The Col loque of our European Institute for social security to prepare the Conference in the Hague on the social security and the economic crisis was held from the 17th ti 11 the 19th of September in Toledo. Part II of the Yearbook 1980-1981 contains the reports presented in Toledo. The reports are focussed on the over a 1 economic situation (Richard Draperie); the specific problems of Pensions (Bernd Schulte); the cost of medical care (Leo Crijns); unemployment insurance (Joachim Volz); the social minimum (Andre Laurent) and two special reports on the economic crisis and social security. Finally it contains my own synthesis report. Al 1 the participants had the opinion that the colloque created a fruitful 1 basis for a further in depth discussion in the Hague in 1982. The Institute once again wants to express its sincere gratitude to Antonio Chozas and his colleques for the excellent and adequate way in which they organised the colloque."

The conference of our European Institute for social security was held from the 16th till the 19th of October 1980 in Peruggia. As usual the theme of the Conference was the same of that of the preparatory Colloque held in Brussels in 1979: Social security reforms in Europe. The reports of that Colloque were published as Part I I of the Yearbook 1978-1980. Part I of the Yearbook 1980-1981 contains the reports presented in Peruggia. The reports are focussed on three items: The financing of social security (J.P. Launay, Jan B.M. Pierik, Jcentsrn Henrik Petersen and Guy Perrin); The social benefits (Bernd Schulte and Sven Guldburg) and The organization of social security (A.J. Ogus, A. Berenstein and Jef van Langendonck) . The Yearbook contains also two national reports (M. Magrez and Asbj rn Kjcentsnstad), not available to be included in Yearbook I I 1978-1980. Finally the Yearbook contains a report from Guy Perrin on the social security problems of migrant workers and the synthesis report of Pasquale Sandulli. It's a pity that we could not include the report of Lucia Vitali, Le prestazini per inval idita nel sistema ital iano di sicurezza sociale: un anal isi economica, and the report of the Region of Umbria since there was no English or French translation available. The Institute once again wants to express its sincere gratitude to Pasquale Sandull i and his collegues for the adequate way in which they organized the confer

The present volume reproduces with slight changes the course of lectures given at The Hague in 1972 under the title of "The General Principles of Private International Law." The substance of these lec tures has remained unaltered, but a number of insertions serve to cor rected some formal mistakes and misprints, added references to literature, some older, some more recent, without attempting to be exhaustive, and modified and supplemented the former exposition in two respects, where subsequent criticisms called for a review. The first concerns the place of public policy in Public International Law, the second deals with spatially-"

Geistiges Eigentum ist eine Schl sselressource. Im Zeitalter von Digitalisierung und Globalisierung ist sein Schutz gleichwohl in eine Akzeptanzkrise geraten. Die Frage, ob Patentrecht und Urheberrecht einen berechtigen Kern aufweisen oder aber Ausbeutungstitel verschaffen, stellt sich in vielen Bereichen besonders nachhaltig, so etwa im Hinblick auf die Biotechnologie oder auf Software. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die Ergebnisse eines Dialogs zwischen Praxis und Wissenschaft zu diesen umstrittenen Themen.

Das TRIPS-Abkommen hat das geistige Eigentum in ein Reziprozitatsverhaltnis zur Handelspolitik gestellt, aus dem es die heute in der WIPO verwalteten multilateralen Abkommen ein Jahrhundert zuvor geloest hatten. Muss es die WIPO nun hinnehmen, dass das geistige Eigentum zur Sanktionierung von WTO-Verstoessen in Anspruch genommen wird? Kann der Schutz geistigen Eigentums parallel vor dem IGH und dem Streitschlichtungsverfahren der WTO eingeklagt werden? Und ist die WTO das geeignete Forum, der Weltwirtschaft einen positiven Ordnungsrahmen zu geben? Diesen Fragen widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit, die uber den unmittelbaren Gegenstand hinaus allgemeine Ansatze zum Umgang mit konkurrierenden Vertragsordnungen in der Voelkerrechtsordnung liefert.

