This book, which is published in two volumes, studies heat transfer problems by modern numerical methods. Basic mathematical models of heat transfer are considered. The main approaches to the analysis of the models by traditional means of applied mathematics are described. Numerical methods for the approximate solution of steady and unsteady-state heat conduction problems are discussed. Investigation of difference schemes is based on the general stability theory. Much emphasis is put on problems in which phase transitions are involved and on heat and mass transfer problems. Problems of controlling and optimizing heat processes are discussed in detail. These processes are described by partial differential equations, and the main approaches to numerical solution of the optimal control problems involved here are discussed. Aspects of numerical solution of inverse heat exchange problems are considered. Much attention is paid to the most important applied problems of identifying coefficients and boundary conditions for a heat transfer equation. This first volume considers the mathematical models of heat transfer, classic analytical solution methods for heat conduction problems, numerical methods for steady-state and transient heat conduction problems, and phase change problems. The second volume presents solution techniques for complicated heat transfer problems (radiation, convection, thermoelasticity, thermal process control and inverse problems) as well as some examples of solving particular heat transfer problems.

Discusses advances in the computation of phase diagrams Offers expanded treatment of eutectic solidification with practical examples and new coverage of ternary phase diagrams, covering the concepts of orthoequilibrium and paraequilibrium Updates discussion of bainite transformation to reflect current opinions Includes new case studies covering grain refiners in aluminium alloys, additive manufacturing, thin film growth, important aerospace Al-Li alloys, and quenched and partitioned steels, and metastable austenitic stainless steels. Each chapter now begins with a list of key concepts, includes simpler illustrative exercises with relevance to real practical applications, and references to scientific publications updated to reflect experimental and computational advances in metallurgy

Refrigeration plays a prominent role in our everyday lives, and cryogenics plays a major role in medical science, space technology and the cooling of low-temperature electronics. This volume contains chapters on basic refrigeration systems, non-compression refrigeration and cooling, and topics related to global environmental issues, alternative refrigerants, optimum refrigerant selection, cost-quality optimization of refrigerants, advanced thermodynamics of reverse-cycle machines, applications in medicine, cryogenics, heat pipes, gas-solid absorption refrigeration, multisalt resorption heat pumps, cryocoolers, thermoacoustic refrigeration, cryogenic heat transfer and enhancement and other topics covering theory, design, and applications, such as pulse tube refrigeration, which is the most efficient of all cryocoolers and can be used in space missions.

Foundations of Electroheat unifies an extremely diverse area of electricity utilisation in a coherent and concise reference. From laser welding to plasma furnaces for waste treatment and induction heating for forging to radio frequency drying textiles, the various topics that comprise electroheat are presented as a whole. The unified approach concentrates on three major themes:

• Electromagnetic heating, embracing direct resistance, induction heating of metals and radio frequency and microwave heating of dielectrics
• The ionised state, dealing with laser processing, plasma torches and furnaces, glow discharges for nitriding and arc furnaces for melting scrap
• Heat and mass transfer

Slow sand filtration is credited with being the first drinking water treatment process utilised to improve the quality of water in both modern Europe and the USA. Within the last 10 years, there has been a renaissance of interest in the potential use of enhanced processes of slow sand filtration throughout the world, especially for small and rural communities, and it continues to be the primary treatment process for many major European cities. The book deals with the latest research developments in slow sand and alternative biological filtration processes for drinking water treatment, including advances in the understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the processes. In addition, progress in the techniques of operation and upgrading of the processes are described, with case studies from around the world. The principal themes of the book are: General overview; Removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM), Biodegradable Organic Carbon (BOC) and Ozonation by-products; Biofilter media characteristics; Influence of process design variables and modifications; Modelling process performance; Pre-treatment applications; Operational experience and cleaning; and Upgrading treatment processes. The book also has an international perspective with case-studies from around the world.

Thermodynamics in Materials Science, Second Edition is a clear presentation of how thermodynamic data is used to predict the behavior of a wide range of materials, a crucial component in the decision-making process for many materials science and engineering applications. This primary textbook and ongoing reference accentuates the integration of principles, strategies, and thermochemical data to generate accurate "maps" of equilibrium states, such as phase diagrams, predominance diagrams, and Pourbaix corrosion diagrams. It also recommends which maps are best suited for specific real-world scenarios and thermodynamic problems.

