The Polar North is known to be home to large gas and oil reserves and its positionholds signifi cant trading and military advantages, yet the maritime boundaries of the region remain ill-defined. In the twenty-first century the Arctic is undergoing profound change. As the sea ice melts, a result of accelerating climate change, global governance has become vital. In this first of three volumes, the latest research and analysis from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute, the world's leading Arctic research body, is brought together. Arctic Governance: Law and Politics investigates the legal and political order of the Polar North, focusing on governance structures and the Law of the Sea. Are the current mechanisms at work effective? Are the Arctic states' interests really clashing, or is the atmosphere of a more cooperative nature? Skilfully delineating policy in the region and analysing the consequences of treaty agreements, Arctic Governance's uncovering of a rather orderly 'Arctic race' will become an indispensable contribution to contemporary International Relations concerning the Polar North.

This book discusses the harvesting, prevalence and benefits of tilapia and trout. Chapter One begins with a review of the risks and benefits of tilapia. Chapter Two provides a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in the consumption of the fish. Chapter Three studies the utilisation of by-products and waste generated from the tilapia processing industry. Chapter Four reviews thermal ecology of brown trout and the climate change challenge. Chapter Five examines reparative neurogenesis in the adult trout brain and peculiarity of development in the trout's brain cells in primary culture. Chapter Six focuses on the effects of plant-based feeds on the immune responses of rainbow trout.

The first large-scale study of the important, but as yet largely invisible, group of Icelandic women who live on the sea -- their lives, contributions, and knowledge. It is based on extensive historical research and fieldwork, including formal and informal discussions with hundreds of seawomen who fished from the 1950s to the present day. These women have held positions at all levels of the on-sea fishing industry, from skipper and engineer to deckhand and cook, in all sectors and tonnages of ships, and in all areas of the country. A rich historical record in Iceland has preserved accounts of helmswomen taking the tiller in the roughest weather, women consistently bringing in the best catches, female captains hiring all-female crews, and seawomen giving birth at sea or just upon reaching shore. The books narrative structure focuses on the womens voices, letting the realities and complexities of their lives come through lived experience. It will appeal to general readers interested in Iceland as a unique country with a booming tourist trade, in fishing, in stories of the sea and the people who live on it, in adventure, and in what happens when women work in a realm generally considered male-dominated. The author has collaborated with the Reykjavik Maritime Museum for the current exhibition on the seawomen of Iceland.

Recreational fishing is a traditional American pastime integral to social, cultural, and economic life in coastal communities across the nation. This time-honored activity allows millions access to Americas great outdoors each year, while generating billions of dollars in economic activity. Traditionally shaped by commercial forces, demographic, market, and ecological shifts are changing the nature of U.S. fisheries. Our nations expansive coastal and ocean resources face increasing pressure as coastal populations grow, and more people pursue recreational opportunities in ecologically important marine and estuarine areas. The purpose of this book is to provide guidance for Agency consideration in its deliberations pertaining to development and maintenance of enduring and sustainable high quality saltwater recreational fisheries. This policy identifies goals and guiding principles to be integrated into NOAAs National Marine Fisheries Service's (NMFS) planning, budgeting, decision-making, and activities, and includes examples of implementation concepts and strategies supported by NMFS. Moreover, this book provides a detailed overview of the operating structure of the average Northeast for-hire head boat and charter boat, and estimates the economic activity that for-hire businesses contribute to the Northeasts economy as measured by total employment, labor income, and sales. Lastly, this book examines challenges that have been identified with the NMFS' data collection efforts for managing marine recreational fisheries and steps the agency has taken to improve data collection and challenges that remain.

Fishing for a Solution provides a detailed, policy-based account of the development of Canada's fisheries relations with the European Union. It covers over 35 years of this contentious international relationship, from the extension of Canada's fisheries jurisdiction to 200 miles in 1977 and the creation of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) two years later, to the development of a proposed new NAFO Convention in 2007, which awaits formal approval. Based on the experience of participants from inside the deliberations and negotiations, the book explores the impact of Canada's internal politics on international fisheries negotiations. For anyone interested in the workings of Canadian foreign policy, resource policy or in the complexities of managing international relations, it offers a unique account of the development of Canada-EU fisheries relations, blending the academic perspective of a long--time student of those relations with the insights of two former senior public servants who led the international affairs directorate of Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans .

