The ambition of most countries across the world is to develop a low-carbon economy, evidenced by the fact that the vast majority of countries have signed the Paris COP21 agreement. This book contends that this global societal transition to a low-carbon economy must be just. As such, it will be an invaluable and accessible reference for scholars from all research disciplines who aim in their research to see a fairer, more equitable and inclusive world where sustainability is at the fore and climate targets are achieved.This is the first in-depth and original analysis to explore the central importance of law in achieving a just transition to a low-carbon economy. In addition, it advances the JUST framework, a unique framework for assessing the just transition. This important research and theoretical tool provides a practical perspective as it ensures the geographical space and timelines of development are factored into analysis. The research also provides analysis on the just transition movement around the world and the influence of international institutions. Through several case studies on Just Transition Commissions and Critical Mineral Development, the book details and demonstrates key elements of justice, including distributive, procedural, restorative, recognition, and cosmopolitan justice. It is clear from the analysis that while these are vast areas for analysis, if applied in practice, they all centrally contribute to ensuring society will advance in achieving a just transition to a low-carbon economy.

In Finite Element Analysis of Electrical Machines the author covers two-dimensional analysis, emphasizing the use of finite elements to perform the most common calculations required of machine designers and analysts. The book explains what is inside a finite element program, and how the finite element method can be used to determine the behavior of electrical machines. The material is tutorial and includes several completely worked out examples. The main illustrative examples are synchronous and induction machines. The methods described have been used successfully in the design and analysis of most types of rotating and linear machines. Audience: A valuable reference source for academic researchers, practitioners and designers of electrical machinery.

This book fills the gap between theory, available computational techniques and engineering practice in the design of electrical and electromechanical machines. The theory underlying all currently recommended computational and experimental methods is covered comprehensively, including field analysis and synthesis, magnetic fields coupled to stress and thermal fields. The book is very practically oriented and includes many examples of actual solutions to real devices.

Failures of many mechanical components in service result from fatigue. The cracks which grow may either originate from some pre-existing macroscopic defect, or, if the component is of high integrity but highly stressed, a region of localized stress concentration. In turn, such concentrators may be caused by some minute defect, such as a tiny inclusion, or inadvertent machining damage. Another source of surface damage which may exist between notionally 'bonded' components is associated with minute relative motion along the interface, brought about usually be cyclic tangential loading. Such fretting damage is quite insidious, and may lead to many kinds of problems such as wear, but it is its influence on the promotion of embryo cracks with which we are concerned here. When the presence of fretting is associated with decreased fatigue performance the effect is known as fretting fatigue. Fretting fatigue is a subject drawing equally on materials science and applied mechanics, but it is the intention in this book to concentrate attention entirely on the latter aspects, in a search for the quantification of the influence of fretting on both crack nucleation and propagation. There have been very few previous texts in this area, and the present volume seeks to cover five principal areas; (a) The modelling of contact problems including partial slip under tangentialloading, which produces the surface damage. (b) The modelling of short cracks by rigorous methods which deal effectively with steep stress gradients, kinking and closure. (c) The experimental simulation of fretting fatigue.

Air Distribution in Buildings is a concise and practical guide to air distribution system design and managing air conditioning systems in buildings. Making use of 40 years of experience in the design of air conditioning and ventilations systems, and other electromechanical services, this structured reference for built environment engineering offers in-depth coverage of air distribution technology. The text brings together a wide range of information and offers technical guidance on the design, calculation, and efficient operation of air distribution in buildings. The text highlights the special characteristics of air distribution in individual spaces. It presents the basic and fundamental concepts of air distribution as it relates to grilles and outlets, room space, and buildings. It focuses on air distribution systems in large buildings, starting with simple rooms and then moving on to more complex configurations. It also sums up the latest standards and best practices in air conditioning engineering. Includes knowledge of the new trends in buildings' air distribution Provides systematic analyses of the air flow regimes, heat transfer, and relative humidity in a collection of special built environments Presents energy analyses of the air conditioning systems for operating theaters and sporting facilities in unusual and severe climatic conditions Offers a description of flow characteristics in archeological monuments with emphasis on combating excessive moisture Introduces examples of very dense occupancy built environments, moisture sensitive environments, and open space air conditioning Details advanced treatment of flow characterization in large public buildings This text serves as an ideal resource for air conditioning engineers, contractors, and consultants. It also benefits mechanical and architectural engineering students.