The second edition yet. Each chapter presents its subject matter consistently, based on the classification of thermodynamic systems, properties, and derivations that illustrate important relationships among variables for finding the conditions for equilibrium. Each chapter also contains a summary of important concepts and relationships as well as examples and sample problems that apply appropriate strategies for solving real-world problems.

The up-to-date and complete coverage ofthermodynamic data, laws, definitions, strategies, and tools in Thermodynamics in Materials Science, Second Edition provides students and practicing engineers a valuable guide for producing and applying maps of equilibrium states to everyday applications in materials sciences.

This book collects the lecture notes concerning th IUTAM School on Advanced Turbulent Flow Computations held at CISM in Udine September 7-11, 1998. The course was intended for scientists, engineers and post-graduate students interested in the application of advanced numerical techniques for simulating turbulent flows. The topic comprises two closely connected main subjects: modelling and computation, mesh pionts necessary to simulate complex turbulent flow.

A comprehensive assessment of the methodologies of thermodynamic optimization, exergy analysis and thermoeconomics, and their application to the design of efficient and environmentally sound energy systems. The chapters are organized in a sequence that begins with pure thermodynamics and progresses towards the blending of thermodynamics with other disciplines, such as heat transfer and cost accounting. Three methods of analysis stand out: entropy generation minimization, exergy (or availability) analysis, and thermoeconomics. The book reviews current directions in a field that is both extremely important and intellectually alive. Additionally, new directions for research on thermodynamics and optimization are revealed.

Thermal convection is often encountered by scientists and engineers while designing or analyzing flows involving exchange of energy. Fundamentals of Convective Heat Transfer is a unified text that captures the physical insight into convective heat transfer and thorough, analytical, and numerical treatments. It also focuses on the latest developments in the theory of convective energy and mass transport. Aimed at graduates, senior undergraduates, and engineers involved in research and development activities, the book provides new material on boiling, including nuances of physical processes. In all the derivations, step-by-step and systematic approaches have been followed.

The book is mainly devoted to the thermomechanical behavior of materials during solid-solid phase transformations. The physical mechanisms including diffusion, martensitic transformation and plasticity are described from material science point of view. The global behaviour is deduced from methods of classical as well as irreversible thermodynamics and continuum and micro mechanics. Mainly metals, both non ferrous and ferrous alloys but also geological problems are dealt with. Special attention is given to transformation induced plasticity and shape memory alloys. Three chapters are concerned with practical applications (heat treatment, smart structures, residual stresses).

This book presents different numerical modeling and nature-inspired optimization methods in advanced manufacturing processes for understanding the process characteristics. Particular emphasis is devoted to applications in non-conventional machining, nano-finishing, precision casting, porous biofabrication, three-dimensional printing, and micro-/nanoscale modeling. The book includes practical implications of empirical, analytical, and numerical models for predicting the vital output responses. Especial attention is given to finite element methods (FEMs) for understanding the design of novel highly complex engineering products, their performances, and behaviors under simulated processing conditions.

A report from the RILEM Technical Committee 119. This text presents models and methods to determine thermal stresses and cracking risks in concrete. Possible influences on and causes of thermal cracking of concrete are discussed and cases of practical measures for avoiding cracking are detailed. The book should be of interest to concrete technologists; researchers on concrete structures and technology; prime building contractors and building authorities.

Combustion is very much an interdisciplinary topic, drawing together elements of chemistry, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is an ingredient in many undergraduate degree programmes, ranging from a pivotal role in fuel science through to a component part of courses in chemical, process and building services engineering. For many students in those disciplines where combustion in heating plant is an important part of their studies, there are often problems in coming to grips with the basic principles underlying the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. In particular, the concepts of chemical and related thermodynamic changes can prove difficult to assimilate. The scientific literature dealing with combustion tends to be rather polarised, with a wealth of literature aimed at the specialist reader, but at a basic level the fundamentals of this important process are often treated rather tersely in textbooks on thermodynamics. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction to the basic principles of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in heating plant for buildings and industrial processes. In those chapters where practice in problem solving can make a positive contribution to understanding, some numerical problems have been included. Acknowledging the ever-widening use of computers in technical education, a number of algorithms which can be easily coded up for solving numerical problems have been incorporated in the text. These can prove particularly useful in, for example, the calculation of certain fluid properties, either for use in hand calculation or for incorporation into larger programs.

