This is a textbook on thermodynamics of materials for junior/senior undergraduate students and first-year graduate students as well as a reference book for researchers who would like to refresh their understanding of thermodynamics. The textbook employs a plain language to explain the thermodynamic concepts and quantities. It embraces the mathematical beauty and rigor of Gibbs thermodynamics through the fundamental equation of thermodynamics from which all thermodynamic properties of a material can be derived. However, a reader with basic first-year undergraduate calculus skills will be able to get through the book without difficulty. One unique feature of this textbook is the descriptions of the step-by-step procedures for computing all the thermodynamic properties from the fundamental equation of thermodynamics and all the thermodynamic energies from a set of common, experimentally measurable thermodynamic properties, supplemented with ample numerical examples. Another unique feature of this textbook is its emphasis on the concept of chemical potential and its applications to phase equilibria in single component systems and binary solutions, chemical reaction equilibria, and lattice and electronic defects in crystals. The concept of chemical potential is introduced at the very beginning of the book together with temperature and pressure. It avoids or minimizes the use of terms such as molar Gibbs free energy, partial molar Gibbs free energy, or Gibbs potential because molar Gibbs free energy or partial molar Gibbs free energy is precisely the chemical potential of a material or a component. It is the chemical potential that determines the stability of chemical species, compounds, and phases and their tendency to chemically react to form new species, transform to new physical state, and migrate from one spatial location to another. Therefore, it is the chemical potential differences or gradients that drive essentially all materials processes of interest. A reader after finishing reading the book is expected to not only achieve a high-level fundamental understanding of thermodynamics but also acquire the analytical skills of applying thermodynamics to determining materials equilibrium and driving forces for materials processes.

This book discusses how to reduce the impact of dust and heat on photovoltaic systems. It presents the problems caused by both dust accumulation and heat on PV systems, as well as the solutions, in a collected piece of literature. The Effects of Dust and Heat on Photovoltaic Modules: Impacts and Solutions begins by discussing the properties of dust accumulation on PV modules. It then presents several solutions to this, such as hydrophobic coatings and surface texturing. The second half of the book is used to discuss the effects of heat on silicon PV modules, as well as various cooling approaches. These include water cooling and carbon-based materials. Due to the prevalence of PV systems in renewable energy, this book will be of interest to numerous students, researchers and practitioners.

This short monograph focuses on the theoretical backgrounds and practical implementations concerning the thermodynamic modeling of multiphase equilibria of complex reservoir fluids using cubic equations of state. It aims to address the increasing needs of multiphase equilibrium calculations that arise in the compositional modeling of multiphase flow in reservoirs and wellbores. It provides a state-of-the-art coverage on the recent improvements of cubic equations of state. Considering that stability test and flash calculation are two basic tasks involved in any multiphase equilibrium calculations, it elaborates on the rigorous mathematical frameworks dedicated to stability test and flash calculation. A special treatment is given to the new algorithms that are recently developed to perform robust and efficient three-phase equilibrium calculations. This monograph will be of value to graduate students who conduct research in the field of phase behavior, as well as software engineers who work on the development of multiphase equilibrium calculation algorithms.

This book introduces the fundamental concepts of thermal cloaking based on transformation theory and bilayer theory, under the conduction and convection heat transfer modes. It focuses on thermal cloaking with detailed explanations of the underlying theoretical bases leading to the primary thermal cloaking results in open literature, from an engineering perspective, and with practical application in mind. Also, the authors strive to present the materials with an emphasis on the related physical phenomena and interpretation, to the extent possible. Through this book, engineering students can grasp the fundamental ideas of thermal cloaking and the associated mathematics, thus being better able to initiate their own research and explore new ideas in thermal cloaking. While not intended to be a general reference in the vast field of thermal cloaking research, this book is a unique monograph addressing the theoretical and analytical aspects of thermal cloaking within the scope mentioned above. This book also contains many independent analytical solutions to thermal cloaking problems that are not available in open literature. It is suitable for a three-credit graduate or advanced undergraduate course in engineering science.

