This text reviews the strategies adopted in a range of behaviourist approaches to the setting and realization of standards - identifying the background from which they emerged and ways in which they might be further developed.

This module explores the purposes of and methods for teaching second language writing. Engaging and accessible, Teaching Second Language Writing is organized into three sections that mainly focus on activities, approaches, and real-life writing tasks and genres that are the most applicable and useful for the language teaching classroom.

Volume 13 relaunches the book series after a 9-year hiatus and addresses new directions in the field of educational ethnography. The authors in the book share methodological similarities, but their applications, contexts, treatments, and contributions to the field as evidenced here are unique and vary considerably. The diversity of views and perspectives of ethnographic theory and method in educational settings are on full display, from the street to urban and suburban classrooms and to college settings, where gender, race, class, and power dynamics impact learners, teachers, parents, and communities. Taken together, the chapters reinvigorate and redirect a new set of possibilities and opportunities in ethnographic research, while highlighting shifts, problems and new directions for the field.

Participatory Design is a field of research and design that actively engages stakeholders in the processes of design in order to better conceptualize and create tools, environments, and systems that serve those stakeholders. In Participatory Design for Learning: Perspectives from Practice and Research, contributors from across the fields of the learning sciences and design articulate an inclusive practice and begin the process of shaping guidelines for such collaborative involvement. Drawing from a wide range of examples and perspectives, this book explores how participatory design can contribute to the development, implementation, and sustainability of learning innovations. Written for scholars and students, Participatory Design for Learning: Perspectives from Practice and Research develops and draws attention to practices that are relevant to the facilitation of effective educational environments and learning technologies.

Management education and research has evolved over the last few decades and scholars continue to debate the methodologies employed and the value of the output to the real world. This book offers a systematic critical analysis of this evolution.

Faces of English Education provides an accessible, wide-ranging introduction to current perspectives on English language education, covering new areas of interest and recent studies in the field. In seventeen specially commissioned chapters written by international experts and practitioners, this book: offers an authoritative discussion of theoretical issues and debates surrounding key topics such as identity, motivation, teacher education and classroom pedagogy; discusses teaching from the perspective of the student as well as the teacher, and features sections on both in- and out-of-class learning; showcases the latest teaching research and methods, including MOOCs, use of corpora, and blended learning, and addresses the interface between theory and practice; analyses the different ways and contexts in which English is taught, learned and used around the world. Faces of English Education is essential reading for pre- and in-service teachers, researchers in TESOL and applied linguistics, and teacher educators, as well as upper undergraduate and postgraduate students studying related topics.

This text puts forward the argument that higher education must develop better and more consistent practices with regards to the evaluation of training and development. Most evaluations are valueless unless they start by clarifying the puropse they are intended to serve, and this usually means clarifying whose puropses are being served. This text provides a guide to best practices and uses examples and case studies from both the UK and abroad to show the benefits that can be gained from using evaluation effectively.

This volume deals with the great changes which have taken place in the practice of the history of education in present years. It brings together a number of important articles on the subject which are not easily available to the ordinary reader.

This text provides a critical overview of current thinking about equity issues in the teaching and learning of mathematics. Grounded in feminist theories of curriculum change and a broad range of cultural perspectives, the new approaches described here go beyond "special programmes" and "experimental treatments" designed to correct perceived problems and deficits. Instead they establish how improved instructional practices and a fuller understanding of the nature of the mathematical enterprise can overcome the systemic obstacles that have thwarted women's participation in this important field.; This book will appeal to all those who are interested in the mathematical education of women, including teachers, parents, administrators and researchers.

How do some little angels turn into bigoted little monsters? This is a study of how people's prejudices towards one another develop from an early age. Based on empirical research of children aged five to 11, it explores the nature of categorization and stereotypes - from groups to nations.

Participatory Design is a field of research and design that actively engages stakeholders in the processes of design in order to better conceptualize and create tools, environments, and systems that serve those stakeholders. In Participatory Design for Learning: Perspectives from Practice and Research, contributors from across the fields of the learning sciences and design articulate an inclusive practice and begin the process of shaping guidelines for such collaborative involvement. Drawing from a wide range of examples and perspectives, this book explores how participatory design can contribute to the development, implementation, and sustainability of learning innovations. Written for scholars and students, Participatory Design for Learning: Perspectives from Practice and Research develops and draws attention to practices that are relevant to the facilitation of effective educational environments and learning technologies.