The fishing industry has always been important to Britain. From the deepsea trawlers to the traditional craft that sailed around the coast, the harbours of the West Coast, Irish Sea and Bristol Channel were once full of craft, large and small, which employed men and women in their thousands. The third volume of Mike Smylie's Fishing Industry Through Time covers from the Solway Firth all the way to Hartland Point in Devon. Fishing was not just about the boats involved but also the people and Mike Smylie gives an insight into the lives of those who worked the boats, who repaired the nets and who gutted and sold the fish. From the mighty trawling port of Fleetwood to salmon fishing on the River Dee, from herring to prawns and cockles, he gives us a rare insight into an almost-lost industry that once employed huge numbers.

'As the rest of the world stood by and watched, Laurens risked everything to defend these extraordinary mammals from extinction. A truly powerful and inspiring story.' Susan Sarandon Laurens de Groot was a detective for the Dutch police, specializing in organized crime and environmental pollution. He was rapidly promoted through the ranks, but became increasingly disillusioned with failed prosecutions and minimal prison sentences. But although as a detective there was little he could do to stop the truly big criminals, there was a more radical option - direct action, not necessarily within the law. Laurens leaves his job, sells up, travels to Australia and joins Sea Shepherd, an international organization protecting marine wildlife. He soon finds himself in the middle of the war against the Japanese whaling fleet operating in the Antarctic whale sanctuary. As the Japanese hunt whales, Laurens and the Sea Shepherd crews hunt them. Their boats are tiny for the wild Southern Ocean, and as well as dealing with the extreme weather they are repeatedly attacked by the Japanese crews and nearly shipwrecked by ice. On one mission, their boat is rammed, cut in two and sunk by a whaling ship. This is war, with no quarter given. Hunting the Hunters is an action-packed and timely account of one man's extraordinary life, as well as an ongoing battle against a powerful nation determined to get its way no matter the cost. It's an important subject, one that a lot of people care about, and as Laurens tells the story in his own words this is a compelling and insightful book. Bloomsbury gratefully acknowledges the support of the Dutch Foundation for Literature.

After the Supreme Court of Canada's 1999 Marshall decision recognized Mi'kmaw fishers' treaty right to fish, the fishers entered the inshore lobster fishery across Atlantic Canada. At Burnt Church/Esgenoopetitj, New Brunswick, the Mi'kmaw fishery provoked violent confrontations with neighbours and the Canadian government. Over the next two years, boats, cottages, and a sacred grove were burned, people were shot at and beaten, boats rammed and sunk, roads barricaded, and the local wharf occupied. Based on 12 months of ethnographic field work in Burnt Church/Esgenoopetitj, Fishing in Contested Waters explores the origins of this dispute and the beliefs and experiences that motivated the locals involved in it. Weaving the perspectives of Native and non-Native people together, Sarah J. King examines the community as a contested place, simultaneously Mi'kmaw and Canadian. Drawing on philosophy and indigenous, environmental, and religious studies, Fishing in Contested Waters demonstrates the deep roots of contemporary conflicts over rights, sovereignty, conservation, and identity.

From the Galapagos to the depths of Patagonia and up along the stark desert coast of Chile, Listening to Sea Lions empathic ethnography carries the reader directly into the heart of the ocean world of Latino coastal people. Sea lions are the fellow denizens in nature who share the perpetual changes and are seen as metaphoric selves. Meltzoff uses storytelling rather than explicit theory to help explain local struggles and survival strategies wrought by extreme El Nino events and shifting political climates. Embedded within the six multi-sited ethnographies are global themes in coastal communities, from boom-and-bust fisheries to the rivalries among fisheries, tourism, conservation interests. The overall picture is sea-change and impermanence as a local way of life by the ocean.