Die Ubergabe der Geschafte an einen Nachfolger kann fur Familienunternehmen eine existenzielle Frage sein und sie kann schwierig sein, da Beteiligte die Nachfolge-Frage haufig ausklammern. Die Autoren beschreiben das Spannungsfeld Unternehmen-Familie und stellen die Gestaltungsmoglichkeiten sowie die Realisierung der Nachfolge dar. Dabei gehen sie auf psychologische Probleme ein, behandeln Rechts- und Steuerfragen sowie mogliche Nachfolgemodelle. Die steuerlichen und rechtlichen Regelungen im zweiten Teil des Buchs wurden komplett uberarbeitet. "

prospects of the High Commissioner proposal with careful scholarship and shrewd judgment. Mr. Clark wrote the first draft of this book under my supervision for the degree of Doctor of the Science of Law at Columbia Law School before returning to take up his career as a law teacher in his native New Zealand. I am delighted that his work, in this improved and updated version, is now being published. It fills a real need, since it is the first book on this important subject. On this occasion it might be appropriate to add a few comments on the history of the High Commissioner proposal. As Mr. Clark indicates, I had something to do with its "revival" in the United States Government during the closing months of the Kennedy Administration. A few details as to how this "revival" took place may perhaps be useful to students of international relations and international organization.

This book is based on a doctoral thesis submitted to Yale University Law School in 1968. I wish to acknowledge my deepest gratitude to my super visor in the writing of the thesis, Professor Ronald M. Dworkin, whose in sights and criticism have conspicuously contributed to the present work. Time and again I have been inspired by the ideas expressed by hirn both in personal discussions and in his Conflict of Laws and Jurisprudence courses. It has been my privilege also to have had Professors Leon S. Lipson and Guido Calabresi as supervisors. I have derived great benefit from their sug gestions. A sincerely feIt appreciation is expressed to all three persons. A special debt of gratitude is owing to the Yale Law School for the gener ous financial support extended to me. I also wish to record my indebtedness to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and to Tel-Aviv University for their financial assistance. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Michael Reiss, '68 Yale Law School for his significant editorial assistance. Thanks are also due to my wife Ettie for invaluable help and encouragement. Finally, I wish to thank the publishers for their courtesy and cooperation. A.S."

Many critics seem to consider it inappropriate or unnecessary to ask what Montaigne means by the faculty of judgment. Laumonier speaks of "Ie bon sens, qu'il oppose si souvent a la memoire et qu'il appelle encore 'jugement' et 'entendement', c'est-a-dire la faculte de penser et de reflechir juste. " 1 Our appreciation of what is implied by judgment, that is by Montaigne's notion of judgment, has been delayed perhaps by a too facile acceptance of a so-called synonymity of meaning among the psychological terms used by Montaigne. In a discussion of key concepts in Montaigne, Donald M. Frame has accurately summarized the present situation with regard to our knowledge of Montaigne's notion of judgment and other key concepts: "We all have our hunches, but we need more than that. " 2 For the expression of his interest and concern for the intellectual and moral activities and capabilities of the mind, Montaigne draws upon a broad and elementary semantic field. These primary psychological terms are jugement, entendement, sens, raison, discours, and conscience. Al- though these words may be used synonymously, Montaigne does seem to maintain certain basic distinctions among them; frequent substi- tutions of terms must be the result of semantic and ideational differ- ences. Moreover, the association of several psychological words within a single sentence implies gradations, however slight they may be.

The point of origin for this work is the question: to which extent the a oeuniversal succession by virtue of the transactiona can be made useful for the business transation. The organizational possibilities made possible by the German Reorganization of Companies Act 1994 - and on a legally comparative level, the Swiss Merger Act 2003 and the Austrian Companies Code 2007 - prompted this examination.

The special diplomatic agent has played in the history of American foreign policy an important and, it is safe to say, unique role. The names of Colonel House and Harry Hopkins come, of course, right away to mind. But there have been others: John Quincy Adams, Ber nard M. Baruch, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, James Monroe, John Randolph, Daniel Webster, Wendell Wilkie, for instance. At the beginning of American history, the use of the special agent was primarily due to the scarcity of available talent. Later it was due to the low quality of many diplomatic representatives, chosen for political reasons and without regard for their diplomatic qualifications. More recently, the President has availed himself of the special agent in order to make sure that his will prevails in the conduct of American foreign policy. The institution of the special agent is indeed inseparable from the preeminent, contested and uncertain role the President plays in the determination of American foreign policy. Since the Constitution is silent on that point, the ultimate determi nation of American foreign policy has been throughout American history a subject ot controversy between the President and Congress."

