THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA A HISTORY OF THEIR CARE AND TREATMENT FROM COLONIAL TIMES By ALBERT DEUTSCH WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY WILLIAM A. WHITE, M. D., D. Sc., LL. D. Late Superintendent, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D. C. Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University 1946 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Third Printing, 194, Columbia University Press, Ne w York FOREIGN AGENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Humphrey Milford, Amen House, London, E. G. 4, England, AND B. I. Building, Nicol Road, Bombay, India First and second printings, 1937, 1938 Double day, Do ran Company, Inc. COPYRIGHT, 1937 BY THE AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION by William A. White, M. D. ix AUTHORS FOREWORD xv CHAPTER I. PROPHETS, DEMONS AND WITCHES . . II. COLONIAL AMERICA THE OLD WORLD HERITAGE 24 III. COLONIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL PUNISHMENT, REPRESSION AND INDIFFERENCE . ., . 39 IV. RATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM THE BEGIN NINGS OF REFORM .... - 55 V. BENJAMIN RUSH THE FATHER OF AMERI CAN PSYCHIATRY 72 VI. THE RISE OF MORAL TREATMENT . 88 VII. RETROGRESSION OVER THE HILL TO THE POORHOUSE 114 VIII. THE CULT OF CURABILITY AND THE RISE OF STATE INSTITUTIONS . . . 132 IX. DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix MILITANT CRU SADER . 158 X. MID-CENTURY PSYCHIATRISTS .... 186 XL CONFLICT OF THEORIES RESTRAINT OR NON-RESTRAINT 213 XII. THE TREND TOWARD STATE CARE . . . 229 XIII. STATE CARE EXODUS FROM THE POORHOUSE 246 XIV. PSYCHIATRY EMERGES FROM ISOLATION . 272 XV. THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT AND ITS FOUNDER 300 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XVI. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS OF MENTAL DEFECT . . . . . 331 XVII. CHANGING CONCEPTS IN MENTAL DEFECT 353 XVIII. INSANITY AND THECRIMINAL LAW . . 386 XIX. OUR COMMITMENT LAWS 417 XX. MODERN TRENDS IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE AND TREATMENT 440 XXI. TOWARDS MENTAL HYGIENE .... 463 BIBLIOGRAPHY 497 INDEX . 5 5 ILLUSTRATIONS PlNEL AT THE SALPETRIERE Frontispiece FACING PAGE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY HOSPITALS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA . 68 BENJAMIN RUSH 76 DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix 160 THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN ... 192 OLD METHODS OF RESTRAINT AND A MOD ERN SUBSTITUTE . . 224 CLIFFORD W. BEERS 304 HYDROTIIKRAPY, OLD AND NEW 448 INTRODUCTION TT IS with deep satisfaction that I introduce this important book to the reading public. If the lessons it teaches are understood and taken to heart by its readers, society will be the authors debtor. Mr. Deutschs book, the preparation of which has been made possible by the American Foundation for Mental Hygiene, might be described in a very few words by saying that it traces the evolution of a cultural pattern as repre sented by the way in which people through the years have thought and felt about the so-called insane. It is an exceed ingly illuminating presentation and because of the dramatic material with which it deals, it may well prove to be a spear head for the penetration of important social facts and the understanding of social processes which, presented with less appealing or less startling illustration, might fail to attract attention. It is altogether fitting that in the presentation of this extraordinary and important story of mans struggles with himself, the illustrations should be taken more particularly from their American setting. In this way the whole matter is brought home to us who live in this country and we see what has actually been taking place, more especially since earlycolonial days, and we can feel that we ourselves are a part of the whole story and that the victories that have been won and the ground that has been gained are assets of which we can avail ourselves. It is always an illuminating pro cedure to trace the path along which we have come, to be come acquainted with the historical forces that are driving us, and their directions, because after all we have to conquer, not by opposing these forces, but by conforming to them. Mr...

Give your mind the one thing it needs in 2024 with the book everyone is STILL talking about, from clinical psychologist and TikTok sensation Dr Julie Smith

Drawing on years of experience as a clinical psychologist, online sensation Dr Julie Smith shares all the skills you need to get through life's ups and downs.

Filled with secrets from a therapist's toolkit, this is a must-have handbook for optimising your mental health. Dr Julie's simple but expert advice and powerful coping techniques will help you stay resilient no matter what life throws your way.

Written in short, bite-sized entries, you can turn straight to the section you need depending on the challenge you're facing - and immediately find the appropriate tools to help with . . .

- Managing anxiety
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This book tackles the everyday issues that affect us all and offers easy, practical solutions that might just change your life.

