehend zu studiel'en. Urn abel' dem Leser, * IV Vorwort.

Chapter One examines the effect of water addition on some physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents through experimentation. Chapter Two deliberates on ionic liquids electrochemical behaviour for corrosion inhibition of different metals. Chapter Three presents the process and mechanism of electrochemical synthesis of DMC in ionic liquids. Chapter Four provides an overview of the applications of ionic liquids on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Chapter Five studies the biocatalyst process for the esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) with different ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-octyl-3-methyllidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate. Chaper Six continues with a study on predicting wine quality, with the suggestion that investors should further their knowledge on all aspects of winemaking. Chapter Seven reviews the advantages of ionic liquids in biorefinery processes.

Ion exchange materials are extremely effective absorbents generally containing some functional groups with insoluble structures, which have high affinity capacities towards the targets among a series of structurally similar ions or ion groups. In recent decades, the various methods used to preparing the absorbents for contaminant removal and resource recycle from environment have been extensively studied under the backgrounds of environment pollution and resource shortages. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) was developed rapidly as a research hot topic to prepare ion exchange materials with shape memory effects. In consideration of the advantages of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), including high adsorption capacities, high selectivity, easy recycle etc., their applications in the separation and concentration of target molecules or ions have been widely explored. This book briefly narrates the fundamentals and preparations of MIPs, and particularly focus on the research advances relevant to human-living environment including water, atmosphere and soil. An overview of the most important applications of the ion exchange method in the treatment of industrial wastewaters which contain heavy metal ions, and the main environmental benefits of this method are highlighted. The most important ion exchangers used in environment remediation processes, including their classification and environmental utilisations, are presented as well. The influence of operating conditions on the ion exchange process is discussed, both from efficiency and mechanism perspectives. Also, the opportunities and challenges, which make that the ion exchange method to be still an important research issue at international level, are reviewed. Other chapters familiarise the reader with innovative practices to develop sustainable water treatment methods; review the use of adsorption materials, including raw biomasses, and ion exchange resins for the treatment of olive mill wastewater; various examples of selective removal of heavy metal ions discharged in an effluent from electroplating plants, metal finishing operations, as well as mining and electronics industries through ion exchange are presented and finally; the principal mechanisms and specific features of the copper ion exchange in alkali silicate glasses is explored.

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is attracting many researchers attention nowadays because of its numerous advantages, such as simple deposition apparatus, fast deposition rate, and the ease of deposition with a controlled thickness, compared to the other processing techniques. Chapter One reports the effectiveness of AC-EPD for the deposition and infiltration of various ceramic nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension. In Chapter Two, the authors discuss the functionalization of SnO2 thick films prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Chapter Three concludes that despite being a wet process, EPD offers easy control of the thickness and morphology of a deposited film through simple adjustments to the deposition time and the applied potential.

Magnetoresistance is an effect associated with the change of the quanta of the magnetic field due to the energy emission by the atom. In this book, Chapter One discusses magnetoresistive multilayers using various iron oxides and their characteristics. Chapter Two examines magnetoresistance connected with quantum electron transitions in the hydrogen atom. Chapter Three focuses on giant injection magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/semiconductor heterostructures.

In Advanced ULSI interconnects - fundamentals and applications we bring a comprehensive description of copper-based interconnect technology for ultra-lar- scale integration (ULSI) technology for integrated circuit (IC) application. In- grated circuit technology is the base for all modern electronics systems. You can ?nd electronics systems today everywhere: from toys and home appliances to a- planes and space shuttles. Electronics systems form the hardware that together with software are the bases of the modern information society. The rapid growth and vast exploitation of modern electronics system create a strong demand for new and improved electronic circuits as demonstrated by the amazing progress in the ?eld of ULSI technology. This progress is well described by the famous "Moore's law" which states, in its most general form, that all the metrics that describe integrated circuit performance (e. g. , speed, number of devices, chip area) improve expon- tially as a function of time. For example, the number of components per chip d- bles every 18 months and the critical dimension on a chip has shrunk by 50% every 2 years on average in the last 30 years. This rapid growth in integrated circuits te- nology results in highly complex integrated circuits with an increasing number of interconnects on chips and between the chip and its package. The complexity of the interconnect network on chips involves an increasing number of metal lines per interconnect level, more interconnect levels, and at the same time a reduction in the interconnect line critical dimensions.