First published in 1986. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The linkages between a student's health and a student's ability to learn have been well established. Children who are sick stay home; and, children at home cannot learn if they are not in school leading to increased dropout rates among other educational outcomes. However, an understanding of this concept is just the beginning of understanding how education and public health are inextricably linked. In light of this, Linking Health and Education for African American Students' Success examines health disparities and education inequities simultaneously and moves beyond a basic understanding of health and education in K-12 school programs. The structural inequalities which lead to reduced academic attainment mirror the social determinants of health. Education is one of the most powerful determinants of health, and disparities in educational achievement as a result of structural inequalities closely track disparities in health. These disparities lead to both sub-standard healthcare and reduced academic attainment among children from underserved minorities in the United States, especially African Americans. This book discusses how this may result in children with poorer mental health outcomes; higher school dropout rates; increased risks of arrests and incarceration; higher rates of chronic diseases and mortality; and overall diminished opportunities for success, while providing suggestions as to how to address these issues. This results in an insightful read for researchers, academics and practitioners in the fields of healthcare and education.

Photovoice is a form of participatory action research, which has been gaining use and momentum since its inception in the mid-1990s. Within the enactment of this methodology, research participants are invited to document aspects of their lives through photography and then provide written or oral accounts of the images they create. Designed to situate participants as experts on their lives and their experiences, photovoice is a powerful and visceral approach to policy change efforts. In this book, the photovoice methodology is conceptualized as being comprised of eight steps: identification, invitation, education, documentation, narration, ideation, presentation, and confirmation. Each of the steps is explained and expanded upon, and insights are drawn from the extant photovoice literature and the author's personal experience. In addition, attention is given to the history of photography and inquiry, theoretical underpinnings and aims of the methodology, ethical considerations, methods and procedures, approaches to data analysis, and photovoice exhibitions. Finally, the author has attended to some aspects of photovoice that have historically been left unattended, such as: building a conceptual framework for a photovoice study, viewing the photovoice exhibition as a site of inquiry, and thinking through the ways in which ever-evolving photography technologies can and should impact decision-making throughout the photovoice process. While many texts exist that touch on and/or address photovoice, this is the first book solely dedicated to the entirety of the photovoice methodology - from theory to exhibition. Built as a practical guide, readers will find a wealth of information, resources, and advice within this book. Educators, students, and academic researchers will find this an accessible and compassionate text, one that will be a trusted companion while on the photovoice project journey.

Richard Garner has spent 36 years reporting on education, working for the Times Educational Supplement, The Mirror, and The Independent. In The Thirty Years War, he retraces the steps of his career, examining the policies, personalities, success stories and outright failures of the UK education scene from the 1980s to the present day. Richard gives his verdict on the 16 Education Secretaries he has seen come and go, and offers an insider's view of the major issues and events of his time in office, ranging from the fight to abolish corporal punishment to the rise of the academy movement, and now the Government's move to open new grammar schools. It is a story of power, policies and personalities, and how the events of the past three decades have shaped the education sector in the UK today.

First Published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

An analysis of learning throughout the whole of life. Written as a text for both educators and carers, it demonstrates how the learning process works through life and how learning at all stages of life is best achieved.

The specification of standards in higher education has long been the subject of international debate. This text covers the rationales, operational issues and perspectives on benchmarking and standards from international viewpoints.

To promote a broader understanding of the increasingly important role of school psychology in educational systems throughout the world, the editors of this volume collected the works of leading international educators and authorities. Using research from 24 countries, the book provides current information on educational systems and training facilities, psychology services, educational contributions to society, and directions for shaping children's futures through education.

This detailed reference work describes the vocational training systems available in EC member states. It deals with the vocational qualification systems within each country and outlines EC programmes that promote the recognition of training schemes.

First Published in 1996. This book presents the importance of listening to pupils in classrooms and schools with attention given to historical background and the voice of the child with special educational needs. The title covers pastoral care and personal development as well as assessing how children with emotional and behavioural difficulties view professionals. Aimed at teachers, scholars and parents, the book sets the scene for the voice of a child and provides insight into how practices can further develop.

First Published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Learning how to formulate questions that examine the power relations between the researcher and participants is at the heart of critical approaches. This book provides a comprehensive overview and treatment of critical approaches to questions in qualitative research. It also examines questions as tools for strategic thinking and decision making at all stages of the qualitative research process. Written using examples from research and teaching, it situates constructing and formulating questions as a critical aspect of qualitative research that encourages learning to interrogate, and inquire, against the grain. The authors illustrate the ways in which different research questions necessitate different methodological choices, framing questions for research, interviewing, and analysis-suggesting some questions that can guide the writing process. With exercises, sample questions, and outlines for planning research, this book assists qualitative researchers with creating more effective questions, including formulating questions to guide reflexivity meant to confront prevailing assumptions and therefore dismantle and uncover omissions and invisibilities. This book stands out among other qualitative research methods books in its focus on critical approaches to questions as the driver of the research imagination. Utilising a number of examples, there is also a focused discussion of how to arrive at research questions, align interview questions with those research questions, actively construct questions to guide the data analysis process, and use further types of questions to guide the writing process. The examples the authors employ include questions drawn from qualitative approaches to phenomenology, ethnography, life writing, feminist research, and participatory action research.

First Published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.