A report from the RILEM Technical Committee 119. This text presents models and methods to determine thermal stresses and cracking risks in concrete. Possible influences on and causes of thermal cracking of concrete are discussed and cases of practical measures for avoiding cracking are detailed. The book should be of interest to concrete technologists; researchers on concrete structures and technology; prime building contractors and building authorities.

The book is mainly devoted to the thermomechanical behavior of materials during solid-solid phase transformations. The physical mechanisms including diffusion, martensitic transformation and plasticity are described from material science point of view. The global behaviour is deduced from methods of classical as well as irreversible thermodynamics and continuum and micro mechanics. Mainly metals, both non ferrous and ferrous alloys but also geological problems are dealt with. Special attention is given to transformation induced plasticity and shape memory alloys. Three chapters are concerned with practical applications (heat treatment, smart structures, residual stresses).

Combustion is very much an interdisciplinary topic, drawing together elements of chemistry, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is an ingredient in many undergraduate degree programmes, ranging from a pivotal role in fuel science through to a component part of courses in chemical, process and building services engineering. For many students in those disciplines where combustion in heating plant is an important part of their studies, there are often problems in coming to grips with the basic principles underlying the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. In particular, the concepts of chemical and related thermodynamic changes can prove difficult to assimilate. The scientific literature dealing with combustion tends to be rather polarised, with a wealth of literature aimed at the specialist reader, but at a basic level the fundamentals of this important process are often treated rather tersely in textbooks on thermodynamics. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction to the basic principles of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in heating plant for buildings and industrial processes. In those chapters where practice in problem solving can make a positive contribution to understanding, some numerical problems have been included. Acknowledging the ever-widening use of computers in technical education, a number of algorithms which can be easily coded up for solving numerical problems have been incorporated in the text. These can prove particularly useful in, for example, the calculation of certain fluid properties, either for use in hand calculation or for incorporation into larger programs.

The book is designed for students taking introduction and intermediate thermodynamics courses in degrees and HNDs in Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering. The text provides a progressive development of ideas together with progress questions placed at regular intervals throughout the material. In the main, these questions are designed to be worked through before the student moves on through the text. This allows the assimilation of material at a rate which suits the individual.

As the title implies, this book provides an introduction to thermodynamics for students on degree and HND courses in engineering. These courses are placing increased emphasis on business, design, management, and manufacture. As a consequence, the direct class-time for thermodynamics is being reduced and students are encouraged to self learn. This book has been written with this in mind. The text is brief and to the point, with a minimum of mathematical content. Each chapter defines a list of aims and concludes with a short summary. The summary provides an overview of the key words, phrases and equations introduced within the chapter. It is recognized that students see thermodynamics as a problem-solving activity and this is reflected by the emphasis on the modelling of situations. As a guide to problem solving, worked examples are included throughout the book. In addition, students are encouraged to work through the problems at the end of each chapter, for which outline solutions are provided. There is a certain timelessness about thermodynamics because the funda mentals do not change. However, there is currently some debate over which sign convention should apply to work entering, or leaving, a thermodynamic system. I have retained the traditional convention of work out of a system being positive. This fits in with the concept of a heat engine as a device that takes in heat and, as a result, produces positive work."

Sie beinhaltet zum einen die Fortsetzung und abschliessende Bewertung der Materialuntersuchungen zum Bau eines Sckundarkonzentrators (feil I Vertragsnr. 5-370-4355), zum anderen werden der Bau mehrerer Vormodelle zu den mog- lichen Konzentratorformen und Messergebnisse zu diesen Modellen vorgestellt, wo- bei unter Berucksichtigung der aufwendigen Fertigung der harten Spiegelbasis- materialien zur Kostenersparnis Iinearisierte Formen untersucht wurden, mit und ohne Teilbereich mit keramikahnlichen optischen Eigenschaften (Glanzkarton). Polierte Keramik in unbeschiehteter Form ist nur bedingt einsetzbar, da sie bei nahezu senkrechtem Strahlungseinfall einen direkten Reflexionsgrad von ca 9% zeigt (A1 TiO ). Die 27T-Reflexion dagegen kann fur weisse, reine Keramik uber 90% 2 s liegen (Hartporzellan). Erst durch Beschichtungen lassen sich die Werte fur die direkte Reflexion deutlich erhohen, wobei die Oberflachenbeschaffenheit eine we- sentliche Rolle spielt. Eine Beschichtung von TiN auf Glas erzielt Werte uber 90%, jedoch ist diese Schicht nicht uber das gesamte Sonnenspektrum einsetzbar. Ausserdem ist die Schicht oxidationsgefahrdet, eine zusatzliche Goldschicht ware moglicherweise ein Schutz dagegen. Bei den Modellen ( CPC, Trumpet ) wurde die Intensitatsverteilung in einigen Schnitten in der Austrittsapcrtur aufgenommen, zum Teil bei unterschiedlichen Einfallswinkeln. Daraus wurde die Verstarkung innerhalb der Schnitte und der Fluss im Vergleich zum Zustand ohne Konzcntrator ermittelt. Durch den Einsatz einc.

