The Cod Fisheries, originally published in 1938 and revised and reissued in 1954, presented a new interpretation of European and North American history that has since become a classic. With that rare skill he possessed of weaving together the various strands of a complex and difficult historical situation, Innis showed how the exploitation of the cod fisheries from the fifteenth century to the twentieth has been closely tied up with the whole economic and political development of Western Europe and North America. The relationship of the fisheries to the maritime greatness of Britain and to the growth of New England as an important commercial power is particularly stressed; and in the examination of the conflicts growing up about this industry are revealed the forces underlying the struggle between Britain and France for control of the new world, and the forces which led to the collapse of thye British Empire in America and the rise of an independent new world political power. The political struggles with Nova Scotia and the long conflict with the United States, continuing far into the nineteenth century, are examined in careful detail.

Toward a Sustainable Whaling Regime

A trawlerman's life was hard, often up against bad weather, rough seas and black frosts, although on calm days it was a pleasure to be at sea. In this eventful memoir, deep-sea trawlerman James Greene relates his life at sea, from his childhood when his father would take him out in some of the worst gales and hurricanes imaginable to his early career as a deckhand learner, obtaining his skipper's ticket, and the many experiences - both disastrous and otherwise - to occur throughout his time at sea. During his career he was involved in ship collisions and fires, arrested for poaching, fired upon by Icelandic gunboats, in countless storms and even swept overboard in icy conditions off the Russian coast. The British trawling industry is largely a bygone age and people are beginning to forget the adventures, hardships and joys that characterised this most dangerous of professions. This book seeks to keep the memories of a once great industry alive.

Fishing has played a vital role in human history and culture. But today this key resource faces a serious crisis as most species are being overfished or fished to their very limit. Governments have tried to tackle the problem with limited success. Many of their actions have been counterproductive or ineffective. What will happen to global fisheries, and the populations that depend on them, as we continue to catch more fish than the oceans can reproduce? This book explores the causes of the current crisis in the world's fisheries, and what needs to be done to address the situation. It explains the structure of the fishing industry, the incentives that persuade individuals or companies to catch fish at unsustainable levels, and illuminates the problems created by governmental efforts to use fishing policy as a tool for economic development or to win votes in domestic elections. It also looks at the role of aquaculture in either decreasing or increasing the pressure on wild fish stocks. The dire condition of fish stocks has led governments and consumer organizations to consider new approaches to protect the global supply of fish. DeSombre and Barkin conclude by showing how such methods, along with new forms of international regulation and informed decision-making by consumers, all have an important part to play in rewarding and thus encouraging sustainable fishing behaviour in the future.

The introduction of the transom stern into the seiner-trawler fleet in the mid-twentieth century was one of the most radical departures in Scottish wooden fishing craft design since the development of the cruiser stern after the First World War. During the 1970s there also grew a colossal demand for steel boats, particularly among the herring trawling and purse seining fleets of north-east Scotland. By 1973 more than 15 British firms were building steel boats for Scottish owners. Based on her original fieldwork and using her own photographs, Gloria Wilson traces these developments and their links to economic and social trends in the fishing industry, both ashore and afloat. This fascinating book charts the tragedies and bizarre twists of fate that characterised this turbulent era, including the boats that were lost with all hands, and the boatyards forced to close, leaving half-built vessels on their slipways.

The boats and fishing communities of Scotland and North-East England from the 1950s to the present are highlighted in this pictorial appreciation. Gloria Wilson's unique collection of photographs has never been published before. With information on boat design and construction, it includes some rarely seen naval architects' line plans. From attractive Scottish wooden-hulled craft to recent steel boats, and with many shore scenes including Mallaig herring port, Peterborough harbor reconstruction, fish auctions, and fishermen net and boat-building, this book offers a glimpse into a bygone age. Finally, it considers the work being done to balance fish conservation with profitable fishing, a pressing issue for the fishing industry of the 21st century.