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) developed the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction (ALWTR) plan to protect endangered large whales from entanglements in commercial fishing gear, which can cause injury or death. Because whales continued to die after the ALWTF plan went into effect, NMFS proposed revisions in 2005. The author of this book discusses these issues, as well as the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), which requires the NMFS to establish take reductions teams for certain marine mammals to develop measures to reduce their incidental takes. Other bills that specifically address marine mammal regulatory and management issues are examined as well. Furthermore, while some of these issues can be addressed administratively, in regulations proposed and promulgated by the National Marine Fisheries Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, or the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, others likely would require statutory change. This book lays out the range of issues likely to be raised during reauthorization debate, the reasons behind them, and possible proposals that could be offered to address these concerns. This book consists of public domain documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

Among the environmental challenges facing us is alleviating the damage to marine ecosystems caused by pollution and overfishing. Coming to grips with contemporary problems, this book argues, depends on understanding how people have historically generated, perceived, and responded to environmental change. This work explores interactions between society and environment in China s most important marine fishery, the Zhoushan Archipelago off the coast of Zhejiang and Jiangsu, from its nineteenth-century expansion to the exhaustion of the most important fish species in the 1970s.

This history of Zhoushan s fisheries illuminates long-term environmental processes and analyzes the intersections of local, regional, and transnational ecological trends and the array of private and state interests that shaped struggles for the control of these common-pool natural resources. What institutions did private and state actors use to regulate the use of the fishery? How did relationships between social organizations and the state change over time? What types of problems could these arrangements solve and which not? What does the fate of these institutions tell us about environmental change in late imperial and modern China? Answering these questions will give us a better understanding of the relationship between past ecological changes and present environmental challenges.

Highly migratory species (HMS) are fish stocks that often have trans-oceanic movements and life cycles. Tunas, billfishes, swordfish, and sharks are taxa which comprise HMS. Historically, pelagic shark population dynamics and biology have been difficult to study given their migratory nature and open-ocean habitat. Displaying large-scale migration patterns and crossing international management boundaries, pelagic sharks are susceptible to many international fisheries at various life stages. Pelagic sharks are slow-growing, late-maturing, long-lived, and produce few offspring, resulting in slower and much more reduced population recruitment than most marine species. These life history characteristics make pelagic sharks vulnerable to overexploitation by global commercial and recreational fisheries and elevate concerns of their long-term survival. While it is widely accepted that pelagic sharks are K-selected species and at-risk to overfishing throughout various life stages, domestic and international fishery managers have yet to develop effective methodologies for managing pelagic sharks. Most shark species are classified as fully fished, overexploited, already depleted, or commercially extinct. Others are poorly researched and their stock status is classified as uncertain and unknown. Despite there are no current directed pelagic shark fisheries in most parts of the world, demand for shark products (e.g., shark fins) and landings continue to increase and more countries are now reporting shark landings than at any other time. In fact, even without estimating or understanding the virgin (i.e., before commercial fishing) population, most scientific population assessments demonstrate that pelagic shark populations over the last three to four decades have declined to levels that are alarming. Compelling scientific evidence suggests that there are a number of sharks that are in danger of extinction. Some species of pelagic sharks, such as porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) sharks are already listed under the international trade regulatory regime of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Given these dramatic population declines, new scientific evidence also suggests that the loss of apex predators throughout the world's oceans has even changed trophic dynamics in certain geographical areas which is having striking impacts on unique marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. In the past, pelagic sharks have received little attention by domestic and international fishery managers considering their lower economic value in comparison to other HMS. Along with the lack of life history information, pelagic shark population modelling has been limited by small data sets, inaccurate dependent fisheries information, and the lack of independent fishery data. Today, many positive advances have been made in pelagic shark research, domestic management plans, and the implementation of various international agreements for shark conservation and management; however, additional domestic and international protection is imperative for the survival, recovery, and conservation of pelagic sharks. In addition, even with the improvement of pelagic shark life history information, better commercial fisheries data, and the development and application of advanced population assessment techniques; assessment models are problematic. Among various topics, this book reviews and discusses some of the limitations for the use of population models in pelagic shark management. This book reviews the current scientific information and finds that there are some new statistical, biological, and practical approaches to understanding the effects of fishing on pelagic shark populations. Moreover, new shark avoidance measures show promise for reducing shark by catch in commercial fisheries. Discussions and recommendations are included for most of these new conservation and management approaches which might be hopeful for improving global pelagic shark populations. Overall, this book demonstrates that even with conservative management and the use of advanced population models, most pelagic sharks can not be sustainably exploited for very long, if at all. Unlike any other previous shark book, this book was specifically intended for the use by domestic and international pelagic shark fishery managers. The book highlights a historical perspective on shark conservation, but the focus of the book is on the importance of improving current modelling applications and management approaches. Overall, the book provides a review of the past, present, and the future needs of pelagic shark conservation and management.

