THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA A HISTORY OF THEIR CARE AND TREATMENT FROM COLONIAL TIMES By ALBERT DEUTSCH WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY WILLIAM A. WHITE, M. D., D. Sc., LL. D. Late Superintendent, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Washington, D. C. Professor of Psychiatry, George Washington University 1946 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Third Printing, 194, Columbia University Press, Ne w York FOREIGN AGENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Humphrey Milford, Amen House, London, E. G. 4, England, AND B. I. Building, Nicol Road, Bombay, India First and second printings, 1937, 1938 Double day, Do ran Company, Inc. COPYRIGHT, 1937 BY THE AMERICAN FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION by William A. White, M. D. ix AUTHORS FOREWORD xv CHAPTER I. PROPHETS, DEMONS AND WITCHES . . II. COLONIAL AMERICA THE OLD WORLD HERITAGE 24 III. COLONIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL PUNISHMENT, REPRESSION AND INDIFFERENCE . ., . 39 IV. RATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM THE BEGIN NINGS OF REFORM .... - 55 V. BENJAMIN RUSH THE FATHER OF AMERI CAN PSYCHIATRY 72 VI. THE RISE OF MORAL TREATMENT . 88 VII. RETROGRESSION OVER THE HILL TO THE POORHOUSE 114 VIII. THE CULT OF CURABILITY AND THE RISE OF STATE INSTITUTIONS . . . 132 IX. DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix MILITANT CRU SADER . 158 X. MID-CENTURY PSYCHIATRISTS .... 186 XL CONFLICT OF THEORIES RESTRAINT OR NON-RESTRAINT 213 XII. THE TREND TOWARD STATE CARE . . . 229 XIII. STATE CARE EXODUS FROM THE POORHOUSE 246 XIV. PSYCHIATRY EMERGES FROM ISOLATION . 272 XV. THE MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT AND ITS FOUNDER 300 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XVI. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS OF MENTAL DEFECT . . . . . 331 XVII. CHANGING CONCEPTS IN MENTAL DEFECT 353 XVIII. INSANITY AND THECRIMINAL LAW . . 386 XIX. OUR COMMITMENT LAWS 417 XX. MODERN TRENDS IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE AND TREATMENT 440 XXI. TOWARDS MENTAL HYGIENE .... 463 BIBLIOGRAPHY 497 INDEX . 5 5 ILLUSTRATIONS PlNEL AT THE SALPETRIERE Frontispiece FACING PAGE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY HOSPITALS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL IN AMERICA . 68 BENJAMIN RUSH 76 DOROTHEA LYNDE Dix 160 THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN ... 192 OLD METHODS OF RESTRAINT AND A MOD ERN SUBSTITUTE . . 224 CLIFFORD W. BEERS 304 HYDROTIIKRAPY, OLD AND NEW 448 INTRODUCTION TT IS with deep satisfaction that I introduce this important book to the reading public. If the lessons it teaches are understood and taken to heart by its readers, society will be the authors debtor. Mr. Deutschs book, the preparation of which has been made possible by the American Foundation for Mental Hygiene, might be described in a very few words by saying that it traces the evolution of a cultural pattern as repre sented by the way in which people through the years have thought and felt about the so-called insane. It is an exceed ingly illuminating presentation and because of the dramatic material with which it deals, it may well prove to be a spear head for the penetration of important social facts and the understanding of social processes which, presented with less appealing or less startling illustration, might fail to attract attention. It is altogether fitting that in the presentation of this extraordinary and important story of mans struggles with himself, the illustrations should be taken more particularly from their American setting. In this way the whole matter is brought home to us who live in this country and we see what has actually been taking place, more especially since earlycolonial days, and we can feel that we ourselves are a part of the whole story and that the victories that have been won and the ground that has been gained are assets of which we can avail ourselves. It is always an illuminating pro cedure to trace the path along which we have come, to be come acquainted with the historical forces that are driving us, and their directions, because after all we have to conquer, not by opposing these forces, but by conforming to them. Mr...

This book provides a new perspective on the association between religious beliefs and mental health. The book is divided into five parts, the first of which traces the development of theories of organic evolution in the cultural and religious context before Charles Darwin. Part II describes the major evolutionary theories that Darwin proposed in his three books on evolution, and the religious, sociological, and scientific reactions to his theories. Part III introduces the reader to the concept of evolutionary psychiatry. It discusses how different regions of the brain evolved over time, and explains that certain brain regions evolved to protect us from danger by assessing threats of harm in the environment, including other humans. Specifically, this part describes: how psychiatric symptoms that are commonly experienced by normal individuals during their everyday lives are the product of brain mechanisms that evolved to protect us from harm; the prevalence rate of psychiatric symptoms in the U.S. general population; how religious and other beliefs influence the brain mechanisms that underlie psychiatric symptoms; and the brain regions that are involved in different psychiatric disorders. Part IV presents the findings of U.S. studies demonstrating that positive beliefs about God and life-after-death, and belief in meaning-in-life and divine forgiveness have salutary associations with mental health, whereas negative beliefs about God and life-after-death, belief in the Devil and human evil, and doubts about one's religious beliefs have pernicious associations with mental health. The last part of the book summarizes each section and recommends research on the brain mechanism underlying psychiatric symptoms, and the relationships among these brain mechanisms, religious beliefs, and mental health in the context of ETAS Theory.