This extraordinary book is the result of over three decades of Dr. Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissens career at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. The book provides new insights into a series of growth mechanisms in aquatic living resources through the digestion and utilization of dietary protein for growth and maturation. Section One shows the initial success of the relationships between genetic variations in trypsin phenotypes, growth, and feed efficiency; additionally, the isoelectric focusing technique to differentiate trypsin phenotypes has been developed. Section Two shows the other successes concerning the effects of temperatures and consumption rates on trypsin phenotypes, growth, and feed efficiency, wherein the first evidence of temperature preferences on feed efficiency and growth dependent on trypsin phenotypes of individuals has been observed. The unique studies of digestive efficiency and growth status have been developed through the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C ratio) for growth potential, with the new knowledge of chymotrypsin involving limited and reduced growth rates. Section Three shows insight into the utilization of dietary protein through absorption and transport of free amino acids (FAA), indicating that the levels of plasma FAA and white muscle FAA are dependent on trypsin phenotypes and dietary protein quality. The new buffers of the HPLC system for differentiating more than 40 physiological FAA in biological tissues have been developed. A possibility of white muscle free-hydroxyproline levels related to growth rate has been observed. Section Four explains protein growth efficiency dependent on the genetics of growth capacity and dietary protein levels, whereas a higher level can increase skeletal growth (length) resulting in lower condition factors. The new determinations of RNA and protein by single separation have been developed. Section Five shows the first success on studies of maturation rate in females through active oocyte protein breakdown, using the activity ratio of trypsin-like to chymotrypsin-like (T/C ratio) oocytes. Sections Six and Seven show the in vitro digestibility techniques using dialyzed crude digestive enzyme extracts for quality assessments of dietary protein and carbohydrates, uniquely standardized with respect to the activities of trypsin and amylase, respectively, for comparisons among different enzyme extracts. It is evident that dietary protein is the primary important nutrient while dietary carbohydrates are the secondary important nutrients, regardless of animal feeding habits (carnivores, omnivores, herbivores). Section Eight illustrates the uniqueness of the different biochemical techniques for implementations in natural marine ecosystems of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, including the development of a neural computational model through digestive efficiency for future studies of aquatic living resources without knowing their histories concerning food availability and growth. Section Nine concludes the importance and usefulness of the biochemical techniques, and describes how to collect the samples. The knowledge from this book can be beneficial for lecturers, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, and any readers who are interested in nutritional biochemistry. It will provide new perspectives, ideas, and inspiration for finding a new way to make a difference in doing research.

Currently there is great concern about over-fishing and the effects of fisheries on other marine organisms. This book addresses ecological and environmental issues associated with responsible and sustainable marine fisheries. It includes 20 chapters developed from an international conference and concurrent symposium held in Iceland in October 2001. Contributors include leading international authorities from around the world. Contents include: global overview of marine capture fisheries, legal protection for marine ecosystems, dynamics of marine ecosystems, the role of man in marine ecosystems, and incorporating ecosystem considerations in fisheries management.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has conducted an assessment in response to national and international concerns that overcapacity, overfishing and other often co-occurring undesirable outcomes of a common management problem prevent the attainment of the goal of productive and sustainable marine ecosystems. Other undesirable outcomes include high levels of bycatch, adverse impacts on habitat, less safe working conditions on fishing vessels, lower product quality, poor economic performance, less viable fishing communities, non-compliance with regulations and a management regime that is unnecessarily complex, contentious and costly. This book identifies and describes U.S. federally managed fisheries with the most severe examples of excess harvesting capacity, and recommends cost-effective and privately funded measures that could be used to reduce excess harvesting capacity.

"Shifting Baselines" explores the real-world implications of a groundbreaking idea: we must understand the oceans of the past to protect the oceans of the future. In 1995, acclaimed marine biologist Daniel Pauly coined the term "shifting baselines" to describe a phenomenon of lowered expectations, in which each generation regards a progressively poorer natural world as normal. This seminal volume expands on Pauly's work, showing how skewed visions of the past have led to disastrous marine policies and why historical perspective is critical to revitalize fisheries and ecosystems.
Edited by marine ecologists Jeremy Jackson and Enric Sala, and historian Karen Alexander, the book brings together knowledge from disparate disciplines to paint a more realistic picture of past fisheries. The authors use case studies on the cod fishery and the connection between sardine and anchovy populations, among others, to explain various methods for studying historic trends and the intricate relationships between species. Subsequent chapters offer recommendations about both specific research methods and effective management. This practical information is framed by inspiring essays by Carl Safina and Randy Olson on a personal experience of shifting baselines and the importance of human stories in describing this phenomenon to a broad public.
While each contributor brings a different expertise to bear, all agree on the importance of historical perspective for effective fisheries management. Readers, from students to professionals, will benefit enormously from this informed hindsight.