For thousands of years, Pacific salmon have been the focus for the economic and social development of societies, both ancient and modern, around the rim of the North Pacific Ocean. Conducting lengthy oceanic migrations, the salmon pass through coastal waters of Alaska, British Columbia, and the northwest United States, completing their last journeys to their rivers of origin where they spawn and die. In dense homeward aggregations, they form lucrative targets for Canadian and United States fishermen who compete vigorously as the migrations pass southeastward. Beginning late in the 19th century and culminating in the 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty, Canada and the United States carried out long and contentious negotiations to provide a framework for cooperation for conserving and sharing the vitally important Pacific salmon resource. The 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty traces the history of the tumultuous negotiations, providing an insider's perspective on the many complex issues that were addressed. It concludes with a brief assessment of the treaty's performance under the difficult economic and environmental circumstances that have prevailed in the fishery since 1985. interest to the Canadian and United States fishing communities affected by the treaty, to the general public, politicians, and fisheries specialists in both countries concerned with stewardship of natural resources, and to scholars of international law and regional history.

This book examines the development of property rights in marine fisheries, and asks whether the obstacles to their continued development cannot be more easily overcome. The contributed chapters generally focus on the consequences of a lack of property rights of commercial and small-time fishers globally. National governments have recognized that the absence of such rights coupled with the technological advances in commerical fishing have resulted in widespread economic and environmental problems (e.g., overfishing, bycatching, highgrading, increased physical dangers, and lower profits). The most significant solution to these problems, and the predominate concern of this book, is the institution of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs), also known as Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs). These are national and global policies, public- and private-sector managed allocations of the amount of various species of fish, at certain qualities can be harvested at particular times by fishers.

This work documents the rise and fall of Pacific American Fisheries, a salmon packing company based in Bellingham, Washington, which also had a substantial presence in Alaska. It covers the company's history from its beginnings when Roland Onffroy arrived in early 1898 and saw an opportunity to start a business and make a mint using the abundant supply of salmon in nearby Puget Sound, up until its closing in 1966. The company's story is presented chronologically as unfolding local, regional, national, and international events impacted the fortunes of the company, its employees, and the town that housed it. It also takes a close look at the entrepreneurs, developers, businessmen, and Asian labor force that were associated with the company. PAF's history can also be read as the story of how the United States was developed as people moved from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts and how the Pacific coast was targeted for development due to its natural resources that could easily be exploited for profit.

Whales inspire great fascination in the public culture of industrialized nations. Images of majestic and mysterious creatures of the sea, hunted to or nearly to tragic extinction in a emblematic example of human excess, have fueled the economic and cultural power of this century's global movement to end whale hunting. However, this political movement, and the ecological research it initiated, has largely ignored the experience of Native circumpolar communities, whose vast knowledge of whales and whaling has evolved through centuries of integrated cultural and economic practices rooted in the ethics of subsistence consumption and sustainability. Today, the Inuit find themselves struggling with international management regimes which, while they have been successful in curbing the destruction of large-scale, commercial whaling enterprises, have imposed policies that are insensitive to the needs and traditions of Native subsistence hunters. Inuit, Whaling, and Sustainability is based on extensive ethnographic, ecological, and policy research sponsored by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference, and presents Inuit perspectives on the integral role whales play in cultural, economic, philosophical, and nutritional aspects of Inuit life. This book is also the first major publication to engage in policy analysis, and formulate modes of environmental research, grounded in Inuit voices and realities. Sponsored by the Inuit Circumpolar Conference

Longhurst examines the proposition, central to fisheries science, that a fishery creates its own natural resource by the compensatory growth it induces in the fish, and that this is sustainable. His novel analysis of the reproductive ecology of bony fish of cooler seas offers some support for this, but a review of fisheries past and present confirms that sustainability is rarely achieved. The relatively open structure and strong variability of marine ecosystems is discussed in relation to the reliability of resources used by the industrial-level fishing that became globalised during the 20th century. This was associated with an extraordinary lack of regulation in most seas, and a widespread avoidance of regulation where it did exist. Sustained fisheries can only be expected where social conditions permit strict regulation and where politicians have no personal interest in outcomes despite current enthusiasm for ecosystem-based approaches or for transferable property rights.