This monograph deals with the mechanics and thermodynamics of materials with memory, including properties of the dynamical equations that describe their evolution in time under varying loads. A work in four parts, the first is an introduction to continuum mechanics, including classical fluid mechanics, linear and non-linear elasticity. The second part considers continuum thermodynamics and its use to derive constitutive equations of materials with memory, including viscoelastic solids, fluids, heat conductors and some examples of non-simple materials. In the third part, free energies for materials with linear memory constitutive relations are discussed. The concept of a minimal state is introduced. Explicit formulae are presented for the minimum and related free energies. The final part deals with existence, uniqueness, and stability results for the integrodifferential equations describing the dynamical evolution of viscoelastic materials, including a new approach based on minimal states rather than histories. There are also chapters on the controllability of thermoelastic systems with memory, the Saint-Venant problem for viscoelastic materials and on the theory of inverse problems. The second edition includes a new chapter on thermoelectromagnetism as well as recent findings on minimal states and free energies. It considers the case of minimum free energies for non-simple materials and dielectrics, together with an introduction to fractional derivative models.

This book comprises the select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Developments of Thermofluids and Renewable Energy (TFRE 2020). The major topics covered include aerodynamics, alternate energy, bio fuel, bio heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics, control mechanism for constant power generation, and energy storage. The book also discusses latest developments in the fields of electric vehicles, hybrid power systems, and solar and renewable energy. Given the scope of its contents, this book will be useful for students, researchers, and professionals interested in the field of thermofluids and renewable energy resources.

This open access book introduces and explains machine learning (ML) algorithms and techniques developed for statistical inferences on a complex process or system and their applications to simulations of chemically reacting turbulent flows. These two fields, ML and turbulent combustion, have large body of work and knowledge on their own, and this book brings them together and explain the complexities and challenges involved in applying ML techniques to simulate and study reacting flows. This is important as to the world's total primary energy supply (TPES), since more than 90% of this supply is through combustion technologies and the non-negligible effects of combustion on environment. Although alternative technologies based on renewable energies are coming up, their shares for the TPES is are less than 5% currently and one needs a complete paradigm shift to replace combustion sources. Whether this is practical or not is entirely a different question, and an answer to this question depends on the respondent. However, a pragmatic analysis suggests that the combustion share to TPES is likely to be more than 70% even by 2070. Hence, it will be prudent to take advantage of ML techniques to improve combustion sciences and technologies so that efficient and "greener" combustion systems that are friendlier to the environment can be designed. The book covers the current state of the art in these two topics and outlines the challenges involved, merits and drawbacks of using ML for turbulent combustion simulations including avenues which can be explored to overcome the challenges. The required mathematical equations and backgrounds are discussed with ample references for readers to find further detail if they wish. This book is unique since there is not any book with similar coverage of topics, ranging from big data analysis and machine learning algorithm to their applications for combustion science and system design for energy generation.

This book provides the latest achievements and original research work in physics of combustion processes and application of the methods developed in combustion physics for astrophysical problems of stars burning, supernovae explosions and a confined thermonuclear fusion. All the materials in the book are presented in a concise and easily accessible way, but at the same time provides a deep physical inside in the phenomena considered. It is an effective theoretical course with the direct practical implications in engineering fields of engine's development, energy production, safety issues inherent to terrestrial combustion, as well as in thermonuclear combustion in the inertial fusion. This book is aimed at university students, Ph.D. students and engineers, as well as professionals in combustion, energy-related research, astrophysics and researchers in neighboring fields.

The book presents the theoretical background of building physics, dealing with the evaluation of physical phenomena related to heat transfer and energy use in buildings, water and water vapour transfer in building structures, daylighting and electric lighting of buildings, sound transmission in building structures and protection against noise, the occurrence and spread of fires in buildings and the thermal response of cities. It contains numerical and computational evaluation methods, numerous computational case studies and examples of experimental analyses. The book demonstrates that the considered physical processes affect the quality of living and working comfort in indoor and outdoor environment.

