Diarrhoea is a clinical symptom characterised by an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. Acute diarrhoea is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths world-wide. The loss of fluids through diarrhoea can cause severe dehydration which is one cause of death in diarrhoea sufferers. The causes of diarrhoea can be infectious or non-infectious. Infectious causes are due to bacteria, viruses, or parasites. This book presents research on diarrheal viruses; cholera in Africa; the pathogenesis of Clostridium-difficile associated diarrhea; faecal organic anions in calf diarrhoea and the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.

This book covers all aspects of this important and common disorder. Topics covered in the 18 chapters include historical background, basic anatomy and physiology, etiology and pathogenesis, presentation, diagnostic methods, conservative and office procedures, surgical treatment and complications of haemorrhoids, offering a comprehensive critical analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the recognised treatment options, covering both recent advances and traditional treatments in the field. It provides authoritative in-depth presentations of all perspectives and latest techniques available, their advantages and disadvantages. The book includes a wealth of full-colour clinical images to support the visual aspects of haemorrhoidal disease.

Why do certain easily preventable diseases persist in the modern world? Renate Lellep Fernandez sheds light on this paradox by investigating the high incidence of iodine deficiency disease (IDD) among mountain villagers in northern Spain. Just as the mystery of non-prevention leads the author far beyond the confines of a single place, so are the experiences of these villagers rich in lessons for biocultural anthropology and public health in many contexts. The symptoms of iodine deficiency include not only the disfiguring goiters associated with the disease but also a catalog of more serious and even fatal complications. The burden of caring for victims of IDD has taxed the resources of this Spanish village beyond reason. Yet even though its people were-and are-eager for good health and quick to take advantage of modern medical treatment, which has long been available, until very recently they failed to learn that iodized salt prevents the disease. A Simple Matter of Salt unveils the social and political obstacles that have impeded the successful dissemination of preventive knowledge. Here are valuable implications for the prevention of other endemic diseases on a global scale. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1990.

An ulcer is the result of an imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors. The pathology of ulcer is complex and may involve overproduction of acid or pepsin, inadequate mucosal defence, reflux of bile and pancreatic juice into stomach. Peptic ulcer is a classical example of the biopsychosocial model of disease and like most diseases, it has a multifactorial origin. Furthermore, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the common disorders affecting the digestive system. The lifetime risk of ulcer is 5-10% in developed countries. This book examines the psychosocial risk factors for developing peptic ulcers. It is shown that PUD occurs more frequently among individuals with anxiety and depressive disorders. The use of a fibrinogen- and thrombin-coated collagen patch for a perforated peptic ulcer is researched as a method to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Through the application of such a device, previously used in hepatic surgery, a new and simple modification to the standard technique may improve the seal of the traditional repair, has no complications and makes the overall operation faster. In addition to peptic ulcers, the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of gastric and skin ulcers are explored in this book, including the four most common etiologies that account for the large majority of skin ulcers in the elderly, the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers and the results of research done on opical opioid therapy in treating pain from ulcers.

For nearly 50 years, Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease has been the go-to reference for gastroenterology and hepatology residents, fellows, physicians, and the entire GI caregiving team. Now in a fully revised 11th Edition, this two-volume masterwork brings together the knowledge and expertise of hundreds of global experts who keep you up to date with the newest techniques, technologies, and treatments for every clinical challenge you face in gastroenterology and hepatology. A logical organization, more than 1,100 full-color illustrations, and easy-to-use algorithms ensure that you'll quickly and easily find the information you need. Features new and expanded discussions of chronic hepatitis B and C, Helicobacter pylori infection, colorectal cancer prevention through screening and surveillance, biologic agents and novel small molecules to treat and prevent recurrences of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastrointestinal immune and autoimmune diseases, and more. Offers reliable coverage of key topics such as Barrett's esophagus, gut microbiome, enteric microbiota and probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and hepatic, pancreatic, and small bowel transplantation. Provides more quick-reference algorithms that summarize clinical decision making and practical approaches to patient management. Employs a consistent, templated, format throughout for quick retrieval of information. Includes monthly updates online, as well as more than 20 procedural videos. Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Diarrhoea is a clinical symptom characterised by an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. Diarrhoea can be osmotic, secretory, malabsorptive, exudative, due to abnormal intestinal motility, or due to bacterial overgrowth. In osmotic diarrhoea, for example, the gut mucosa fails to absorb intestinal contents into the blood stream resulting in accumulation of these substances in intestinal lumen. Subsequently, excessive amount of water remains in stool leading to diarrhoea. This book presents research on various types of diarrhoea, as well as their causes and the available treatments.

