Scheduling and Operation of Virtual Power Plants: Technical Challenges and Electricity Markets provides a multidisciplinary perspective on recent advances in VPPs, ranging from required infrastructures and planning to operation and control. The work details the required components in a virtual power plant, including smartness of power system, instrument and information and communication technologies (ICTs), measurement units, and distributed energy sources. Contributors assess the proposed benefits of virtual power plant in solving problems of distributed energy sources in integrating the small, distributed and intermittent output of these units. In addition, they investigate the likely technical challenges regarding control and interaction with other entities. Finally, the work considers the role of VPPs in electricity markets, showing how distributed energy resources and demand response providers can integrate their resources through virtual power plant concepts to effectively participate in electricity markets to solve the issues of small capacity and intermittency. The work is suitable for experienced engineers, researchers, managers and policymakers interested in using VPPs in future smart grids.

Micro and Nano Thermal Transport Research: Characterization, Measurement and Mechanism is a complete and reliable reference on thermal measurement methods and mechanisms of micro and nanoscale materials. The book has a strong focus on applications and simulation, providing clear guidance on how to measure thermal properties in a systematic way. Sections cover the fundamentals of thermal properties before introducing tools to help readers identify and analyze thermal characteristics of these materials. The thermal transport properties are then further explored by means of simulation which reflect the internal mechanisms used to generate such thermal properties. Readers will gain a clear understanding of thermophysical measurement methods and the representative thermal transport characteristics of micro/nanoscale materials with different structures and are guided through a decision-making process to choose the most effective method to master thermal analysis. The book is particularly suitable for those engaged in the design and development of thermal property measurement instruments, as well as researchers of thermal transport at the micro and nanoscale.

Heat is a branch of thermodynamics that occupies a unique position due to its involvement in the field of practice. Being linked to the management, transport and exchange of energy in thermal form, it impacts all aspects of human life and activity. Heat transfers are, by nature, classified as conduction, convection (which inserts conduction into fluid mechanics) and radiation. The importance of these three transfer methods has resulted - justifiably - in a separate volume being afforded to each of them, with the subject of convection split into two volumes. This third volume is dedicated to convection, more specifically, the foundations of convective transfers. Various angles are considered to cover this topic, including empirical relationships and analytically approaching boundary layers, including the integral methods and numerical approaches. The problem of heat exchangers is presented, without aiming to be an exhaustive treatise. Heat Transfer 3 combines a basic approach with a deeper understanding of the discipline and will therefore appeal to a wide audience, from technician to engineer, from doctoral student to teacher-researcher.

Non-Conventional Energy in North America: Current and Future Perspectives for Electricity Generation provides an analysis of the current state of non-conventional energy sources used in the United States and Canada. The book works through all non-conventional renewable energy power sources, such as solar, wind and nuclear, considers the associated pros and cons, their impact on society, the climate and the population, and their potential. As well as coverage on the amount of power generated from each source, this book considers various imposed policies and programs alongside public opinion to provide readers with an understanding of current and future potentials for sustainable energy. Readers in government, energy experts, economists, academics and scientists will find this book to be a great reference on which types of power generation they would like to develop in their regions to promote economic and social development. The book will equip readers with the knowledge to make future decisions to diversity the energy mix in their respective regions.

Biochemicals and Materials Production from Sustainable Biomass Resources provides a detailed overview of the experimentally developed approaches and strategies that facilitate carbon-based materials and fine chemicals derivation from biomass feedstocks with robust catalyst systems and renewed conversion routes. In addition, the book highlights theoretical methods like techno-economic analysis of biobutanol synthesis. As academia and industry are now striving to substitute fossil-based chemicals with alternative renewable resources, second-generation lignocellulosic biomass which does not depend on the food cycle has become increasingly important. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three major polymeric components - lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The polymers can be degraded into monomeric counterparts through selective conversion routes like hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and of hemicellulose to xylose.

Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation addresses the topics related to hybrid technologies by coupling conventional thermal engines with novel technologies, including fuel cells, batteries, thermal storage and electrolysis, and reporting on the most recent advances concerning transport and stationary applications. Potential operating schemes of hybrid power generation systems are covered, highlighting possible combinations of technology and guideline selection according to the energy demands of end-users. Going beyond state-of-the-art technological developments for processes, devices and systems, this book discusses the environmental impact and existing hurdles of moving from a single device to new approaches for efficient energy generation, transfer, conversion, high-density storage and consumption. By describing the practical viability of novel devices coupled to conventional thermal devices, this book has a decisive impact in energy system research, supporting those in the energy research and engineering communities.

Universal Well Control gives today's drilling and production engineers a modern guide to effectively and responsibly manage rig operations. In a post-Macondo industry, well control continues to require higher drilling costs, a waste of natural resources, and the possibility of a loss of human life when kicks and blowouts occur. The book delivers updated photos, practice examples and methods that are critical to modern well control information, ensuring engineers and personnel stay safe, environmentally responsible and effective. Complete with all phases of well control, the book covers kick detection, kick control, loss of control and blowout containment and killing. A quick tips section is included, along with templated. step-by-step methods to replicate for non-routine shut-in methods. Bonus equipment animations are included, along with a high number of visuals. Specialized methods are covered, including dual gradient drilling and managed pressure drilling.

Mechanical Design of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters: Generating Electricity from Human Walking provides the state-of-the-art, recent mechanical designs of piezoelectric energy harvesters based on piezoelectric stacks. The book discusses innovative mechanism designs for energy harvesting from multidimensional force excitation, such as human walking, which offers higher energy density. Coverage includes analytical modeling, optimal design, simulation study, prototype fabrication, and experimental investigation. Detailed examples of their analyses and implementations are provided. The book's authors provide a unique perspective on this field, primarily focusing on novel designs for PZT Energy harvesting in biomedical engineering as well as in integrated multi-stage force amplification frame. This book presents force-amplification compliant mechanism design and force direction-transmission mechanism design. It explores new mechanism design approaches using piezoelectric materials and permanent magnets. Readers can expect to learn how to design new mechanisms to realize multidimensional energy harvesting systems.

A Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy From Waste provides readers with the tools to analyze the effectiveness of biomass waste conversion into value-added products and how thermochemical conversion methods can be commercialized with minimum environmental impact. The book provides a comprehensive overview of biomass conversion technologies through pyrolysis, including the types of reactors available, reactor mechanisms, and the upgradation of bio-oil. Case studies are provided on waste disposal in selected favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, including data on subnormal clusters and analyses of solid waste in the 37 slums of Catumbi. Step-by-step guidance is provided on how to use a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to analyze the potential impact of various waste-to-energy conversion technologies, and a brief overview of the common applications of LCA in other geographical locations is presented, including United States, Europe, China, and Brazil. Finally, waste-to-value-added functional catalysts for the transesterification process in biodiesel production are discussed alongside various other novel technologies for biodiesel production, process simulation, and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production. Bringing together research and real-world case studies from an LCA perspective, the book provides an ideal reference for researchers and practitioners interested in waste-to-energy conversion, LCA, and the sustainable production of bioenergy.

Solar-Driven Water Treatment: Re-engineering and Accelerating Nature's Water Cycle looks at the use of solar energy and in particular photovoltaic technologies, as a viable, accessible and sustainable option in the treatment of water. Solar-Driven Water Treatment: Re-engineering and Accelerating Nature's Water Cycle provides insight into the different solar powered technologies, in-depth information about the viability of sunlight in the water treatment process, the potential environmental implications as well as the performance, economics, operation and maintenance of the discussed technologies. Elaborating on the potential issues and health risks associated with the water purification systems this reference also covers the need for appropriate technologies in the present scenario to improve worldwide access to clean drinking water. Readers will learn the most appropriate technology for their specific need making this book useful for renewable energy and environmental engineers in investigating energy efficiency, water treatment technologies, and the economics of technological change in the treatment of water by solar technologies.