This book is the first comprehensive work on latent heat transfer. It covers all forms of latent heat: evaporation, sublimation, melting, condensation, freezing, and deposition. It has been designed to provide both insight and example for junior engineering graduate students. The three preparatory chapters, on history and significance, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics, are followed by self-contained treatments of solidification (and fluidification), condensation, and evaporation (including boiling). Direct contact latent heat transfer is covered separately. The final chapter is devoted exclusively to worked examples. Emphasis throughout is placed on fundamentals which apply equally to industrial and environmental situations.

This textbook presents the classical treatment of the problems of heat transfer in an exhaustive manner with due emphasis on understanding of the physics of the problems. This emphasis will be especially visible in the chapters on convective heat transfer. Emphasis is also laid on the solution of steady and unsteady two-dimensional heat conduction problems. Another special feature of the book is a chapter on introduction to design of heat exchangers and their illustrative design problems. A simple and understandable treatment of gaseous radiation has been presented. A special chapter on flat plate solar air heater has been incorporated that covers mathematical modeling of the air heater. The chapter on mass transfer has been written looking specifically at the needs of the students of mechanical engineering. The book includes a large number and variety of solved problems with supporting line diagrams. A number of application-based examples have been incorporated where applicable. The end-of-chapter exercise problems are supplemented with stepwise answers. Though the book has been primarily designed to serve as a complete textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of mechanical engineering, it will also be useful for students of chemical, aerospace, automobile, production, and industrial engineering streams. The book fully covers the topics of heat transfer coursework and can also be used as an excellent reference for students preparing for competitive graduate examinations.

The Surface Wettability Effect on Phase Change collects high level contributions from internationally recognised scientists in the field. It thoroughly explores surface wettability, with topics spanning from the physics of phase change, physics of nucleation, mesoscale modeling, analysis of phenomena such drop evaporation, boiling, local heat flux at triple line, Leidenfrost, dropwise condensation, heat transfer enhancement, freezing, icing. All the topics are treated by discussing experimental results, mathematical modeling and numerical simulations. In particular, the numerical methods look at direct numerical simulations in the framework of VOF simulations, phase-field simulations and molecular dynamics. An introduction to equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of phase change, wetting phenomena, liquid interfaces, numerical simulation of wetting phenomena and phase change is offered for readers who are less familiar in the field. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics, engineers, and postgraduate students working in the area of thermofluids, thermal management, and surface technology.

This book features selected papers from the 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (AOSFST 2018), held in Taipei, Taiwan. Covering the entire spectrum of fire safety science, it focuses on research on fires, explosions, combustion science, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, risk analysis and structural engineering, as well as other topics. Presenting advanced scientific insights, the book introduces and advances new ideas in all areas of fire safety science. As such it is a valuable resource for academic researchers, fire safety engineers, and regulators of fire, construction and safety authorities. Further it provides new ideas for more efficient fire protection.

The nonequilibrium behavior of nanoscopic and biological systems, which are typically strongly fluctuating, is a major focus of current research. Lately, much progress has been made in understanding such systems from a thermodynamic perspective. However, new theoretical challenges emerge when the fluctuating system is additionally subject to time delay, e.g. due to the presence of feedback loops. This thesis advances this young and vibrant research field in several directions. The first main contribution concerns the probabilistic description of time-delayed systems; e.g. by introducing a versatile approximation scheme for nonlinear delay systems. Second, it reveals that delay can induce intriguing thermodynamic properties such as anomalous (reversed) heat flow. More generally, the thesis shows how to treat the thermodynamics of non-Markovian systems by introducing auxiliary variables. It turns out that delayed feedback is inextricably linked to nonreciprocal coupling, information flow, and to net energy input on the fluctuating level.