This book provides a succinct account of what may happen to the energy sector in the former Soviet Union in the medium- to long-run under alternative scenarios for macroeconomic reform. The analyses reveal the serious damage of the oil resource base caused by the reckless exploitation practices of the past. Production of oil and coal can recover only slowly from the doldrums of the early 1990s, but the potential to expand gas output is very considerable. Energy consumption practices have been extremely wasteful in the past. The total savings potential that could be accomplished as energy prices are allowed to rise, and incentives to economise on energy use are introduced, is huge. The analysis of production, and consumption prospects is disaggregated by major republic. The likely evolution of FSU energy exports until 2005 is also explored, and the impact that changing export flows could have on the international prices of oil, coal and natural gas, is discussed in detail.

The popularity of the "Boiler Operators Handbook" has prompted the issue of this revised and completely updated edition, which examines the change of emphasis from coal-fired to oil- and gas-fired boilers. The new "Boiler Operators Handbook" will help the operator carry out his important work with skill and efficiency. The good management of a boiler plant should ensure the production of good quality steam in a safe and fuel-efficient manner to minimise air pollution. All these issues are emphasized throughout the new edition. The NIFES consulting group has been responsible for the training of boiler operators since 1954, and this high level of experience is combined with the very latest technological advances to make this new edition essential reading for the boiler operator.

Technological advance affects almost all areas of human life. Rapid digitization, increased mobility, new biotechnologies, and nanotechnology deeply influence, amongst others, industrial production, entertainment, work, military affairs, and individual life. Besides overwhelmingly positive effects on wealth, comfort, innovation, and development, this also raises questions of unintended effects, of tensions with democracy, of the role of citizens, and of its sustainability facing environmental issues. Tools and procedures are needed to cope with this challenging situation. Technology assessment (TA) has been developed more than fifty years ago to enable science, the economy, and society to harvest the potential of new technology to the maximum extent possible and to deal responsibly with possible adverse effects. It was developed more than 50 years ago in the U.S. Congress and has diversified considerably in the meantime. Parliamentary TA in many European states and at the international level, participatory TA at the local and regional levels worldwide, and TA as part of engineering processes are the most relevant fields today. Technology assessment is a growing field of interdisciplinary research and scientific policy advice. This volume (a) gives an overview of motivations of TA, its history and its current practices, (b) develops a fresh theoretical perspective on TA rooted in social theory and philosophy, and (c) draws conclusions from the theoretical perspective for the further development of TA's practices. It provides the first comprehensive view on the growing field of TA at the international level.

Power Electronic Semiconductor Switches is the successor to Professor Ramshaw's widely-used Power Electronics. The text has been completely re-written and expanded to focus on semiconductor switches, and to take into account advances in the field since the publication of Power Electronics and changes in electrical and electronic engineering syllabuses.

In this revealing book Nobel Laureate Glenn T. Seaborg tells what it was like to be chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission during the Nixon presidency. He draws extensively from his meticulously kept diary, enabling the reader to be a fly on the wall during meetings with Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and other key policy makers. During the Nixon period, the debate over how to deal with the Soviets on nuclear issues and arms control remained central. On the domestic scene efforts to promote and regulate the growth of a nuclear power industry were complicated by a rising tide of environmental protest. Dr. Seaborg describes how the Atomic Energy Commission, shorn of much of the political immunity of its early years, sought to maintain its programmes and ultimately its very existence, while besieged by competing pressures from the White House, other government agencies, anti-nuclear activists, industry, state governments, and Congress.

Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications provides an overall view of the energy management approach by following the stream of energy from factory boundaries to end users. All topics are examined from the point of view of plant users rather than from that of designers and only the basic concepts necessary to clarify the operation of the plants are outlined. Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications is written both as a textbook for university courses in engineering and as a work of reference for professionals in energy management. Readers are assumed to have a basic knowledge of thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, electric systems and power electronics, as well as computer programming. This book can be used not only by technicians involved in the field of energy management but also by managers who may find it a useful tool for understanding investment proposals and even a spur to solicit new ones. Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications consists of 21 chapters concerning general principles of energy transformation and energy sources, transformation plants such as electrical substantions and boiler plants, cogeneration plants, electrical and thermal fluid distribution lines, facilities plants such as pumps and fans, air compressors, cooling, HVAC and lighting systems, heat recovery equipment, principles of energy auditing and accounting by using computers, correlation between energy and waste, education in the field. At the end of the book a chapter has been dedicated to economic analysis of energy saving investments and evaluation is given of all the cases studied in the book.

The author gives a thorough explanation of soft commutation making use of the concept of duality to explain the principles of the technique and to place it in context in the field of power electronics.

Comprising both extremely rich and very poor countries the Arab region is of unique variety. This book explores the relations between rich and poor Arab countries, presenting papers on Arab integration efforts, the impact of oil prices on the South and least developed Arab countries in particular, the co-operation of poor Arabs with the EEC, basic needs, agricultural policies, intra-Arab migration, differences in ideologies and health systems, Islamic banking, and the unsuitability of IMF policies for poor Arab countries.

The aim of this book is to set the 1957 Windscale accident in its historical context in the immediate post-war period and the early days of the Cold War, to describe the event and its consequences and to evaluate it from the vantage point of 1990.

A collection of papers from the below symposia held during the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PacRim10), June 2-7, 2013, in Coronado, California 2012: * Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology * Direct Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion Materials and Applications * Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies * Ceramics for Next Generation Nuclear Energy * Advances in Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications * Ceramics Enabling Environmental Protection: Clean Air and Water * Advanced Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems * Glasses and Ceramics for Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Treatment

This book consists of papers prepared for and presented at a NATO sponsored Advanced Study Institute which was held in Montechoro, Portugal during the period 16-27 April, 1990. This Institute was attended by approximately ninety delegates from fifteen countries and followed from a related Institute held in Vimeiro, Portugal in 1987 (see the book entitled "Instrumentation for Combustion and Flow in Engines", edited by D. F. G. Dur~o, J. H. Whitelaw and P. O. Witzel. The purposes of the first Institute related closely to instrumentation for use in gas-turbine combustors and the cylinders of internal-combustion engines. These topics were also addressed in the second Institute, though in a manner which was wider ranging and chosen to demonstrate and explain the development and application of measurement methods to combusting flows in general. The papers contained in this boo~ were selected to provide the reader with a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the variety of experimental techniques available to measure in combusting flows. Included are discussions of their range and applicability, potential accuracy and ease of use. Thus, the first paper provides a brief overview and the second an indication of those aspects of combustion which should influence the choice of flow property to be measured and the technique to be used.

This text looks at the future prospects for the British coal industry by investigating its historical role, and by examining it in the light of contemporary world coal trade.

In 1951, Britain's major overseas asset was Iranian oil, discovered, produced and exported by a British company. This book relates how Britain planned to use force in order to retain control of the world's largest oil refinery at Abadan.

Designed to serve as a comprehensive resource for performing energy audits in commercial facilities, this revised practical desk reference for energy engineers has been updated and expanded. All focal areas of the building energy audit and assessment are covered, with new chapters on water efficiency and feedback and behavior in energy management. Updated topics include compressed air, computer modeling, data center efficiency, measurement and verification, lighting, laundries, HVAC economizer savings and building vacancy along with manufacturing unit operations and calculating savings from automatic controls.