Pacific salmon are among the dominant fish groups and the main consumers of forage resources in the upper layer of the subarctic Pacific. In the last years, the majority of Pacific salmon species in North America and in Asia have experienced an increase in abundance, and their role in marine ecosystem has changed. This book examines the feeding habits and trophic status of the Pacific salmon in different regions of the subarctic Pacific under the influence of changing environmental factors. Moreover, this book deals with the present-day Norwegian regulations of saltwater salmon fisheries and particularly Norway's attempts to harmonise the interests of people and fish. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) constitute carcinogenic environmental contaminants such as dioxins. Fishes and particularly Salmonids are very sensitive to the PAH toxicity. The natural and anthropogenic PAH generations lead to an environmental contamination of water, sediments and feed of Salmonids, then to a fish contamination and finally to a human food contamination eating those contaminated fishes. The authors of this book discuss the monitoring of these chemical contaminants in salmon, essential to evaluate the pollution related to human activities and to guarantee the quality of fish as food for human consumption. In addition, the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with rapeseed oil (RO) in Atlantic salmon post-smolt diets is discussed, and its subsequent effects on liver and muscle fatty acid (FA) composition and growth are described. This book also describes the high-pressure processing of fresh salmon and light preserved products like cold smoked salmon. Its effect on microorganisms, enzymes and organoleptic properties are analysed, as well as the process parameters, pressure, duration, and temperature affecting microorganisms, structure and colour, which all determine the market chances of the product. Moreover, the authors underline the influence of three main factors -- super-chilling, dietary lipids and pre-slaughter crowding stress, on Atlantic salmon flesh quality, with a focus on the role of lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and L, in muscle structure degradation and flesh quality.

Due to the intensity of research in the field warm water fish nutrition in Egypt, the decision was made to conduct the last fish nutrition in publication a book. The subcommittee on warm water fish nutrition considered the scope of earlier publication and determined that some expansion of both scope and content was justified consequently. The present book includes considerably more background in the field of fish nutrition. The title of this publication reflects the expansion in species coverage.

This book examines how water management practices can influence commercial fishing activities and their economic benefits. Government water management agencies, at both the Federal and state level, can influence fisheries habitat and populations. Most of the discussion in this book is universally applicable, but emphasis is placed on water management activities by the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) in the western United States, including Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California. With the possible exception of tribal commercial harvest, which often takes place on the rivers themselves, commercial fishing activities within the United States are typically pursued within the nation's estuaries, bays, and oceans. While actions by Reclamation and other similar agencies are typically limited to inland locations such as reservoirs and rivers, they can often play a significant role in providing necessary habitat for certain commercially attractive fish species.

Off the Pacific coast of South America, nutrients mingle with cool waters rising from the ocean’s depths, creating one of the world’s most productive marine ecosystems: the Humboldt Current. When the region’s teeming populations of fish were converted into a key ingredient in animal feed—fishmeal—it fueled the revolution in chicken, hog, and fish farming that swept the United States and northern Europe after World War II. The Fishmeal Revolution explores industrialization along the Peru-Chile coast as fishmeal producers pulverized and exported unprecedented volumes of marine proteins to satisfy the growing taste for meat among affluent consumers in the Global North. A relentless drive to maximize profits from the sea occurred at the same time that Peru and Chile grappled with the challenge of environmental uncertainty and its potentially devastating impact. In this exciting new book, Kristin A. Wintersteen offers an important history and critique of the science and policy that shaped the global food industry.

Among the environmental challenges facing us is alleviating the damage to marine ecosystems caused by pollution and overfishing. Coming to grips with contemporary problems, this book argues, depends on understanding how people have historically generated, perceived, and responded to environmental change. This work explores interactions between society and environment in China s most important marine fishery, the Zhoushan Archipelago off the coast of Zhejiang and Jiangsu, from its nineteenth-century expansion to the exhaustion of the most important fish species in the 1970s.