This book presents select proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational and Experimental Methods in Mechanical Engineering (ICCEMME 2021). It gives an overview of recent developments in the field of fluid dynamics and thermal engineering. Topics covered include case studies in thermal engineering, combustion engines, computational fluid dynamics (cfd), cooling systems, energy conservation, energy conversion, renewable energy, bio fuels, gas turbines, heat exchangers and heat transfer systems, heat pipes and pumps, heat transfer augmentation, refrigeration and HVAC systems, fluids engineering, energy and process, and thermal power plants. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the area of thermal engineering and allied fields.

This book provides recommendations for thermal and structural modelling of spacecraft structures for predicting thermoelastic responses. It touches upon the related aspects of the finite element and thermal lumped parameter method. A mix of theoretical and practical examples supports the modelling guidelines. Starting from the system needs of instruments of spacecraft, the reader is supported with the development of the practical requirements for the joint development of the thermal and structural models. It provides points of attention and suggestions to check the quality of the models.The temperature mapping problem, typical for spacecraft thermoelastic analysis, is addressed. The principles of various temperature mapping methods are presented. The prescribed average temperature method, co-developed by the authors, is discussed in detail together with its spin-off to provide high quality conductors for thermal models. The book concludes with the discussion of the application of uncertainty assessment methods. The thermoelastic analysis chain is computationally expensive. Therefore, the 2k+1 point estimate method of Rosenblueth is presented as an alternative for the Monte Carlo Simuation method, bringing stochastic uncertainty analysis in reach for large thermoelastic problems.

< p=""> This highly informative book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of propulsion. The book focuses on foundational topics in propulsion, namely gas dynamics, turbomachinery, and combustion to more complex subjects such as practical design aspects of aircraft engines and thermodynamic aspects and analysis. It also includes pedagogical aspects such as end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book is a useful reference for students in the area of mechanical and aerospace engineering. Also, scientists and engineers working in the areas of aerospace propulsion and gas dynamics find this book a valuable addition. ^

This highly informative and carefully presented book offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of incompressible fluid flow. The textbook focuses on foundational topics to more complex subjects such as the derivation of Navier-Stokes equations, perturbation solutions, inviscid outer and inner solutions, turbulent flows, etc. The author has included end-of-chapter problems and worked examples to augment learning and self-testing. This book will be a useful reference for students in the area of mechanical and aerospace engineering.

The book provides the theoretical fundamentals on turbulence and a complete overview of turbulence models, from the simplest to the most advanced ones including Direct and Large Eddy Simulation. It mainly focuses on problems of modeling and computation, and provides information regarding the theory of dynamical systems and their bifurcations. It also examines turbulence aspects which are not treated in most existing books on this subject, such as turbulence in free and mixed convection, transient turbulence and transition to turbulence. The book adopts the tensor notation, which is the most appropriate to deal with intrinsically tensor quantities such as stresses and strain rates, and for those who are not familiar with it an Appendix on tensor algebra and tensor notation are provided.

This book provides a first course on deep learning in computational mechanics. The book starts with a short introduction to machine learning's fundamental concepts before neural networks are explained thoroughly. It then provides an overview of current topics in physics and engineering, setting the stage for the book's main topics: physics-informed neural networks and the deep energy method. The idea of the book is to provide the basic concepts in a mathematically sound manner and yet to stay as simple as possible. To achieve this goal, mostly one-dimensional examples are investigated, such as approximating functions by neural networks or the simulation of the temperature's evolution in a one-dimensional bar. Each chapter contains examples and exercises which are either solved analytically or in PyTorch, an open-source machine learning framework for python.