"Evolutionary Thought in Psychology: A Brief History "traces the history of evolutionary thought in psychology in an accessible and lively fashion and examines the complex and changing relations between psychology and evolutionary theory.
First book to trace the history of evolutionary thinking in psychology from its beginnings to the present day in an accessible and lively fashion.
Focuses on the rise of evolutionary theories begun by Lamarck and Darwin and the creation of the science of psychology.
Explains evolutionary thought's banishment by behaviorism and cultural anthropology in the early 20th century, along with its eventual re-emergence through ethology and sociobiology.
Examines the complex and changing relations between psychology and evolutionary theory.

This book constructs a multi-disciplinary interpretation of emotion, specifically applied and discussed within Organizational Change environments. Including a range of perspectives from Philosophy, Evolutionary Sciences, Psychology and Sociology, Emotion in Organizational Change also provides a historical picture of our knowledge of emotion. The author explores how this can contribute towards a novel understanding of a pervasive phenomenon in society and its organizations.

Paraverbal Communication in Psychotherapy: Beyond the Words delves into the world of nonverbal cues that are ubiquitous in our lives and particularly revealing in therapeutic practice. Building upon the research of Daniel Stern, Beatrice Beebe, and others, the authors explore the specific manner in which patient and therapist interchange para-verbally in psychotherapy. The authors examine the history of and current trends in dynamic psychotherapy and discuss the tools and procedure for analyzing para-verbal communication. By reviewing engaging case studies from their own practices, the authors step through how therapists and clinicians can capture non-verbal signs like facial expression, tone of voice, or posture in their own sessions. By examining both the client and therapist, practitioners can discover insights into their own techniques, how they engage with clients, and how to anticipate significant changes in treatment based on para-verbal exchanges. Paraverbal Communication in Psychotherapy navigates through the web of unspoken communication to create an innovative approach to psychotherapy and a valuable tool for practitioners and those in training.

Noted scholars of environment-aging relations and environmental psychology examine the value of selected classic, contemporary, and in one instance, completely new theories for enhancing both research and service provision on housing for elderly populations. The contributors examine the housing needs of older populations and provide theory-driven innovative solutions for improving the fit between older persons and their residential environments. Some issues covered are the need for greater understanding of the psychological needs of older individuals seeking environmental support; for a holistic understanding of elder-environment relations in physical, social, and phenomenological contexts; for inclusion of ignored perspectives; and for recognition of the continuing value of major founding theories. This book will be of interest to students, scholars, and professionals in psychology, gerontology, environmental policy, housing, and social services.

This book provides a new perspective on the association between religious beliefs and mental health. The book is divided into five parts, the first of which traces the development of theories of organic evolution in the cultural and religious context before Charles Darwin. Part II describes the major evolutionary theories that Darwin proposed in his three books on evolution, and the religious, sociological, and scientific reactions to his theories. Part III introduces the reader to the concept of evolutionary psychiatry. It discusses how different regions of the brain evolved over time, and explains that certain brain regions evolved to protect us from danger by assessing threats of harm in the environment, including other humans. Specifically, this part describes: how psychiatric symptoms that are commonly experienced by normal individuals during their everyday lives are the product of brain mechanisms that evolved to protect us from harm; the prevalence rate of psychiatric symptoms in the U.S. general population; how religious and other beliefs influence the brain mechanisms that underlie psychiatric symptoms; and the brain regions that are involved in different psychiatric disorders. Part IV presents the findings of U.S. studies demonstrating that positive beliefs about God and life-after-death, and belief in meaning-in-life and divine forgiveness have salutary associations with mental health, whereas negative beliefs about God and life-after-death, belief in the Devil and human evil, and doubts about one's religious beliefs have pernicious associations with mental health. The last part of the book summarizes each section and recommends research on the brain mechanism underlying psychiatric symptoms, and the relationships among these brain mechanisms, religious beliefs, and mental health in the context of ETAS Theory.

In the past few decades, scholars have offered positive, normative, and most recently, interpretive theories of contract law. These theories have proceeded primarily (indeed, necessarily) from deontological and consequentialist premises. In A Theory of Contract Law: Empirical Understandings and Moral Psychology, Professor Peter A. Alces confronts the leading interpretive theories of contract and demonstrates their interpretive doctrinal failures. Professor Alces presents the leading canonical cases that inform the extant theories of Contract law in both their historical and transactional contexts and, argues that moral psychology provides a better explanation for the contract doctrine than do alternative comprehensive interpretive approaches.