This history of Zhoushan s fisheries illuminates long-term environmental processes and analyzes the intersections of local, regional, and transnational ecological trends and the array of private and state interests that shaped struggles for the control of these common-pool natural resources. What institutions did private and state actors use to regulate the use of the fishery? How did relationships between social organizations and the state change over time? What types of problems could these arrangements solve and which not? What does the fate of these institutions tell us about environmental change in late imperial and modern China? Answering these questions will give us a better understanding of the relationship between past ecological changes and present environmental challenges.

December, 2014: In the forbidding waters off Antarctica, Captain Hammarstedt of the Bob Barker embarks on a voyage unlike any seen before. Across ten thousand miles of hazardous seas, Hammerstedt's crew will relentlessly pursue the Thunder - an infamous illegal fishing ship - for what will become the longest chase in maritime history. Wanted by Interpol, the Thunder has for years evaded justice: accumulating millions in profits, hunting endangered species and ruthlessly destroying ocean habitats. The authors follow this incredible expedition from the beginning. But even as seasoned journalists, they cannot anticipate what the chase will uncover, as the wake of the Thunder leads them to trail of criminal kingpins, rampant corruption, modern slavery and an international community content to turn a blind eye. Very soon, catching Thunder becomes more than a chase but a pursuit of the truth itself and a symbolic race to preserve the well-being of our planet. A Scandinavian bestseller, Catching Thunder is a remarkable true story of courage and perseverance, and a wake-up call to act against the destruction of our environments.

The Polar North is known to be home to large gas and oil reserves and its position holds significant trading and military advantages, yet the maritime boundaries of the region remain ill-defined. In the twenty-first century the Arctic is undergoing profound change. As the sea ice melts, a result of accelerating climate change, global governance has become vital. In this first of three volumes, the latest research and analysis from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute, the world's leading Arctic research body, is brought together. Arctic Governance: Law and Politics investigates the legal and political order of the Polar North, focusing on governance structures and the Law of the Sea. Are the current mechanisms at work effective? Are the Arctic states' interests really clashing, or is the atmosphere of a more cooperative nature? Skilfully delineating policy in the region and analysing the consequences of treaty agreements, Arctic Governance's uncovering of a rather orderly 'Arctic race' will become an indispensable contribution to contemporary International Relations concerning the Polar North.

As the ice around the Arctic landmass recedes, the territory is becoming a flashpoint in world affairs. New trade routes, cutting thousands of miles off journeys, are available, and the Arctic is thought to be home to enormous gas and oil reserves. The territorial lines are new and hazy. This book looks at how Russia deals with the outside world vis a vis the Arctic. Given Russia's recent bold foreign policy interventions, these are crucial issues and the realpolitik practiced by the Russian state is essential for understanding the Arctic's future.Here, Geir Honneland brings together decades of cutting-edge research - investigating the political contexts and international tensions surrounding Russia's actions. Honneland looks specifically at 'region-building' and environmental politics of fishing and climate change, on nuclear safety and nature preservation, and also analyses the diplomatic relations surrounding clashes with Norway and Canada, as well as at the governance of the Barents Sea. The Politics of the Arctic is a crucial addition to our understanding of contemporary International Relations concerning the Polar North.

British traditional working boats are famous - Morecambe Bay prawners, Manx luggers, Scots fifies and zulus, Lowestoft and Yarmouth drifters, Yorkshire cobles, Colchester smacks, Hastings beach boats, Brixham trawlers, and many others. Over a century ago, progressive fishermen began to install engines in their boats. Motor fishing boats have been part of our coastal scene since then. Local boatbuilders built local kinds of boat to suit each home port and its fisheries; examples include Cornish pilchard boats and long liners, Devon crabbers and beach boats, motor bawleys and cocklers, motor drifters and seiners, and the famous ring netters of the Clyde ports. These boats have gone or are fast disappearing. This book tells their story.