This book deals with the theory of macroscopic systems. Traditionally this theory has been fragmented over a number of disciplines like thermodynamics, physical transport phenomena, sometimes referred to as non-equilibrium or irreversible thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, chemical reaction engineering and heat and power engineering. This fragmentation, the different approaches followed in presenting theory, e.g. the inductive approach as opposed to the postulational approach in textbooks on thermodynamics, many alternative representations of equations and differences in notation make it cumbersome to discern a single coherent theory of macroscopic systems. The idea of this book is to present the theory of macroscopic systems as a unified theory with equations strictly developed from a single set of principles and concepts. The book is an attempt to bridge gaps between the various disciplines. It can serve as a textbook, refresher or reference book to students of an advanced level in various disciplines, to scientists and to practising engineers working in design and development. It provides rigorous equations and their possible simplifications for use in computer models for scale-up or optimisation. Topics like exergy analysis and multi component diffusion are included. The principles and concepts in the theory of macroscopic systems com prise in addition to the mole and mass balances over a system, the balance equations for the fundamental extensive properties momentum, energy and entropy as well as the phenomenological laws on asymptotic phase behaviour and molecular transport."

This book contains a selection of the lectures presented at the Euromech Colloquium 255, held at the Liborianum, Paderborn, from 31 October to 2 November 1989. The subject of the Colloquium "Thermal Effects in Fracture of Multiphase Materials" attracted about 50 scientists from 13 coun tries. Several well known scientists who are active in research on thermal effects in fracture proces ses were present at the Colloquium as lecturers (29 lectures were delivered) as well as valuable participants of the intensive discussions which took part during the sessions, coffe breaks and lunch times. The closing session of the Colloquium was devoted to a general discussion on the trends in the development of the research in the field, the prospects of the theoretical research, new materials (composites, ceramics etc. ), and the trends in technological applications. Over twenty comments and remarks have been made during this final general discussion, showing the interest of the audi torium in such an exchange of viewpoints. However, this discussion is not reflected in this volume. The Colloquium has been subdivided into six sessions: I "Thermodynamics of Fracture Processes" II . "Fracture of Nonhomogeneous Solids" III "Thermal Cracking of Heterogeneous Materials" IV-VI "Fracture Phenomena in Composite Systems I-III" One of the main topics in session I consisted in the description of the influence of thermal effects on shear band localization failure. Thereby shear bands nucleate due.

This is a text/reference illustrating thermal and hydraulic design of heat exchangers. The book shows how to apply the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics for a systematic analysis of the phenomena in heat exchangers, important to energy effective operation in process plants.

Explore a unified treatment of the dynamics of combustor systems, including acoustics, fluid mechanics, and combustion in a single rigorous text. This updated new edition features an expansion of data and experimental material, updates the coverage of flow stability, and enhanced treatment of flame dynamics. Addresses system dynamics of clean energy and propulsion systems used in low emissions systems. Synthesizing the fields of fluid mechanics and combustion into a coherent understanding of the intrinsically unsteady processes in combustors. This is a perfect reference for engineers and researchers in fluid mechanics, combustion, and clean energy.

This book provides an accessible yet thorough introduction to thermodynamics, crafted and class-tested over many years of teaching. Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, this book delivers clear descriptions of how to think about the mathematics and physics involved. The content has been carefully developed in consultation with a large number of instructors, teaching courses worldwide, to ensure wide applicability to modules on thermodynamics. Modern applications of thermodynamics (in physics and related areas) are included throughout-something not offered to the same degree by existing texts in the field. Features: A sophisticated approach to the subject that is suitable for advanced undergraduate students and above Modern applications of thermodynamics included throughout To be followed by volumes on statistical mechanics, which can be used in conjunction with this book on courses which cover both thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

If a Writer would know how to behave himself with relation to Posterity; let him consider in old Books, what he finds, that he is glad to know; and what Omissions he most laments. Jonathan Swift This book emerges from a long story of teaching. I taught chemical engineering thermodynamics for about ten years at the University of Naples in the 1960s, and I still remember the awkwardness that I felt about any textbook I chose to consider-all of them seemed to be vague at best, and the standard of logical rigor seemed immensely inferior to what I could find in books on such other of the students in my first class subjects as calculus and fluid mechanics. One (who is now Prof. F. Gioia of the University of Naples) once asked me a question which I have used here as Example 4. 2-more than 20 years have gone by, and I am still waiting for a more intelligent question from one of my students. At the time, that question compelled me to answer in a way I didn't like, namely "I'll think about it, and I hope I'll have the answer by the next time we meet. " I didn't have it that soon, though I did manage to have it before the end of the course.