A fascinating historical study of the decline of salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest

New England once hosted large numbers of anadromous fish, which migrate between rivers and the sea. Salmon, shad, and alewives served a variety of functions within the region's preindustrial landscape, furnishing not only maritime areas but also agricultural communities with an important source of nutrition and a valued article of rural exchange. Historian Erik Reardon argues that to protect these fish, New England's farmer-fishermen pushed for conservation measures to limit commercial fishing and industrial uses of the river. Beginning in the colonial period and continuing to the mid-nineteenth century, they advocated for fishing regulations to promote sustainable returns, compelled local millers to open their dams during seasonal fish runs, and defeated corporate proposals to erect large-scale dams. As environmentalists work to restore rivers in New England and beyond in the present day, Managing the River Commons offers important lessons about historical conservation efforts that can help guide current campaigns to remove dams and allow anadromous fish to reclaim these waters.

Toward a Sustainable Whaling Regime

Globalization is a multidimensional issue, and its impacts on world resources cross and integrate environmental, economic, political and cultural boundaries. Over the last few decades, the push towards globalization has brought a new dimension in which managers of fisheries and water resources will need to operate, both at the local and global level of governance. In order to effectively address the future sustainability of these resources, it is critical to understand the driving factors of globalization and their effect on fisheries ecosystems and the people who depend on these resources for their cultural and societal well-being. This 2007 book discusses the social and political changes affecting fisheries, the changes to ecological processes due to direct and indirect impacts of globalization, the changing nature of the goods and services that fisheries ecosystems are able to provide, and the resultant changes in markets and economic assessment of our fishery resources.

This book contains detailed information on the physical, chemical and biological ceanographic features at various depths for all the 15 regions of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans as categorized by the Food and Agriculture Organization, and on the commercially important marine fishes and details of fish catches in all the 15 regions of the major oceans since 1950. The book provides maximum and minimum annual mean values of various oceanographic factors at different depths and yearly average catches of major fish categories found from an analysis of the distribution of various oceanographic factors and fish catch data for oceans. It also briefly contains some of the recent studies carried out on the influence of oceanographic factors on fisheries. The work studies fisheries forecasts and also reviews factors which influence fisheries in various regions of the major oceans. The book is intended for scientists, teachers and students specializing in fishery oceanography, physical oceanography,

This title provides an overview of nine coastal and fisheries co-management case studies in South Africa. The approach used in this title reflects the worldwide trend to implement models which utilise local user groups in the management of coastal and fisheries resources. The title outlines the concepts and theoretical underpinnings of co-management and it examines the policy and legal framework governing coastal and fisheries resource management in southern Africa. This title aims to enhance our understanding of the status of co-management in South Africa and to provide policy makers, resource managers and researchers with information on the concept and practice of implementing co-management. It examines the conditions needed to ensure successful co-management, the positive outcomes of adopting this approach, the principle challenges, comparisons with international experience and the viability of implementing coastal and fisheries co-management for South Africa.

Cyprinids rank as one of the most commercially important groups of freshwater fishes and are exploited for many purposes; as a human food source, especially in Europe and Asia; as sport fish; and as ornamental fish for ponds and aquaria. Certain species are also cultured as bait fish and several of the small cyprinids such as the zebra fish have become internationally accepted laboratory models for toxicology testing and molecular research. A thorough understanding of cyprinid health and diseases is fundamental to the successful management and exploitation of these fishes for freshwater fisheries, pisciculture and ornamental productions.

This practical guide to disease diagnosis, prevention and control includes numerous colour plates and covers a comprehensive array of diseases - infectious and non-infectious - of cultivated and wild cyprinids.

North to Matsumae retraces the perilous voyages of two 19th-Century Australian whaling ships - the Lady Rowena and the Eamont - as they endured shipwreck, mutiny, massacre, and imprisonment while harvesting whales off the Japanese coast. The book draws on the journal of the Lady Rowena's ship master and is supplemented by Japanese historical accounts. It charts a hitherto unexplored chapter in Australian/Japanese relations and provides an historical perspective on Japan's highly controversial whaling industry.