This book, conceived in Rangoon, nourished and delivered at the Yale Law School, attempts to study the customary laws of Burma in the context of the country's legal system. Customary laws govern the affairs of the family mainly while codes and precedents designed and developed on the imported British common law system enjoy exclusive control and authority over the remaining legal relationships in society. This volume looks at the legal system in outline and the customary law of the Bur mese family in some detail. The customary laws of other indigenous groups, such as the Shans, the Kachins, the Chins, the Kayah, the Mon and the Arakanese, also need to be studied, restated and appraised, for though the laws are similar there are shades of differences, and in build ing the Union of Burma it is important to build strongly on the simi larities while giving due respect to the differences. It is, therefore, hoped, that this volume will launch a series of studies on the customary laws of the peoples of Burma in a large context and with high aim. There are many needs for continuing research in the field of custom ary law. One is to discover the customs of the people as they really are, not just what they are presumed to be in early legal treatises or in later judicial decisions.

Civil Procedure Rules at 20 is a collection of presentations and papers to mark the 20th anniversary of the CPR coming into force, many of which were delivered orally at the CPR at 20 Conference at the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights, at Mansfield College, Oxford, in 2019. The presentations and papers have been edited and extended to provide a permanent record available to a wider audience. The book is dedicated to examining key challenges and changes facing the civil justice system, marking the 20th anniversary of the current civil procedures governing civil litigation in England and Wales. It addresses a range of technical, political, and controversial subjects on access to justice and the rules governing civil litigation, including the digitization of the justice system and the future role of artificial intelligence; the emergence of class actions; disclosure rules and reform; restrictions on Judicial Review challenges to Government decisions; closed material proceedings; and efforts to make the costs of civil litigation more affordable and proportional, including the availability of legal aid. With a Foreword by Lord Briggs, the contributions come from those best qualified to tell this story, from senior judges, practitioners, and leading academic scholars each with their own unique perspective.

Das Buch gibt einen umfassenden UEberblick uber das DomainLaw - dem Namens- und Kennzeichenrecht im Internet. Behandelt werden zentrale Bereiche des DomainLaw wie beispielsweise das Vergabeverfahren sowie der nationale, europaische und internationale Rechtsschutz von Domain-Namen. Eine Reihe potentieller Rechtsprobleme werden dargestellt, die es zu wissen gilt, wenn man selbst Domaininhaber/in ist oder sich anderweitig mit diesem Bereich beschaftigt. Das Werk dient als zuverlassiger und verstandlicher Rechtsberater, um sich in dem sehr komplexen Bereich des Namens- und Kennzeichenrechts im Internet orientieren zu koennen. Es richtet sich sowohl an Praktiker aus Wirtschaft, Justiz und Anwaltschaft, als auch an Studierende und Wissenschaftler.

Die Aufgabe des Gutachters im Gerichtsverfahren ist es, Juristen die Fachkenntnisse zu vermitteln, die fur die Beurteilung eines Sachverhalts notwendig sind. Um diesen Vermittlungsprozess im Bereich der Verkehrsmedizin zu unterstutzen, haben die Autoren das wissenschaftliche Basiswissen verstandlich aufbereitet - von der forensischen Toxikologie uber die biomechanische Unfallrekonstruktion bis zur anthropologischen Bildidentifikation. Sie zeigen die Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der Begutachtung auf und illustrieren dies anhand konkreter Fallbeispiele.

With the introduction of the Rome I Regulation, new legislation has become effective in International Contract Law in Europe and Germany. The latest developments are now commented on in best Staudinger quality and thoroughness. This most extensive commentary on the Rome I Regulation also examines questions of detail such as the choice-of-venue and arbitration agreements that are important for daily practice. In addition, particular consideration is devoted to the latest revisions regarding consumer protection for special areas and compulsory insurance contracts in the Introductory Law to the German Civil Code (EGBGB, Articles 46b and c).

Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice defines "international law" to include not only "custom" and "convention" between States but also "the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" within their municipal legal systems. In 1953, Bin Cheng wrote his seminal book on general principles, identifying core legal principles common to various domestic legal systems across the globe. This monograph summarizes and analyzes the general principles of law and norms of international due process, with a particular focus on developments since Cheng's writing. The aim is to collect and distill these principles and norms in a single volume as a practical resource for international law jurists, advocates, and scholars. The information contained in this book holds considerable importance given the growth of inter-state intercourse resulting in the increased use of general principles over the past 60 years. General principles can serve as rules of decision, whether in interpreting a treaty or contract, determining causation, or ascertaining unjust enrichment. They also include a core set of procedural requirements that should be followed in any adjudicative system, such as the right to impartiality and the prohibition on fraud. Although the general principles are, by definition, basic and even rudimentary, they hold vital importance for the rule of law in international relations. They are meant not to define a rule of law, but rather the rule of law.