Der Leser bzw. die Leserin findet anschaulich dargestellte Grundlagen verfahrenstechnischer Fragestellungen unter Berucksichtigung moderner Methoden. Das Buch enthalt sowohl Berechnungsmodelle als auch praxisnahe Berechnungsformeln bzw. bewahrte Losungswege zur Auslegung thermischer Trennanlagen. Ausserdem wird die industrielle Realisierung anhand von Abbildungen und Tabellen inklusive der technischen Daten detailliert behandelt. Viele Querverweise und ein umfangreiches Sachverzeichnis erleichtern das Auffinden von Zusammenhangen bzw. alternativen Losungswegen. Die Inhalte sind mit Abbildungen, Tabellen und mathematischen Formeln illustriert.
Das Buch vermittelt keinesfalls nur Grundlagen, sondern zeichnet sich durch einen deutlichen Praxisbezug aus, unter anderem durch die Darstellung zahlreicher technisch realisierter Prozesse und Apparate."

Extensively updated for the second edition, this handy guide covers the safety engineering of ship-shaped offshore installations at every stage of design, construction, operation, lifetime healthcare and decommissioning. New sections cover additional types of offshore structures, including offshore power plants, as well as cutting-edge technologies and all the latest advances in the field. The text focuses on minimising accidents and the effects of extreme conditions, with new chapters covering earthquakes, hurricanes and terrorist attacks, as well as traditional types of accidental events such as hull girder collapse, collisions, fires and explosions. This is an invaluable resource for students who will be approaching the subject for the first time as well as practising engineers and researchers.

Concise, detailed, and transparently structured, this upper-level undergraduate textbook is an excellent resource for a one-semester course on thermodynamics for students majoring in physics, chemistry, or materials science. Throughout the seven chapters and three-part appendix, students benefit from numerous practical examples and solved problems ranging in broad scope from cosmic to molecular evolution; cloud formation to rubber elasticity; and Carnot engines to Monte Carlo simulation of phase equilibria. Lauded in Physics Today as "a valuable resource for students and faculty", Hentschke's Thermodynamics presents in this long-anticipated second edition new and extended coverage of a range of topical material, such as thermodynamics of the universe and atmospheric thermodynamics, while also featuring a more application-oriented treatment of surfaces, interfaces, and polymers. Touching on subjects throughout soft-matter physics, superconductors, and complex fluids, this textbook delivers the foundation and breadth of scope necessary to prepare undergraduate students for further study in this timeless yet ever-changing field.

This textbook introduces the molecular side of physical chemistry. It offers students and practitioners a new approach to the subject by presenting numerous applications and solved problems that illustrate the concepts introduced for varied and complex technical situations. The book offers a balance between theory, tools, and practical applications. The text aims to be a practical manual for solving engineering problems in industries where processes depend on the chemical composition and physical properties of matter. The book is organized into three main topics: (I) the molecular structure of matter, (II) molecular models in thermodynamics, and (III) transport phenomena and mechanisms. Part I presents methods of analysis of the molecular behavior in a given system, while the following parts use these methods to study the equilibrium states of a material system and to analyze the processes that can take place when the system is in a state of non-equilibrium, in particular the transport phenomena. Molecular Physical Chemistry for Engineering Applications is designed for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in physical chemistry for engineers, applied physical chemistry, transport phenomena, colloidal chemistry, and transport/transfer processes. The book will also be a valuable reference guide for engineers, technicians, and scientists working in industry. Offers modeling techniques and tools for solving exercises and practical cases; Provides solutions and conclusions so students can follow results more closely; Step-by-step problem solving enables students to understand how to approach complex issues.

This monograph focuses on the science of combustion, exploring its technological, social, and philosophical aspects. Presented here is a systematic overview of the field, with up-to-date treatments of topics of central importance: diffusion flames, deflagrations, detonations, flammability, and explosions. Special emphasis is given to turbulent combustion so that the many different approaches to this multifaceted subject can be exposed and categorized in a systematic manner. The author offers his projections for future developments, including identification of outstanding research areas. This book is a concise and penetrating overview of the field of combustion history and research, and will be of interest to motivated non-specialists interested in more than a facile exploration of the subject.