Power System Fault Diagnosis: A Wide Area Measurement Based Intelligent Approach is a comprehensive overview of the growing interests in efficient diagnosis of power system faults to reduce outage duration and revenue losses by expediting the restoration process. This book illustrates intelligent fault diagnosis schemes for power system networks, at both transmission and distribution levels, using data acquired from phasor measurement units. It presents the power grid modeling, fault modeling, feature extraction processes, and various fault diagnosis techniques, including artificial intelligence techniques, in steps. The book also incorporates uncertainty associated with line parameters, fault information (resistance and inception angle), load demand, renewable energy generation, and measurement noises.

Storing Energy: With Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources, Second Edition has been fully revised and substantially extended to provide up-to-date and essential discussion that will support the needs of the world's future energy and climate change policies. New sections cover thermal energy storage, tidal storage, sustainability issues in relation to storing energy and impacts on global energy markets. Various systems are discussed, including mechanical/kinetic, thermal, electrochemical and other chemical, as well as other emerging technologies. Incorporating advancements described in the book will help the people of the world further overcome the problems related to future energy and climate change.

Integrated Wastewater Management and Valorization using Algal Cultures provides a holistic view on coupled wastewater treatment and biomass production for energy and value-added products using algal cultures. Algal cultures provide low-cost nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) treatment and recovery from wastewaters, carbon-dioxide sequestration from waste gases, value-added generation in the form of bio-energy and bio-based chemicals, biosorption of heavy metals and biogas upgrading. The book addresses all these aspects in terms of role of algal cultures in environmental sustainability and circular economy. The production of high value products is addressed through pretreatment and anaerobic co-digestion of wastewater-derived microalgal biomass and microalgal biorefineries. The simultaneous dissolution and uptake of nutrients in microalgal treatment of anaerobic digestate is discussed, as is coupled electrocoagulation and algal cultivation for the treatment of anaerobic digestate and algal biomass production. Finally, optimization of algal biomass production is discussed using metagenomics and machine learning tools, and scale-up potential and the limitations of integrated wastewater-derived microalgal biorefineries is discussed. Integrated Wastewater Management and Valorization using Algal Cultures offers an integrated resource on wastewater treatment, biomass production, bioenergy and value-added product generation for researchers in bioenergy and renewable energy, environmental science and wastewater treatment, as well as environmental and chemical engineering.

Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing looks at the evolution in construction types of residual current devices and discusses the types and functional properties of contemporary systems. The principle of operation of elements is explained, along with the primary parameters of the devices and their selection and application, as well as the rules of backup protection of residual current devices. The requirements of the standards concerning the importance of obligatory use of devices are included, along with explanation of the needed protection in case of fault, additional protection, and protection against fire. The issue of residual current device operation in circuits with nonsinusoidal currents is detailed, giving special attention to the unique results of residual current device testing and tripping under distorted earth fault currents. In modern electrical and electronic installations, new complex challenges arise for designers and maintenance staff. This book is an essential guide to address those challenges, and its problem-solving section is useful for students, tutors, and academics, as well as engineers involved in the process of design, maintenance, and verification of safety in low-voltage electrical installations.

Waste and Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Precursors for Catalysts is a comprehensive reference on waste material utilization at various stages of the biodiesel production process. The book discusses the technologies for converting cooking oil and waste animal fats to biodiesel, along with the efficacy of municipal waste derived lipids in biodiesel production. The use of wastewater-grown microalgae feedstock, oleaginous fungi, bacteria and yeast produced using waste substrate are also discussed. The use of various catalysts is addressed, including CaO derived from waste shell materials, fish and animal waste, inorganic waste materials like red mud and cement waste, and whole cell enzymes using waste substrate. Each chapter addresses the challenges of high production costs at a pilot and industrial scale, offering methods of cost reduction and waste remediation. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals in environmental science, energy and renewable energy.