Wastewater treatment technology is undergoing a profound transformation due to the fundamental changes in regulations governing the discharge and disposal of h- ardous pollutants. Established design procedures and criteria, which have served the industry well for decades, can no longer meet the ever-increasing demand. Toxicity reduction requirements dictate in the development of new technologies for the treatment of these toxic pollutants in a safe and cost-effective manner. Fo- most among these technologies are electrochemical processes. While electrochemical technologies have been known and utilized for the tre- ment of wastewater containing heavy metal cations, the application of these p- cesses is only just a beginning to be developed for the oxidation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been rec- nized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes on which the oxidation of organic pollutants is mediated via the formation of active hydroxyl radicals.

This book reviews the current understanding of the mechanical, chemical and biological processes that are responsible for the degradation of a variety of implant materials. All 18 chapters will be written by internationally renowned experts to address both fundamental and practical aspects of research into the field. Different failure mechanisms such as corrosion, fatigue, and wear will be reviewed, together with experimental techniques for monitoring them, either in vitro or in vivo. Procedures for implant retrieval and analysis will be presented. A variety of biomaterials (stainless steels, titanium and its alloys, nitinol, magnesium alloys, polyethylene, biodegradable polymers, silicone gel, hydrogels, calcium phosphates) and medical devices (orthopedic and dental implants, stents, heart valves, breast implants) will be analyzed in detail. The book will serve as a broad reference source for graduate students and researchers studying biomedicine, corrosion, surface science, and electrochemistry.

Molybdenum and its compounds (oxides, sulphides, carbides, nitrides, selenides, molybdates and molybdenum complexes) have a number of applications in alloys, catalysts, electrochromics, sensors, capacitors, batteries, solar cells and so on. Promising works on their nanostructures have been reported as a means to enhance the performance of materials. The present book is an edited volume on molybdenum and its compounds in different applications. There are chapters concentrating on molybdenum and its alloys, molybdenum oxides, molybdenum sulphides, molybdenum carbides, molybdenum nitrides, molybdenum selenides, molybdenum blues, Keplerate-type molecular spheres, molybdenum complexes and molybdates.

The authors provide new insights into the theoretical and applied aspects of metal electrodeposition. The theory largely focuses on the electrochemistry of metals. Details on the practice discuss the selection and use of metal coatings, the technology of deposition of metals and alloys, including individual peculiarities, properties and structure of coatings, control and investigations. This book aims to acquaint advanced students and researchers with recent advances in electrodeposition while also being an excellent reference for the practical electrodeposition of metals and alloys.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical power generation devices that can convert chemical energy of a fuel into electricity in an efficient, environmental-friendly, and quiet manner. Due to their high operating temperature, SOFCs feature fuel flexibility as internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia thermal cracking can be realized in SOFC anode. This book first introduces the fundamental principles of SOFCs and compares SOFC technology with conventional heat engines as well as low temperature fuel cells. Then the latest developments in SOFC R&D are reviewed and future directions are discussed. Key issues related to SOFC performance improvement, long-term stability, mathematical modelling, as well as system integration/control are addressed, including material development, infiltration technique for nano-structured electrode fabrication, focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique for microstructure reconstruction, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation at pore scale, multi-scale modelling, SOFC integration with buildings and other cycles for stationary applications.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique that separates ions based on their electrophoretic mobility with the use of an applied voltage. With the high efficiency and broad separating capabilities, CE has continuously spurred research interests among the scientific society to execute further developments in the technique. This book is a timely synthesis of the on-going CE development and application research in the formats of general reviews and detailed case studies. All chapters are invited contributions and peer-reviewed. This book is basically the result of the combined efforts of the dedicated international group of contributors who are from Argentina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Japan, and USA. This book should be of interest to university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, industrial engineers, and anyone who works and deals with various aspects of CE development and application.

Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, usually silicate-bearing, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other diluted solvents. Since ancient times, clay minerals have been investigated because of their importance in agriculture, ceramics, building and other uses. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the types, properties and uses of clay. Topics discussed include clay mineral application in electrochemistry and wastewater treatment; organoclay/polymer nanocomposites; use of clays to manufacture honeycomb monoliths for pollution control applications; clays for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions and structural modification of montmorillonite clays by the pillaring process.