Anwendbarkeit des Mediendienstestaatsvertrages oder handelt es sich um Rund funk mit der Folge der Anwendung der Rundfunkgesetzes der Lander? Der zweite Abschnitt behandelt den "Rechtsverkehr im Internet'. Zunachst wird in Kapitel 3 der "Vertragsschluss im Internet" nach deutschem Recht erfasst. In Kapitel 15 ("Electronic Commerce im Internet") und 16 ("Rechtsfragen des In ternet-Vertriebs von Versicherungsdienstleistungen" werden die europaischen Re gelungen - insbesondere aus der Sicht des Verbraucherschutzes - hierzu bereits an tizipiert. Ferner gilt es zu berucksichtigen, dass der Geschaftsverkehr uber das In ternet eine zusatzliche Flankierung durch die Moglichkeit der Abwicklung von "Zahlungsverkehr im Internet' erhalt. Die zahlreichen rechtlichen Probleme, die mit der Verwendung von Cybermoney etc. auftauchen, werden in Kapitel 4 aufge griffen. Das Kapitel 5 behandelt sodann mit dem Thema, Rechtssicherheit im digitalen Rechtsverkehr'' einen zentralen Gesichtspunkt des Rechtsverkehrs. Dabei wird neben dem deutschen Signaturgesetz samt Signaturverordnung auch die eu ropaische Rechtsentwicklung berucksichtigt. Der dritte Abschnitt umfasst "die Rechtsstellung der Beteiligten." Zentral hier fiir ist die Frage nach der Verantwortlichkeit die sowohl den Diensteanbieter Kapi tel 6) als auch den Netzbelreiber (Kapitel 7) betrifft. Die strafrechtliche Perspek tive wird gesondert in Kapitel 18 aufgenommen. Eine in der Praxis immer haufi ger auftretende Frage gilt der Einordnung der "Vertragsgestaltung zwischen den Beteiligten" woruber Kapitel 8 Auskunft gibt."

This book focuses on an emerging problem in English contract law: what should be done when a party has been unjustly enriched as the result of a breach of contract but there is no measurable loss suffered by said party? Two rulings are at the heart of the book: Wrotham Park Estate v Parkside Homes and Attorney-General v Blake. These two cases can be said to have established gain-based remedies in English contract law. However, the principles that underpin these remedies are not entirely clear and are subject to debate. This book analyses these principles through the lens of compensatory and restitutionary approaches. Moreover, it applies a comparative analysis of these approaches through the lens of the civil law jurisdiction in Poland. Since the term 'compensation' is not a universal concept, the book distinguishes between two rationales in the compensatory analysis. The first, reparative compensation, is defined as a form of monetary recompense for loss or damage actually suffered. The second, substitutive compensation, represents a monetary equivalent to a right that a person has been deprived of or denied. Both rationales require the application of a broad notion of loss in order to make gain-based remedies workable in both English and Polish law. In contrast, 'restitution' states that a person cannot be permitted to profit from their own wrongdoing. Based on this principle, the book argues that gain-based remedies could be applied under Polish law through the rules of unjust enrichment. However, in order to do so, a broader understanding of the subtraction prerequisite (the enrichment being at the aggrieved party's expense) would have to be adopted. The book concludes that unjust enrichment is a more natural way of implementing gain-based remedies in civil law jurisdictions.

This volume substantially demonstrates the principles anchored in sections 90-103 regarding all relationships related to property law and the resulting interaction of movable and real estate property law, as well as execution proceedings law. In addition, the elementary rules of the legal transaction are comprehensively presented; the influences of legal capacity on trade, company and employment law, among others, are also taken into account within the framework of sections 104 et. sec. The provisions regarding declaration of intent (sections 116-124 and sections 130-133), which are of particular significance for daily practice, are presented in detail.