Diseases of the rectum and anus are common phenomena. Its prevalence in the general population is probably much higher than that seen in clinical practice, since most patients with symptoms referable to this part do not seek medical attention. As a doctor of first contact, the family practitioners frequently face with difficult questions concerning the optimum management of ano-rectal symptoms. Ano-rectal disorders are common and often readily managed in a primary care setting. This book 'A Physician's guide to common ano-rectal conditions' gives a brief note of anatomy and evaluation of the ano-rectum to help physicians more confidently diagnose and treat ano-rectal disorders. Most of the family physicians regard the ano-rectal canal with trepidation. It is a matter of concern that the physical examination of the ano-rectum is often inadequately performed in general clinical practice. Advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis and management of various ano-rectal disorders. Each disorder is suggested by its characteristic history. The clinician who obtains a thorough history and performs a complete examination can accurately diagnose these disorders. Ancillary tests though are helpful but are needed only occasionally. While the examination and diagnosis of certain ano-perianal disorders is challenging, most of the common disorders of the ano-rectum can be easily recognised with a careful local examination and proctoscopy. The patient's position for examination, use of various diagnostic tools and arriving at a diagnosis using these simple manoeuvres is indicated as a separate chapter in this book. The diagnosis and management of haemorrhoids, fissures, fistulae, constipation and pruritus ani on rough estimates, accounts for more than 81% of the complaints centring around this part of human anatomy. This book describes in details about these diseases, their symptomatology and treatment plans.

The area of gastrointestinal disorders is currently the focus of a large amount of sophisticated research. This volume brings fully up to date the most recent scientific and clinical advances in gastrointestinal and liver immunology. An international team of authorities has summarized basic scientific advances in the area of the gut immune system and the immune abnormalities relevant to gastrointestinal and liver disease. It includes the latest developments in relation to organ transplantation of the liver and gut, HIV infection of the gut, and the recently discovered disease H. pylori gastritis. Disorders of autoimmunity are focused on as well as immunodeficency. A feature of the volume is to highlight the relevance of such scientific advances to the clinical management of patients with immune gut and liver disorders. The volume will be an essential source of reference for all scientists interested in mucosal immunology, for clinical immunologists, gastroenterologists and hepatologists, transplant surgeons, and pediatricians.

Over the past twenty plus years clinicians have noted significant disorders of the lung, larynx, pharynx, nose, sinuses and middle ear that occur because of duo-denogastric refluxate (DGR) extending to these areas. While it has long been evident that gastric contents reaches the oesophagus and will cause problems in the form of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) the disorders of extra-oesophageal reflux (EER) are increasingly causing morbidity to patients. Recently there have been basic and clinical studies indicating that other components of DGR cause damage to extra-oesophageal structures. The combination of state of the art research and clinical presentations of EER make this book very valuable to those who investigate and manage patients.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or acid reflux disease is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux in the oesophagus. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the oesophagus and the stomach. This book focuses on varied topics relating to reflux disease including: the role of mucosal inflammation in reflux disease, pharmacologic treatment of GERD, paediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease, paraesophageal hernias and laparoscopic antireflux procedures, minimally invasive treatments of gastroesophageal reflux disease, obstructive sleep apnea and GERD, and others.

Digestive Intelligence tells the fascinating story of how our digestive systems are the centre of our bodies' second brain and how we think and live our emotions via our stomachs. Not surprising when you consider there is something equivalent to the size of a village football pitch hiding inside our bellies - that's the incredible magnitude of our digestive systems. Dr Matveikova answers the obvious questions: "How?" and "Why can this be so?" by explaining, in straight forward layman's language, that the digestive system contains more than one million neurones, identical to those in the brain and is responsible for producing 90% of the body's hormone, serotonin, the all-important hormone which makes us feel happy and full of wellbeing. It follows that, if our stomach is "out of sorts" we feel irritable and lacking in energy; and those feelings block our intellectual productivity, disorientate us and completely change our thought patterns and physical processes.

This book examines new research on irritable bowel syndrome, also known as spastic colon, which is a functional bowel disorder characterised by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating and alteration of bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. As discussed in this book, although there is no known cure, symptoms can often be relieved through bowel movements and through certain treatments including dietary adjustments, medication and psychological interventions. Irritable bowel syndrome may begin after an infection or a stressful life event. However, the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome is unknown. This book examines the most common theory, which states that it is a disorder of the interaction between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, although there may also be abnormalities in the gut flora or the immune system as well. Some researchers have also suggested that irritable bowel syndrome is a type of low-grade inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a heterogeneous group of chronic, idiopathic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In this book, the reader will find a preliminary section on the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical-pathologic aspects of Crohn's disease, and - bearing in mind that the best therapeutic choice begins with an accurate diagnosis - an attempt to provide an updated, comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art endoscopic and radiologic procedures used in the diagnosis, staging and management of Crohn's disease with special emphasis on test appropriateness in the various clinical setting.