Health Psychology: Alternative Topics provides students with an engaging collection of readings that explore everyday remedies for common health concerns, including homeopathy, vitamins, and cultural treatments, that are not typically included in academic discussions of health psychology. Students learn how and why these remedies work for some but not all populations, as well as how personal and societal beliefs can influence physical health. The anthology is divided into four sections. Section I addresses mixed health outcomes and includes articles that focus on common drinks and foods that have shown both positive and negative health outcomes. In Section II, students read selections that evaluate different forms of homeopathy and factors that may influence their effects. Section III examines culture and medicine with focus on how culture influences diagnosis and health care. The final section presents students with treatment and wellness explanations for why some of these remedies are adopted, and why, in many instances, these remedies and health care beliefs work. Featuring unique and thought-provoking content, Health Psychology is an excellent supplementary resource for courses within the fields of social psychology and health psychology.

This volume offers a description and analysis of subtle suicide-a psychological condition whose victims don't care if they live or die, and thus act in self-defeating, self-damaging ways. Over their extensive careers, psychotherapists Michael Church and Charles Brooks have developed the concept of "subtle suicide," a development of risky behavior where the subject does not care if he/she lives or dies. Now, in this urgent and informative new work, Church and Brooks present their findings on a condition that is often misdiagnosed as a symptom of addictive or mood disorders, when in fact subtle suicide the real underlying problem. Based on thousands of hours of sessions with real clients and filled with dramatic case studies, Subtle Suicide: Our Silent Epidemic of Ambivalence about Living will help professionals, families, and friends to realize when someone may be suffering from subtle suicide. The authors also provide a number of strategies for helping those exhibiting subtle suicidal behavior, including how to react to specific types of comments and how to avoid being pulled into the sufferer's emotional whirlpool. Two distinguished authors, who developed the clinical concept of subtle suicide Dozens of case studies based on actually psychotherapy clients diagnosed as suffering from subtle suicide Biographical sketches of well-known people who exhibited subtle suicide behavior, including Marilyn Monroe, Anna Nicole Smith, Jim Morrison, and Evel Knievel An extensive bibliography of print and online resources on a full range of topics related to subtle suicide and conditions that feed into it

In my first Creative Thinking class with Dr. Schultz, he asked, Why do women have to be creative thinkers? My answer became the turning point in my life and the purpose behind my particular lifestyle. was almost unknown. But once Kathleen Nolan Walsh Keating was introduced to the then-emerging ideas of Creative Thinking, her own personal revolution began. Kathleen became not only a wife and mother, but also a teacher, writer, lecturer, painter and world traveler. At a time when other women were often living in quiet desperation, Kathleen was lecturing everyone from housewives to businessmen about the power of Creative Thinking. Showing. The ideas presented in these lectures have been tested over 60 years not only by Kathleen, but by the thousands of people her teaching has touched. They are not just theories, they are concrete steps and actions that will lead to a more creative, more meaningful lifestyle. especially women who felt unfulfilled in the role of homemaker. But she expands her ideas to present a system of brainstorming, creative problem solving and a way of thinking that can generate energy, ideas and solutions for anyone who puts them into practice. the motivation for those adventures you've been putting off. It's time for your own personal Creative Thinking revolution

Making of the Future is the first English?language coverage of the new methodological perspective in cultural psychology-TEA (Trajectory Equifinality Approach) that was established in 2004 as a collaboration of Japanese and American cultural psychologists. In the decade that follows it has become a guiding approach for cultural psychology all over the World. Its central feature is the reliance on irreversible time as the basis for understanding of cultural phenomena and the consideration of real and imaginary options in human life course as relevant for the construction of personal futures. The book is expected to be of interest in researchers and practitioners in education, developmental and social psychology, developmental sociology and history. It has extensions for research methodology in the focus on different sampling strategies.

This major new series reproduces an authoritative selection of the most significant articles in different areas of psychology. It focuses in particular on influential articles which are not found in other similar colelctions.

Many of these articles are only available in specialized journals and therfore are not accessible in every library. This landmark series will make a contribution to scholarship and teaching in psychology. It will imorove access to important areas of literature which are difficult to locate, even in the archives of many libraries throughout the world.