Energy-its discovery, its availability, its use-concerns all of us in general and the engineers of today and tomorrow in particular. The study of thermodynamics-the science of energy-is a critical element in the education of all types of engineers. Engineering Thermodynamics provides a thorough intro duction to the art and science of engineering thermodynamics. It describes in a straightforward fashion the basic tools necessary to obtain quantitative solutions to common engineering applications involving energy and its conversion, conser vation, and transfer. This book is directed toward sophomore, junior, and senior students who have studied elementary physics and calculus and who are majoring in mechanical engineering; it serves as a convenient reference for other engineering disciplines as well. The first part of the book is devoted to basic thermodynamic principles, essentially presented in the classic way; the second part applies these principles to many situations, including air conditioning and the interpretation of statistical phenomena."

Thermodynamics Problem Solving in Physical Chemistry: Study Guide and Map is an innovative and unique workbook that guides physical chemistry students through the decision-making process to assess a problem situation, create appropriate solutions, and gain confidence through practice solving physical chemistry problems. The workbook includes six major sections with 20 - 30 solved problems in each section that span from easy, single objective questions to difficult, multistep analysis problems. Each section of the workbook contains key points that highlight major features of the topic to remind students of what they need to apply to solve problems in the topic area. Key Features: Provides instructor access to a visual map depicting how all equations used in thermodynamics are connected and how they are derived from the three major energy laws. Acts as a guide in deriving the correct solution to a problem. Illustrates the questions students should ask themselves about the critical features of the concepts to solve problems in physical chemistry Can be used as a stand-alone product for review of Thermodynamics questions for major tests.

This work covers a number of diverse topics and has underlying chemistry, especially combustion chemistry, as a unifying theme across the chapters. There is frequent reference to the research literature, and accounts of many case studies. There are over 40 numerical examples in an appendix, suitable for tutorial use, with fully worked solutions in a second appendix.

In this concise yet comprehensive book, the author discusses the principles of mass, momentum, and energy transport, and derives balance equations for single-component fluids and multicomponent mixtures based on the direct application of natural laws and principles of thermodynamics. Transport equations over control volumes are formulated with reference to the Reynolds transport equation, thereby circumventing the need for ad-hoc balances for open systems that are best justified in hindsight. Notable features with regard to mass transport include the interpretation of diffusion in mixtures in terms of species parcel motion and separation, the introduction of Fick's and fractional diffusion laws with reference to random molecular excursions, a detailed account of species and mixture kinematics and dynamics, and the discussion of partial stresses, energies, and entropies of individual mixture components. Key features of this book include: * The governing equations are derived from first principles based on the application of natural laws and principles of thermodynamics * Balances over control volumes are derived from rigorous equations governing material parcel property evolution * Fick's law, a fractional diffusion law, and other diffusion laws are discussed with reference to random walks * A detailed account of species and mixture kinematics and dynamics is presented for binary and multicomponent solutions * A tabulated summary of transport equations is presented in differential and integral forms, and an overview of classical thermodynamics is given in an appendix for a self-contained discourse C. Pozrikidis has taught at the University of California and the University of Massachusetts. He is the author of several books on theoretical and computational topics in science and engineering, applied mathematics, scientific computing, and computer science.

This textbook facilitates students' ability to apply fundamental principles and concepts in classical thermodynamics to solve challenging problems relevant to industry and everyday life. It also introduces the reader to the fundamentals of statistical mechanics, including understanding how the microscopic properties of atoms and molecules, and their associated intermolecular interactions, can be accounted for to calculate various average properties of macroscopic systems. The author emphasizes application of the fundamental principles outlined above to the calculation of a variety of thermodynamic properties, to the estimation of conversion efficiencies for work production by heat interactions, and to the solution of practical thermodynamic problems related to the behavior of non-ideal pure fluids and fluid mixtures, including phase equilibria and chemical reaction equilibria. The book contains detailed solutions to many challenging sample problems in classical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that will help the reader crystallize the material taught. Class-tested and perfected over 30 years of use by nine-time Best Teaching Award recipient Professor Daniel Blankschtein of the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT, the book is ideal for students of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry, and Materials Science, who will benefit greatly from in-depth discussions and pedagogical explanations of key concepts. Distills critical concepts, methods, and applications from leading full-length textbooks, along with the author's own deep understanding of the material taught, into a concise yet rigorous graduate and advanced undergraduate text; Enriches the standard curriculum with succinct, problem-based learning strategies derived from the content of 50 lectures given over the years in the Department of Chemical Engineering at MIT; Reinforces concepts covered with detailed solutions to illuminating and challenging homework problems.