The pioneering and wide-ranging research of A. E. Green--one of the outstanding British researchers in theoretical and applied mechanics--is the subject of this important new volume. Featuring sixteen up-to-date research papers written by his eminent colleagues and friends, the book covers a variety of topics from thermodynamics to problems associated with crystals; linear, nonlinear and fibre-reinforced elastic materials; and viscoplastic and granular materials. Perfect for students and researchers alike, Nonlinear Elasticity and Theoretical Mechanics is a superb tribute to the work of one of England's great scientists.

As the title implies, this book provides an introduction to thermodynamics for students on degree and HND courses in engineering. These courses are placing increased emphasis on business, design, management, and manufacture. As a consequence, the direct class-time for thermodynamics is being reduced and students are encouraged to self learn. This book has been written with this in mind. The text is brief and to the point, with a minimum of mathematical content. Each chapter defines a list of aims and concludes with a short summary. The summary provides an overview of the key words, phrases and equations introduced within the chapter. It is recognized that students see thermodynamics as a problem-solving activity and this is reflected by the emphasis on the modelling of situations. As a guide to problem solving, worked examples are included throughout the book. In addition, students are encouraged to work through the problems at the end of each chapter, for which outline solutions are provided. There is a certain timelessness about thermodynamics because the funda mentals do not change. However, there is currently some debate over which sign convention should apply to work entering, or leaving, a thermodynamic system. I have retained the traditional convention of work out of a system being positive. This fits in with the concept of a heat engine as a device that takes in heat and, as a result, produces positive work."

The book is designed for students taking introduction and intermediate thermodynamics courses in degrees and HNDs in Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering. The text provides a progressive development of ideas together with progress questions placed at regular intervals throughout the material. In the main, these questions are designed to be worked through before the student moves on through the text. This allows the assimilation of material at a rate which suits the individual.

Das Buch behandelt ausfuhrlich das Verhalten der thermischen Turbomaschinen unter geanderten Betriebsbedingungen und darauf aufbauend ihre Regelungseigenschaften. Weiter werden die spezifischen Festigkeitsprobleme der Turbomaschinen dargestellt. Diesen Kapiteln ist ein allgemeines Kapitel uber die Grundlagen der Festigkeitsrechnungen vorausgeschickt, das zwar diejenigen Aspekte besonders hervorhebt, die im Turbomaschinenbau vor allem wichtig sind, aber auch fur verwandte Gebiete bedeutsam ist, da eine geraffte Darstellung dieser Art bis heute fehlt. Der Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in den massgebenden Konstruktionsteilen (insbes. in der gekuhlten Gasturbine) ist ein weiteres Kapitel gewidmet. Den Abschluss bilden die Ausfuhrungen uber die Schaufelschwingungen und die lauftechnischen Probleme der Rotoren."