Celiac disease (CD) is defined as a permanent sensitivity to the gluten in wheat and related proteins found in barley and rye. It affects 0.5-1% of the general population world-wide. Currently the only available treatment is lifelong adherence to the gluten-free diet (GFD). This book discusses the lifestyle and financial implications that GFD has on patients as well as the nutritional diets that must be followed in both children and adults. The clinical presentations of CD are categorised into three main groups: Malabsorption, autoimmunity and gut dysmotility. These three main groups are discussed as well as recently published work on celiac disease and the pregnancy outcome of patients with CD. Finally, techniques such as MR-enterography that are used to identify CD are addressed in this book as well.

This book is devoted to research on Crohn's disease (also known as regional enteritis)which is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is generally classified as an auto-immune disease. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus; as a result, the symptoms of Crohn's disease vary among afflicted individuals. The disease is characterised by areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining between in a symptom known as skip lesions. The main gastrointestinal symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhoea (which may be bloody, though this may not be visible to the naked eye), constipation, vomiting, weight loss or weight gain. Crohn's disease can also cause complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, and inflammation of the eye. Although the cause of Crohn's disease is not known, it is believed to be an auto-immune disease that is genetically linked. The highest relative risk occurs in siblings, affecting males and females equally. Smokers are three times more likely to get Crohn's disease. Unlike the other major types of IBD, there is no known drug based or surgical cure for Crohn's disease. Treatment options are restricted to controlling symptoms, putting and keeping the disease in remission and preventing relapse.

In spite of the progress made in vaccine and antiviral therapy development, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection still remains a major health care problem. Over 350 million people are chronically infected worldwide, showing differences in the severity of liver disease, clinical outcome and response to immune and antiviral-therapy. Parameters associated to the host immune system (HBV specific T and/or B-cell repertoires, defective antigen presentation and diminished Th1/Th2 response ratio) and viral factors, such as the HBV genotypes and their evolving variants, have largely contributed to the explanation of such differences. The unique genomic structure and replication cycle of HBV contribute to the occurrence of mutations in any of its genes undergoing selection pressures. The selection of one mutant over the others warrants a biological advantage to the prevalent mutation during the replication cycle of the virus or a selective advantage to the mutant over wild-type virus in host-virus interactions as the authors observed in Argentina where mutated HBsAg were detected, even in the presence of specific anti-HBs antibodies. Reports from USA, as well as from several European and Asian countries have focused on mutations within the HBV genome that may be associated with the hepatitis B vaccine and/or hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) failure, diagnostic escape mutants, antiviral therapy resistance, and differential outcomes in liver disease. In contrast, studies regarding these topics are almost lacking in Latin America. Within this context, it should be emphasised that the already known mutants circulating in other parts of the world could not necessarily be mirroring those strains circulating in this part of the American continent. Emerging data is filling the gap in our knowledge of HBV genotypes in several Latin American countries. While genotypes F and H of HBV are considered to be indigenous in this continent, genotypes A and D might be a mere reflection of a past European migration, and genotypes B and C could represent a consequence of a recent Asian migration. Few years ago, genotype G was detected in Mexico as previously identified in the USA and France. Unexpectedly, some strains ascribed to HBV genotype E (widely considered an African restricted genotype) have been observed in Argentina, even though genotypes F, A and D appear to be the most prevalent in this country. Co-circulation of all the already known genotypes and certain HBV variants in Latin America offers a unique opportunity to study basic viral and clinical features of this infection.

The insidious nature of disease taken into account, the majority of patients with chronic or malignant pancreatic disease present late in their course and even with early diagnosis, mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are high. In anticipation of a better understanding of the molecular biology and the epigenesis in the origin and progression of disease, benign and malignant as well, the most challenging items in the diagnosis and management reside at present in endoscopic and radiological pancreatic imaging. In these the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis, of early pancreatic cancer, the differentiation of a pancreatic mass in the setting of chronic pancreatitis and the accurate staging of potentially respectable pancreatic cancer with respect to the dorsal extension are of utmost importance. Focus in this book is on the diagnostic and imaging challenges of chronic pancreatitis and the differentiation with pancreatic cancer in an early stage.