This comprehensive handbook covers all fundamentals of electrochemistry for contemporary applications. It provides a rich presentation of related topics of electrochemistry with a clear focus on energy technologies. It covers all aspects of electrochemistry starting with theoretical concepts and basic laws of thermodynamics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics and multiscale modeling. It further gathers the basic experimental methods such as potentiometry, reference electrodes, ion-sensitive electrodes, voltammetry and amperometry. The contents cover subjects related to mass transport, the electric double layer, ohmic losses and experimentation affecting electrochemical reactions. These aspects of electrochemistry are especially examined in view of specific energy technologies including batteries, polymer electrolyte and biological fuel cells, electrochemical capacitors, electrochemical hydrogen production and photoelectrochemistry. Organized in six parts, the overall complexity of electrochemistry is presented and makes this handbook an authoritative reference and definitive source for advanced students, professionals and scientists particularly interested in industrial and energy applications.

Can hydrogen and electricity supply all of the world's energy needs? Handbook of Hydrogen Energy thoroughly explores the notion of a hydrogen economy and addresses this question. The handbook considers hydrogen and electricity as a permanent energy system and provides factual information based on science. The text focuses on a large cross section of applications such as fuel cells and catalytic combustion of hydrogen. The book also includes information on inversion curves, physical and thermodynamic tables, and properties of storage materials, data on specific heats, and compressibility and temperature-entropy charts and more. Analyzes the principles of hydrogen energy production, storage, and utilization Examines electrolysis, thermolysis, photolysis, thermochemical cycles, and production from biomass and other hydrogen production methods Covers all modes of hydrogen storage: gaseous, liquid, slush, and metal hydride storage Handbook of Hydrogen Energy serves as a resource for graduate students, as well as a reference for energy and environmental engineers and scientists.

Fuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis considers the latest advances in fuel cell system development and deployment, and was written with engineering and science students in mind. This book provides readers with the fundamentals of fuel cell operation and design, and incorporates techniques and methods designed to analyze different fuel cell systems. It builds on three main themes: basic principles, analysis, and design.

The section on basic principles contains background information on fuel cells, including fundamental principles such as electrochemistry, thermodynamics, and kinetics of fuel cell reactions as well as mass and heat transfer in fuel cells. The section on design explores important characteristics associated with various fuel cell components, electrodes, electrocatalysts, and electrolytes, while the section on analysis examines phenomena characterization and modeling both at the component and system levels.

• Includes objectives and a summary in each chapter
• Presents examples and problems demonstrating theory/principle applications
• Provides case studies on fuel cell analysis
• Contains mathematical methods including numerical methods and MATLAB(r) Simulink(r) techniques
• Offers references and material for further reading

Fuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis presents the basic principles, examples, and models essential in the design and optimization of fuel cell systems. Based on more than ten years of the authors teaching experience, this text is an ideal resource for junior- to senior-level undergraduate students and for graduate students pursuing advanced fuel cell research and study."

Continuum mechanics deals with the stress, deformation, and mechanical behaviour of matter as a continuum rather than a collection of discrete particles. The subject is interdisciplinary in nature, and has gained increased attention in recent times primarily because of a need to understand a variety of phenomena at different spatial scales. The second edition of Principles of Continuum Mechanics provides a concise yet rigorous treatment of the subject of continuum mechanics and elasticity at the senior undergraduate and first-year graduate levels. It prepares engineer-scientists for advanced courses in traditional as well as emerging fields such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, energy systems, and computational mechanics. The large number of examples and exercise problems contained in the book systematically advance the understanding of vector and tensor analysis, basic kinematics, balance laws, field equations, constitutive equations, and applications. A solutions manual is available for the book.

THERMOELASTICITY-the generalization of elasticity to nonisothermal deformations-has made considerable progress during the last two decades. Its basic theory is now well established, and many applications to problems in engineering have been successfully made. In writing this book it has been my aim to give, in a relatively small volume, an up-to-date presentation of those parts of thermoelasticity which, in my opinion, are of basic importance in the field. The theoretical back ground, together with the corresponding methods of solution, is developed first in each chapter and is followed by 'carefully selected examples intended to serve not only as illustrations of the theory but also as sources for useful results of engineering interest. Following a brief introductory chapter, the linearized, uncoupled theory is presented. Frequent reference is made here to the theory of isothermal elas ticity. A short review of the theory of heat conduction is included. The third and fourth chapters are concerned with special cases: plane thermo elastic stress and strain, and thermal bending and buckling of plates, respec tively. The real function method and the complex function approach are introduced simultaneously in Chapter 3 in order to exhibit and delineate the respective merits of the two procedures. In Chapter 5 the theory of thermo elasticity is developed in its most general form. Several particular cases are considered. This chapter also provides a rigorous foundation for the linearized theory of the preceding chapters."