Sustainable Networks in Smart Grid presents global challenges in smart metering with renewable energy resources, micro-grid design, communication technologies, big data, privacy and security in the smart grid. Providing an overview of different available PLC technologies and configurations and their applications in different sectors, this book provides case studies and practical implementation details of smart grid technology, paying special attention to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) scenarios with the presence of Distribution Grid (DG) and Electric Vehicles (EV). Covering regulatory policies for energy storage, management strategies for microgrid operation, and key performance indicators for smart grid development, this reference compiles up-to-date information on different aspects of the Internet of Smart Metering. In addition, innovative contributions on Data Analytics, Energy Theft Detection, Data-Driven Framework, Blockchain-IoT-enabled Sensor Networks, and Smart Contacts in the Blockchain are also included.

Reliability Analysis and Asset Management of Engineering Systems explains methods that can be used to evaluate reliability and availability of complex systems, including simulation-based methods. The increasing digitization of mechanical processes driven by Industry 4.0 increases the interaction between machines and monitoring and control systems, leading to increases in system complexity. For those systems the reliability and availability analyses are increasingly challenging, as the interaction between machines has become more complex, and the analysis of the flexibility of the production systems to respond to machinery failure may require advanced simulation techniques. This book fills a gap on how to deal with such complex systems by linking the concepts of systems reliability and asset management, and then making these solutions more accessible to industry by explaining the availability analysis of complex systems based on simulation methods that emphasise Petri nets.

Production of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Sources: Technological Updates offers a step-by-step guide to the production of biodiesel, providing comparisons of existing methods, new and state-of-the-art technologies, and real-world examples of implementation. The book discusses all potential non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production, providing their properties, availability, and processing, including deeper insights into kinetic models and simulation of biodiesel fermentation. Readers will gain knowledge of existing parameters and methods for biodiesel production, optimization, scale-up, and sustainability, along with guidance on the practical implementation of these methods and techniques. Finally, environmental sustainability, techno-economic analysis, and policymaking aspects are considered and put into the context of future prospects. This book offers a step-by-step guide for researchers and industry practitioners involved in bioenergy, renewable energy, biofuels production and bioconversion processes.

Applied Gaseous Fluid Drilling Engineering: Design and Field Case Studies provides an introduction on the benefits of using gaseous fluid drilling engineering. In addition, the book describes the multi-phase systems needed, along with discussions on stability control. Safety and economic considerations are also included, as well as key components of surface equipment needed and how to properly select equipment depending on the type of fluid system. Rounding out with proven case studies that demonstrate good practices and lessons from failures, this book delivers a practical tool for understanding the guidelines and mitigations needed to utilize this valuable process and technology.

Drilling and production wells are becoming more digitalized as oil and gas companies continue to implement machine learning and big data solutions to save money on projects while reducing energy and emissions. Up to now there has not been one cohesive resource that bridges the gap between theory and application, showing how to go from computer modeling to practical use. Methods for Petroleum Well Optimization: Automation and Data Solutions gives today's engineers and researchers real-time data solutions specific to drilling and production assets. Structured for training, this reference covers key concepts and detailed approaches from mathematical to real-time data solutions through technological advances. Topics include digital well planning and construction, moving teams into Onshore Collaboration Centers, operations with the best machine learning (ML) and metaheuristic algorithms, complex trajectories for wellbore stability, real-time predictive analytics by data mining, optimum decision-making, and case-based reasoning. Supported by practical case studies, and with references including links to open-source code and fit-for-use MATLAB, R, Julia, Python and other standard programming languages, Methods for Petroleum Well Optimization delivers a critical training guide for researchers and oil and gas engineers to take scientifically based approaches to solving real field problems.