Important features in each book make the series an essential research and reference tool, including introductions written by the individual editors providing a lucid survey of difference branches of psychology. The pagination of the original articles has been deliberately retained to facilitate ease of reference. A comprehensive author and subject index guides the reader instantly to major and minor topics within the literature.This set presents the most important articles in the psychology of memory, divided into the following areas:

The First Explorers Encoding Processes Retrieval Processes Context Sensory Memory Working Memory Semantic Memory Expanding Into New Areas The New Territories Expertise Implicit Memory Exploring Everyday Memory

Articles in these volumes have been drawn from various books and from the following journals: Neurology, Psychological Review, Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Cognitive Psychology, Psychological Review, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of General Psychology, American Psychologist, Perception and Psychophysics, British Journal of Psychology, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of Memory and Language, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Neuropsychologia, Psychological Bulletin, Science, and Cognition.

We probably went to school for what felt like a very long time. We probably took care with our homework. Along the way we surely learnt intriguing things about equations, the erosion of glaciers, the history of the Middle Ages, and the tenses of foreign languages. But why, despite all the lessons we sat through, were we never taught the really important things that dominate and trouble our lives: who to start a relationship with, how to trust people, how to understand one's psyche, how to move on from sorrow or betrayal, and how to cope with anxiety and shame? The School of Life is an organisation dedicated to teaching a range of emotional lessons that we need in order to lead fulfilled and happy lives - and that schools routinely forget to teach us. This book is a collection of our most essential lessons, delivered with directness and humanity, covering topics from love to career, childhood trauma to loneliness. To read the book is to be invited to lead kinder, richer and more authentic lives - and to complete an education we began but still badly need to finish. This is homework to help us make the most of the rest of our lives.

The Mindful Tourist presents the first comprehensive theoretical perspective on mindfulness in contemporary tourist experiences. This innovative new study is based on the detailed exploration of mindful consumer behaviour and draws on insights from new cases of mindful tourism experiences, examining the potential for broader uptake across the industry. Examining the foundations of meditative mindfulness practices, mindfulness and tourism, the mindful tourism experience, and transformational power of mindful tourism experiences, The Mindful Tourist: The Power of Presence in Tourism explores key themes and issues, including the drivers of mindfulness in the tourism domain, the commodification of mindfulness, mindfulness and sustainability, and mindful tourist experiences being assisted through technology.

This scholarly treasury of over 450 distinguished quotations, divided into 170 categories, focuses on the best thinking in the disciplines of psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence, from the classical period of Greece to contemporary cognitive science. Quotations are arranged chronologically within categories. This work will be of interest to scholars and professionals in psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science as well as undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

A series of strategies to help readers overcome challenges and achieve personal and professional success.

Challenging existing claims concerning the functions of Rapid Eye Movement sleep and the purported meaninglessness of dreams, this text offers a complete and up to date survey on the anatomy, physiology, ontogeny, and phylogeny of REM sleep as well as the cognitive neuroscience of dream phenomonolgy and dream content. The text underlines the importance of looking at how REM interacts physiologically with NREM sleep, in order to understand the potential functions of REM. The findings support and extend clams that the functions of REM involve memory consolidation and regulation of emotional conflicts and expression. Analyses of evolutionary relationships include sleep in reptiles, birds, marsupials, and mammals. Chapters explore interactions of REM and NREM and effects of these interactions on anabolic hormone release as well as the effects on dream content, the effects of genes and genomic imprinting on sleep, and theories of dream formation and content.

This major new series reproduces an authoritative selection of the most significant articles in different areas of psychology. It focuses in particular on influential articles which are not found in other similar colelctions.

Many of these articles are only available in specialized journals and therfore are not accessible in every library. This landmark series will make a contribution to scholarship and teaching in psychology. It will imorove access to important areas of literature which are difficult to locate, even in the archives of many libraries throughout the world.

Important features in each book make the series an essential research and reference tool, including introductions written by the individual editors providing a lucid survey of difference branches of psychology. The pagination of the original articles has been deliberately retained to facilitate ease of reference. A comprehensive author and subject index guides the reader instantly to major and minor topics within the literature.This set presents the most important articles in the psychology of memory, divided into the following areas:

The First Explorers Encoding Processes Retrieval Processes Context Sensory Memory Working Memory Semantic Memory Expanding Into New Areas The New Territories Expertise Implicit Memory Exploring Everyday Memory.

Articles in these volumes have been drawn from various books and from the following journals: Neurology, Psychological Review, Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Cognitive Psychology, Psychological Review, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of General Psychology, American Psychologist, Perception and Psychophysics, British Journal of Psychology, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of Memory and Language, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Neuropsychologia, Psychological Bulletin, Science, and Cognition.

In the past few decades, scholars have offered positive, normative, and most recently, interpretive theories of contract law. These theories have proceeded primarily (indeed, necessarily) from deontological and consequentialist premises. In A Theory of Contract Law: Empirical Understandings and Moral Psychology, Professor Peter A. Alces confronts the leading interpretive theories of contract and demonstrates their interpretive doctrinal failures. Professor Alces presents the leading canonical cases that inform the extant theories of Contract law in both their historical and transactional contexts and, argues that moral psychology provides a better explanation for the contract doctrine than do alternative comprehensive interpretive approaches.