This open access book examines the governance and legal landscape of the global commodity sector. For that purpose, the author conceptualises both Global Commodity Governance (GCG) as well as Transnational Commodity Law (TCL). He defines the key terms of Global Commodity Governance, delineates the underlying legal framework of Transnational Commodity Law, and assesses the effectiveness of Transnational Commodity Law in fostering a functional commodity sector. "Sustainable Commodity Use" is based on a comprehensive analysis of over 250 international agreements, standards, and guiding documents. The author distils the main findings into a conceptualisation of Transnational Commodity Law and provides the reader with a succinct overview of its normative configurations as well as regulatory gaps. Moreover, he elaborates a taxonomy of International Commodity Agreements. In addition, an outline of the normative substance of Transnational Commodity Law features in an appendix to the main text. The author concludes by making concrete suggestions on how rules regulating commodity activities de lege ferenda could and should be designed to improve the effectiveness of law regulating transnational commodity activity. In doing so, he demonstrates the application of the sustainable use principle as the overall objective and purpose of Transnational Commodity Law and discusses International Commodity Agreements as future regulatory instruments. This book may assist lawmakers, practitioners, civil society advocates, and academics worldwide in developing a legal framework for sustainable global commodity activity.

This book adds a critical perspective to the legal dialogue on the regulation of 'smart urban mobility'. Mobility is one of the most visible sub-domains of the 'smart city', which has become shorthand for technological advances that influence how cities are structured, public services are fashioned, and citizens coexist. In the urban context, mobility has come under pressure due to a variety of different forces, such as the implementation of new business models (e.g. car and bicycle sharing), the proliferation of alternative methods of transportation (e.g. electric scooters), the emergence of new market players and stakeholders (e.g. internet and information technology companies), and advancements in computer science (in particular due to artificial intelligence). At the same time, demographic changes and the climate crisis increase innovation pressure. In this context law is a seminal factor that both shapes and is shaped by socio-economic and technological change. This book puts a spotlight on recent developments in smart urban mobility from a legal, regulatory, and policy perspective. It considers the implications for the public sector, businesses, and citizens in relation to various areas of public and private law in the European Union, including competition law, intellectual property law, contract law, data protection law, environmental law, public procurement law, and legal philosophy. Chapter 'Location Data as Contractual Counter-Performance: A Consumer Perspective on Recent EU Legislation' of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.

Contempt of court has been aptly described as the Proteus of the legal world, assuming an almost infinite diversity of forms. Its central concern is to protect the administration of justice in criminal and civil cases, but also to protect witnesses from being victimized and courts from being subjected to destructive criticism in the press, or disruptive conduct during their proceedings. Professor Miller's classic work Contempt of Court gives a comprehensive treatment of the issues in this broad subject area including contempt in the face of the court, publication contempt, and civil contempt when orders are breached. This new and updated edition has been written against the backdrop of transformations to the media and mass communication technology. Social media has changed day-to-day life almost beyond recognition, and its potential to prejudice criminal proceedings in particular has quickly become apparent. The High Court and the Court of Appeal are considering with increasing frequency what steps might be appropriate to safeguard criminal trials in this context, these can include injunctions, orders made under the Contempt of Court Act 1981, and severe sanctions when members of the public find themselves in contempt. This edition incorporates the most recent case law in this area. Through pragmatic and reliable analysis, this book provides the reader with an authoritative understanding of all aspects of this vital topic.

Das Recht der Personengesellschaft wird von der deutschen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts nach der Systematik des Grundrisses von Georg Arnold Heise (1. Aufl. 1807) nicht dem Personenrecht des Allgemeinen Teils des burgerlichen Rechts zugeordnet, und das BGB ist dem gefolgt. Zum BGB behandelt die Literatur in Ubereinstimmung mit der Legalordnung die Perso- nengesellschaft im Schuldrecht. Dem folgt selbst Gierkes Deutsches Privat- recht, wenn Gierke auch im Personenrecht des Allgemeinen Teils in dem Ka- pitel "Personenrechtliche Gemeinschaften" allgemein von den "Gemein- schaften zur gesamten Hand" und damit auch von der Gesellschaft handelt. Die Legalordnung des BGB ist in der Einordnung des Rechts der Perso- nengesellschaft dadurch bestimmt, da dem Ersten Entwurf des BGB, wie es in den Motiven heit, die "gemeinrechtliche Auffassung vom Begriffe und Wesen der Sozietat" zugrunde lag, da der Gesellschaftsvertrag "nur ein obli- gatorisches Rechtsverhaltnis unter den Kontrahenten" begrundet. Die Perso- nengesellschaft als Gesamthandsgesellschaft gehort jedoch ebenso wie die ju- ristische Person dem Personenrecht an. Man konnte sogar der Ansicht sein, da die Personengesellschaft als Personengruppe oder Personenverband noch eher als die juristische Person in das Personenrecht gehort.