The Psychology of the Yogas explores the dissonance between the promises of the yogic quest and psychological states of crisis. Western practitioners of yoga and meditation who have embarked upon years-long spiritual quests and who have practiced under the guidance of a guru tell of profound and ongoing experiences of love, compassion and clarity: the peaks of spiritual fulfillment. However, after returning to the West, they reported difficulties and crises in different areas of their lives. Why did these practitioners, who had apparently touched the heights of fulfillment, still suffer from these crises? The author explores the psychological theory of yoga and its concrete yogic psychological methods such as 'cultivating of the opposite' (pratipaksa bhavana), transforming it to 'imagining the opposite', a practice aimed at healing negative habitual tendencies. These methods are extracted from an in-depth study of the Yoga of Patanjali and the Tibetan-Buddhist Ati-Yoga of Longchenpa - the Dzogchen. The works of Patanjali (3rd century) and Longchenpa, (14th century) provide a profound psychological framework for understanding the human psyche. These methods are effective but at times difficult to implement. However, as demonstrated through a case study Western psychology can effectively undo habitual tendencies in a manner which may complement yoga practice, enhancing the integration of one's spirituality and psychology.

Challenging existing claims concerning the functions of Rapid Eye Movement sleep and the purported meaninglessness of dreams, this text offers a complete and up to date survey on the anatomy, physiology, ontogeny, and phylogeny of REM sleep as well as the cognitive neuroscience of dream phenomonolgy and dream content. The text underlines the importance of looking at how REM interacts physiologically with NREM sleep, in order to understand the potential functions of REM. The findings support and extend clams that the functions of REM involve memory consolidation and regulation of emotional conflicts and expression. Analyses of evolutionary relationships include sleep in reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. Chapters explore interactions of REM and NREM and effects of these interactions on anabolic hormone release as well as the effects on dream content, the effects of genes and genomic imprinting on sleep, and theories of dream formation and content.

This book addresses the eclipse of shame in Christian theology by showing how shame emerges in Christian texts and practice in ways that can be neither assimilated into a discourses of guilt nor dissociated from embodiment. Stephanie N. Arel argues that the traditional focus on guilt obscures shame by perpetuating the image of the lonely sinner in guilt. Drawing on recent studies in affect and attachment theories to frame the theological analysis, the text examines the theological anthropological writings of Augustine and Reinhold Niebuhr, the interpretation of empathy by Edith Stein, and moments of touch in Christian praxis. Bringing the affective dynamics of shame to the forefront enables theologians and religious leaders to identify where shame emerges in language and human behavior. The text expands work in trauma theory, providing a multi-layered theological lens for engaging shame and accompanying suffering.

Using a series of over 40 case studies, this valuable text illustrates the processes and pitfalls involved in evaluating psychological research.

Invites students to consider whether the conclusion drawn at the end of each case is correct, or whether the results could have an alternative explanation.

Cross-referencing between sections is made easy by page references that link the case studies and explanations.

Cases reflect the range of research methods taught at undergraduate level and include qualitative research.

Gives students an understanding of methodological problems.

Equips students to critically evaluate published research.

The author and publishers have made every effort to be fair to the authors of the research described in this book. Like all sciences, psychology is forged in the fire of criticism and refinement, and we hope that the original researchers will understand that any criticism is made with the utmost respect. If you are an author of one of the pieces of research mentioned in the book and would like to respond to the critique presented, please e-mail your comments to Andrew McAleer at [email protected].

This scholarly treasury of over 450 distinguished quotations, divided into 170 categories, focuses on the best thinking in the disciplines of psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence, from the classical period of Greece to contemporary cognitive science. Quotations are arranged chronologically within categories. This work will be of interest to scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science as well as undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

The technological capacity to transform biology - repairing, reshaping and replacing body parts, chemicals and functions - is now part of our lives. Humanity is confronted with a variety of affordable and non-invasive 'enhancement technologies': anti-ageing medicine, aesthetic surgery, cognitive and sexual enhancers, lifestyle drugs, prosthetics and hormone supplements. This collection focuses on why people find these practices so seductive and provides ethnographic insights into people's motives and aspirations as they embrace or reject enhancement technologies, which are closely entangled with negotiations over gender, class, age, nationality and ethnicity.

Secret Lives This book explores the fascinating and dangerous world of the American prostitute. Dr. Prince's landmark study in 1985 was the largest study on prostitution ever conducted with over 450 subjects. The requests for that study from law enforcement and social services agencies led to additional research since that time. This unique book is taken from hundreds of hours of interviews with call girls, street walkers, and brothel workers in California and Nevada. Told in the words of the women, themselves, the reader gets a glimpse into a profession that is usually shrouded in stereotypes and misinformation. The book provides a rare insight into these women and their world.