Sie beinhaltet zum einen die Fortsetzung und abschliessende Bewertung der Materialuntersuchungen zum Bau eines Sckundarkonzentrators (feil I Vertragsnr. 5-370-4355), zum anderen werden der Bau mehrerer Vormodelle zu den mog- lichen Konzentratorformen und Messergebnisse zu diesen Modellen vorgestellt, wo- bei unter Berucksichtigung der aufwendigen Fertigung der harten Spiegelbasis- materialien zur Kostenersparnis Iinearisierte Formen untersucht wurden, mit und ohne Teilbereich mit keramikahnlichen optischen Eigenschaften (Glanzkarton). Polierte Keramik in unbeschiehteter Form ist nur bedingt einsetzbar, da sie bei nahezu senkrechtem Strahlungseinfall einen direkten Reflexionsgrad von ca 9% zeigt (A1 TiO ). Die 27T-Reflexion dagegen kann fur weisse, reine Keramik uber 90% 2 s liegen (Hartporzellan). Erst durch Beschichtungen lassen sich die Werte fur die direkte Reflexion deutlich erhohen, wobei die Oberflachenbeschaffenheit eine we- sentliche Rolle spielt. Eine Beschichtung von TiN auf Glas erzielt Werte uber 90%, jedoch ist diese Schicht nicht uber das gesamte Sonnenspektrum einsetzbar. Ausserdem ist die Schicht oxidationsgefahrdet, eine zusatzliche Goldschicht ware moglicherweise ein Schutz dagegen. Bei den Modellen ( CPC, Trumpet ) wurde die Intensitatsverteilung in einigen Schnitten in der Austrittsapcrtur aufgenommen, zum Teil bei unterschiedlichen Einfallswinkeln. Daraus wurde die Verstarkung innerhalb der Schnitte und der Fluss im Vergleich zum Zustand ohne Konzcntrator ermittelt. Durch den Einsatz einc.

Das Werk gibt eine umfassende Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen zur Berechnung und Auslegung von Dampfturbinen, Gasturbinen und Turbokompressoren. Der erste Band behandelt die thermodynamische Prozessfuhrung von Dampf- und Gasturbinenanlagen und die thermodynamisch-stroemungstechnische Berechnung der Turbomaschinen selbst. Um zu einem vertieften Verstandnis zu fuhren, wird die Theorie stets aus den Grundwissenschaften heraus entwickelt, weshalb auch ein kurzer Abriss der thermodynamischen und stroemungstechnischen Grundlagen an den Anfang gestellt ist.

This book contains a selection of the lectures presented at the Euromech Colloquium 255, held at the Liborianum, Paderborn, from 31 October to 2 November 1989. The subject of the Colloquium "Thermal Effects in Fracture of Multiphase Materials" attracted about 50 scientists from 13 coun tries. Several well known scientists who are active in research on thermal effects in fracture proces ses were present at the Colloquium as lecturers (29 lectures were delivered) as well as valuable participants of the intensive discussions which took part during the sessions, coffe breaks and lunch times. The closing session of the Colloquium was devoted to a general discussion on the trends in the development of the research in the field, the prospects of the theoretical research, new materials (composites, ceramics etc. ), and the trends in technological applications. Over twenty comments and remarks have been made during this final general discussion, showing the interest of the audi torium in such an exchange of viewpoints. However, this discussion is not reflected in this volume. The Colloquium has been subdivided into six sessions: I "Thermodynamics of Fracture Processes" II . "Fracture of Nonhomogeneous Solids" III "Thermal Cracking of Heterogeneous Materials" IV-VI "Fracture Phenomena in Composite Systems I-III" One of the main topics in session I consisted in the description of the influence of thermal effects on shear band localization failure. Thereby shear bands nucleate due.

This is a text/reference illustrating thermal and hydraulic design of heat exchangers. The book shows how to apply the fundamentals of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics for a systematic analysis of the phenomena in heat exchangers, important to energy effective operation in process plants.

This work describes the technology necessary to optimize the performance of any refractory lining. It provides an overview of the thermomechanical behaviour and wear of refractory lining systems, and details the structural behaviour of several classical refractory geometries, highlighting the critical regions of each lining system where high stress is most likely to create fractures.

Energy-its discovery, its availability, its use-concerns all of us in general and the engineers of today and tomorrow in particular. The study of thermodynamics-the science of energy-is a critical element in the education of all types of engineers. Engineering Thermodynamics provides a thorough intro duction to the art and science of engineering thermodynamics. It describes in a straightforward fashion the basic tools necessary to obtain quantitative solutions to common engineering applications involving energy and its conversion, conser vation, and transfer. This book is directed toward sophomore, junior, and senior students who have studied elementary physics and calculus and who are majoring in mechanical engineering; it serves as a convenient reference for other engineering disciplines as well. The first part of the book is devoted to basic thermodynamic principles, essentially presented in the classic way; the second part applies these principles to many situations, including air conditioning and the interpretation of statistical phenomena."