The rising share of photovoltaic (PV) energy requires sophisticated digital techniques to control, monitor and integrate them with the grid. For movable systems, tracking is necessary. Especially for remote areas, where no trained personnel might be nearby to intervene, such technologies are vital to ensure reliability and power quality, and to harness the solar potential of these locations. This is important to use PV energy in the grid, as well as for desalination, water pumping and hydrolysis. Digital Technologies for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: From general to rural and remote installations focuses on the latest research and developments in PV energy system operation and integration. It provides extensive coverage of R&D to overcome critical limitations to the use of remote PV systems. Chapters cover phase-shifting transformers, grid-connected PV micro-inverter, distribution automation, PV powered water pumping, maximum power point tracking and solar tracking, soiling effects and measurement, cleaning methods, IoT based PV module cooling and cleaning, control of energy storage, and energy management. This book is a highly useful reference guide for researchers, designers, operators, and experts involved with PV systems, as well as for graduate students.

Sustainable production of hydrocarbon biofuels from biomass, fuels that are fully compatible with existing internal combustion engines, will allow the global transport economy to transition to a sustainable energy source without the need for capital-intensive new infrastructures. Hydrocarbon Biorefinery: Sustainable Processing of Biomass for Hydrocarbon Biofuels presents a comprehensive and easy to understand consolidation of existing knowledge for the production of hydrocarbon biofuels from biomass. Three major areas for the conversion of biomass to hydrocarbon biofuels are addressed: i) Chemical and thermochemical conversion processes, ii) Biological and biochemical conversion processes, and iii) Conversion processes of biomass-derived compounds. Additionally, the book includes process design, life cycle analysis of various processes, reaction engineering, catalysts, process conditions and process concepts, and is supported with detailed case studies. The economic viability of each process is specifically addressed to provide a clear guide for the economic development of future hydrocarbon biofuels. Hydrocarbon Biorefinery: Sustainable Processing of Biomass for Hydrocarbon Biofuels offers an all-in-one resource for researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals working in the area of bioenergy and will be of interest to energy engineers, chemical engineers, bioengineers, chemists, agricultural researchers, and mechanical engineers. Furthermore, this book provides structured foundational content on biorefineries for undergraduate and graduate students.

Recent Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies is a comprehensive reference covering critical research, laboratory and industry developments on renewable energy technological, production, conversion, storage, and management, including solar energy systems (thermal and photovoltaic), wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, bioenergy and hydrogen production, and large-scale development of renewable energy technologies and their impact on the global economy and power capacity. Technological advancements include resources assessment and deployment, materials performance improvement, system optimization and sizing, instrumentation and control, modeling and simulation, regulations, and policies. Each modular chapter examines recent advances in specific renewable energy systems, providing theoretical and applied aspects of system optimization, control and management and supports them with global case studies demonstrating practical applications and economical and environmental aspects through life cycle analysis. The book is of interest to engineering graduates, researchers, professors and industry professionals involved in the renewable energy sector and advanced engineering courses dealing with renewable energy, sources, thermal and electrical energy production and sustainability.

Innovative Energy Conversion from Biomass Waste offers a new approach to optimizing energy recovery from waste using thermochemical conversion. Instead of conventional pinch technology, the book proposes integrated systems employing exergy recovery and process integration technologies to minimize exergy loss due to entropy generation. This innovative approach is demonstrated in three case studies using high-potential low-rank fuels from industrial waste products with high moisture content, high volatile matter, and high hemicellulose content. From these case studies, readers are provided with three different examples of biomass type, pre-treatment route, and conversion, from fruit bunch cofired within existing coal power plants, black liquor in a stand-alone system, and rice waste processing integrated into existing agricultural systems. Innovative Energy Conversion from Biomass Waste is a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners alike, and will be of interest to environmental scientists, biotechnologists, and chemical engineers working in waste-to-energy and renewable energy.