Over the last two decades, there have been major advances in imaging, endoscopy, and laparoscopy in the field of gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. GI surgery is the newest sub-specialty branch of general surgery, where enhanced expertise and high-volume centres have made a difference to the outcomes of complex operations. Surgeons can now perform difficult procedures with low morbidity and mortality rates, and greatly improved overall results. This volume provides detailed and up-to-date information on diseases of the mesentery, omentum, peritoneum, and retroperitoneum as well as abdominal trauma. As an area of surgery that may often be neglected in traditional teaching, with limited resources to aid clinical decision making, diseases and trauma in this area can lead to situations where even the most experienced surgeon may feel challenged. Managing patients with these diseases successfully warrants a comprehensive knowledge of their anatomy and physiology as well as the pathology involved. The book provides comprehensive coverage of the different conditions and traumas, and includes a final chapter covering abdominal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Written and edited by international experts in the field, this book will be a valuable resource for abdominal, peritoneum and retroperitoneum surgeons and trainees, general surgeons, researchers, and medical students.

This book presents important leading-edge research on stomach cancer. Stomach cancer (also called "gastric cancer") is the growth of cancer cells in the lining and wall of the stomach. Stomach cancer represents roughly 2% (25,500) cases of all new cancer cases yearly in the United States, but it is much more common in Japan, Great Britain, South America, and Iceland. It is associated with high salt in the diet, smoking, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Infection with H. pylori is the main risk factor in about 80% or more of gastric cancers. It is more common in men. A very small percentage of diffuse-type gastric cancers are thought to be genetic. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) has only recently been identified and research is ongoing, but genetic testing and treatment options are available for families at risk. Metastasis occurs in 80-90% of individuals with stomach cancer, with a five year survival rate of 75% in those diagnosed in early stages and less than 30% of those diagnosed in late stages.

Contains the proceedings of a colloquium on non-ulcer dyspepsia. The papers examine pathophysiological and therapeutic approaches to the condition.

Over the last two decades, there have been major advances in imaging, endoscopy, and laparoscopy in the field of gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. GI surgery is the newest sub-specialty branch of general surgery, where enhanced expertise and high-volume centres have made a difference to the outcomes of complex operations. Surgeons can now perform difficult procedures with low morbidity and mortality rates, and greatly improved overall results. This volume provides detailed and comprehensive information on diseases of the pancreas. The pancreas continues to fascinate clinicians and researchers worldwide, due to its anatomical location deep inside the abdominal cavity and the various functions of the gland, some of which are well understood but others remaining ill-defined. Last but certainly not least, pancreatic surgery, along with liver surgery, remains the final frontier for the vast majority of GI and hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeons. The information explosion in this era has resulted in cutting-edge developments in acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Comprising evidence-based contributions from recognized leaders in pancreatology, this book covers contemporary issues in acute and chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer to help practicing surgeons and pancreatologists with the most up to date concepts in management. It will be a valuable resource for pancreas specialists, general surgeons with an interest in pancreatic diseases, researchers, and medical students.

Every year the world's leading specialists in gastroenterology meet to discuss the latest clinical and therapeutic progress in their area of expertise. The theme chosen for the 2004 conference, which was held in Prague on 25 and 26 September was "Recent Progress in the Treatment of Benign Gastro-intestinal Disorders". The 2004 publication will cover five topics: the oesophagus, bile and pancreatic disorders, basic principles of gastrointestinal disorders, stomach upsets in medical practice and gastrointestinal infections.

Selected as a Doody's Core Title for 2022! Closely mirroring the daily sign-out process, Atlas of Gastrointestinal Pathology: A Pattern Based Approach to Neoplastic Biopsies is a highly illustrated, efficient guide to accurate diagnosis. This practical reference uses a proven, pattern-based approach to clearly explain how to interpret challenging cases by highlighting red flags in the clinical chart and locating hidden clues in the slides. Useful as a daily "scope-side guide," it features numerous clinical and educational features that help you find pertinent information, reach a correct diagnosis, and assemble a thorough and streamlined pathology report. More than 1,600 high-quality photomicrographs capture the subtle morphologic spectrum of neoplastic processes of the tubular GI tract. Each image is captioned with key diagnostic considerations and includes call-outs showing subtle features and diagnostic clues. Practical tools throughout the text include: Tables that emphasize salient clinicopathologic features, management implications, and therapeutic options o Discussions of how and when to incorporate molecular tools o Checklists for key elements of the diagnostic approach and sample notes for inclusion in pathology reports Relevant endoscopic images, photographs of select gross specimens, and medical figures Brief reviews of normal histology that provide contrast to succeeding patterns "Pearls and Pitfalls" and "Near Misses" sections with lessons from real life sign-out experience "Frequently Asked Questions" sections that discuss common diagnostic dilemmas "Sample Note" sections that offer a template of how to synthesize complicated or especially challenging topics Quizzes in every chapter that provide experience with high-yield, board-style teaching topics Enhance Your eBook Reading Experience Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.