This book presents current research in the field of electrochemistry. Topics discussed include advanced materials for wet electrochemical detection of organic impurities; electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in waste water treatment and energy conversion systems; electrochemical hydrogen storage; application of high temperature electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production; electrolysis of nitrate aqueous solution; electrocoagulation and electroflotation; and, voltage stabilisation using a storage capacitor and physical and electrochemical properties of quaternary ammonium salts.

This book includes a detailed study on the electrochemical oxidation and corrosion of metals (silver, copper and their alloys) in concentrated aqueous electrolytes solutions. The properties of the electronic subsystem of the solid electrolyte and their effect on the electrode process are discussed as well. In addition, natural and synthesised porous materials are deemed as one of the most important object of study in major contemporary technologies. The authors of this book analyse results of experimental researches revealing the regularities of high-voltage electric discharges influence in solutions of surface-active substances on the absorption processes. Moreover, reaction dynamics at the passive film/solution interface is an important subject from a theoretical and practical point-of-view. In this book, the relative importance of isovalent and oxidative dissolution is estimated, as well as anion-assisted solubilisation during oxidation of stainless alloys. Other chapters discuss non-crystalline semiconductors, crucial to a number of major technological notably in domains of electronic devices energy storage, and converters and environmental monitoring such as batteries, fuel cells and sensor technology. The structure, optical properties, electronic and ionic conduction mechanisms of non-crystalline semi-conductors are explored as well.

My Way to Lithium-Ion Batteries Yoshio Nishi I have been engaged in research and development (R&D) on novel materials for electronic appliances for 40 years since I joined Sony Corporation in 1966. I started my scientific career in Sony as a researcher of zinc-air batteries. After 8 years in R&D on electrochemistry, my research field was shifted against my will to el- troacoustic materials, specifically diaphragm materials for electroacoustic tra- ducers including loudspeakers, headphones, and microphones. My R&D work also extended to cabinet materials for speaker systems. This about-face was uncomfo- able for me at first, but it forced me to devote myself to the investigation of various classes of materials unfamiliar to me, covering pulp and paper, metals (i. e. , Ti, Al, Be), ceramics (B4C, TiN, BN, SiC), carbonaceous materials (carbon fibers, intr- sic carbon, artificial diamond), reinforcing fibers for FRP (carbon fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers, glass fibers, SiC fibers, superdrawn polyethylene fibers), organic polymers (polyamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, poly- ides, polysulfones, polyetherimides, polyethersulfones, PET), boards (plywood, particle board), resin composites (bulk molding compounds, resin concretes, arti- cial marble), and so on. I also was engaged in development of piezoelectric lo- speakers employing poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF). The remarkably successful output from my R&D activities in those days were organic polymer whiskers and bacterial cellulose. The former was the first organic whisker in the world disc- ered by M. Iguchi,1 which is composed of polyoxymethylene (POM).

This book gathers the latest research from around the globe in the study in the dynamic field of electrochemistry and highlights such topics as: electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in wastewater treatment, corrosion and protection of magnesium and its alloys as a biomaterial, electrochemical hydrogen storage, analysis of electrochemical reactor performance and others.

This book is dedicated to presenting the latest research from around the world in electroanalytical chemistry, also known as electroanalysis, which lies at the interface between analytical science and electrochemistry. It is concerned with the development, characterisation and application of chemical analysis methods employing electrochemical phenomena. It has major significance in modern analytical science, enabling measurements of the smallest chemical species, the proton, right up to the macromolecules of importance in modern biology. Electroanalytical methodologies, devices and systems have importance in the contemporary laboratory as well as in out-of-laboratory applications. The latter applications are enabled by the role of electroanalysis as a major driving force in modern chemical sensor and biosensor technology as well as electroanalytical detection in microsystems technology.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such "strongly correlated" solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines. For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size. Many universities, research institutes and companies are working to develop high-Tc superconductivity applications and considerable progress has been made. This volume brings together new leading-edge research in the field.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This new book gathers new and important research from around the globe.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, and bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This book details advances in metal electrodeposition.