There is now widespread agreement that fish stocks are severely depleted and fishing activity must be limited. At the same time, the promise of the green economy appears to offer profitable new opportunities for a sustainable seafood industry. What do these seemingly contradictory ideas of natural limits and green growth mean in practice? What do they tell us more generally about current transformations to the way nature is valued and managed? And who suffers and who benefits from these new ecological arrangements? Far from abstract policy considerations, Patrick Bresnihan shows how new approaches to environmental management are transforming the fisheries and generating novel forms of exclusion in the process. Transforming the Fisheries examines how scientific, economic, and regulatory responses to the problem of overfishing have changed over the past twenty years. Based on fieldwork in a commercial fishing port in Ireland, Bresnihan weaves together ethnography, science, history, and social theory to explore the changing relationships between knowledge, nature, and the market. For Bresnihan, many of the key concepts that govern contemporary environmental thinking—such as scarcity, sustainability, the commons, and enclosure—should be reconsidered in light of the collapse of global fish stocks and the different ways this problem is being addressed. Only by considering these concepts anew can we begin to reinvent the ecological commons we need for the future.

In the nineteenth century, nearly all Native American men living along the southern New England coast made their living traveling the world's oceans on whaleships. Many were career whalemen, spending twenty years or more at sea. Their labor invigorated economically depressed reservations with vital income and led to complex and surprising connections with other Indigenous peoples, from the islands of the Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. At home, aboard ship, or around the world, Native American seafarers found themselves in a variety of situations, each with distinct racial expectations about who was ""Indian"" and how ""Indians"" behaved. Treated by their white neighbors as degraded dependents incapable of taking care of themselves, Native New Englanders nevertheless rose to positions of command at sea. They thereby complicated myths of exploration and expansion that depicted cultural encounters as the meeting of two peoples, whites and Indians. Highlighting the shifting racial ideologies that shaped the lives of these whalemen, Nancy Shoemaker shows how the category of ""Indian"" was as fluid as the whalemen were mobile.

Longhurst examines the proposition, central to fisheries science, that a fishery creates its own natural resource by the compensatory growth it induces in the fish, and that this is sustainable. His novel analysis of the reproductive ecology of bony fish of cooler seas offers some support for this, but a review of fisheries past and present confirms that sustainability is rarely achieved. The relatively open structure and strong variability of marine ecosystems is discussed in relation to the reliability of resources used by the industrial-level fishing that became globalised during the 20th century. This was associated with an extraordinary lack of regulation in most seas, and a widespread avoidance of regulation where it did exist. Sustained fisheries can only be expected where social conditions permit strict regulation and where politicians have no personal interest in outcomes despite current enthusiasm for ecosystem-based approaches or for transferable property rights.

The sea and its relation to human life has always been a subject of fascination for historians. For the first time, this book looks at the field of Maritime History through the prism of identity, looking at how the sea has influenced the formation of identity at a national, local and individual level from the early modern age to the present. It looks at a variety of people who interacted with the sea in different ways, from merchant sailors to naval officers and on land, from dockworkers to the civilians who participated in the sea-based festivals in the Mediterranean port city of Messina. This volume has a cultural focus, with chapters exploring the cultural construction of the 'naval hero' in literature, poetry, music and art, and an appraisal of the Japanese author and journalist Masanori, whose works had such a profound influence on Japanese national identity after the Second World War. A key focus is on the ways the Royal Navy influenced British identity at a national and regional level, but this volume also explores other countries with a strong naval tradition, such as Japan, Italy and Germany. By bringing together a variety of themes related to identity, this book provides the first attempt to thoroughly analyse the ways in which maritime historians have engaged with the question of identity in recent years. In doing so, it provides an important and unique addition to the historiography, which will be essential reading for all scholars of maritime and naval history and those concerned with the question of identity.

The world's marine fisheries are in trouble, as a direct result of overfishing and the overcapacity of fishing fleets. Despite intensive management efforts, the problems still persist in many areas, resulting in many fisheries being neither sustainable nor profitable. Using bio-economic models of commercial fisheries, this book demonstrates that new management methods, based on individual or community catch quotas, are required to resolve the overfishing problem. Uncertainty about marine systems may be another factor contributing to overfishing. Methods of decision analysis and Bayesian inference are used to discuss risk management and the precautionary principle, arguing that extensive marine reserves may be the best way to protect fisheries, alongside a controlled catch quota system. This book will be of interest to environmental scientists, economists and fisheries managers, providing novel insights into many well-known but poorly understood aspects of fisheries management.