Energy Conservation Indicators is a methodology to break down energy consumption data into their component parts in the same way as those which are due to annual weather fluctuations, business cycle, structural changes in the economy and higher energy efficiency. This methodology is applied for the first time to all twelve Member Countries of the European Communities for the period 1979 to 1985. It represents a tool for a long-term monitoring of the efforts towards the goal set by the Council of Ministers of the European Community to achieve a 20% improvement in intensity of final energy demand between 1985 and 1995. In addition, it is used by the Commission of the European Communities for considerations regarding energy conservation policies for the Community. The results of the analysis performed showed that the goal set by the Council cannot be reached if the current trends prevail in the years to come. The reasons are the declining impact of structural changes towards less energy-intensive production and the increasing level of energy-consuming comfort in the residential and private transportation sectors.

This research monograph is in some sense a sequel to the author's earlier one (Power System Stability, North Holland, New York 1981) which devoted cons- erable attention to Lyapunov stability theory, construction of Lyapunov fu- tions and vector Lyapunov functions as applied to power systems. This field of research has rapidly grown since 1981 and the more general concept of energy funct ion has found wide spread application in power systems. There have been advances in five distinct areas (i) Developing energy functions for structure preserving models which can incorporate non-linear load models (ii) Energy fu- tions to include detailed model of the generating unit i. e. , the synchronous machine and the excitation system (iii) Reduced order energy functions for large scale power systems, the simplest being the single machine infinite bus system (iv) Characterization of the stability boundary of the post-fault stable eQui- brium point (v) Applications for large power networks as a tool for dynamic security assessment. It was therefore felt appropriate to capture the essential features of these advances and put them in a somewhat cohesive framework. The chapters in the book rough ly fo llow this sequence. It is interesting to note how different research groups come to the same conclusion via different reas- ings.

The era of the personal computer has, without doubt, permanently altered our life style in a myriad of ways. The "brain" of the personal computer is the microprocessor (together with RAM and ROM) which makes the decisions needed for the computer to perform in the desired manner. The microprocessor continues to evolve as increasingly complex tasks are required. While not sharing the limelight of the microprocessor, the "heart" of the personal computer, namely the power supply, is equally important since without the necessary source of power the microprocessor would be a useless piece of silicon. The power supply of twenty years ago was much different than its modem day equivalent. At the dawn of the personal computer era in the late 1970s, de power was obtained from a simple diode bridge. However, the need for smooth, regulated DC at low voltage required at the same time both a bulky input transformer and a large dc side ftlter. Those computer fans present at the birth of this industry can remember the large boxes housing our Altair, Cromemco and Northstar computers which was made necessary largely because of the huge power supply. It is not well appreciated but certainly true that the huge sucess of the Apple II computer in those days was due, at least in part, to the relatively slim proftle of the machine. This sleek appearance was largely due to the adoption of the then new and unproven switched mode power supply.

This contributed volume contains the results of the research program "Agreement for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles", developed in the framework of the Energy Technology Network of the International Energy Agency. The topical focus lies on technology options for the system optimization of hybrid and electric vehicle components and drive train configurations which enhance the energy efficiency of the vehicle. The approach to the topic is genuinely interdisciplinary, covering insights from fields. The target audience primarily comprises researchers and industry experts in the field of automotive engineering, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.

r. portance of Energy Storage 1 B. 11lk1 and S. Iaka Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Their Dynamic Behavior 11 W. J. Yang Second Law Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems: 37 Fundaaentals and Sensible Heat Systems R. J. Irane Second Law Optimization of Thermal Energy Storage Systems: 69 Latent Heat Systems R. J. Irane Design, Optimization and Control of a Thermal Energy Storage System 89 Y. Jaluria A MOdel for Energy Retrieval from a Thermal Storage 117 G. Cossali, G. de Giorgio and L. Mazzarella Storage of Solar Thermal Energy 129 S. Iaka . E. Payko and Y. Yener Thermal Energy Storage and Extraction in Solar Ponds 163 Y. Jaluria Phase Change Heat Transfer in Cylindrical Domain: MOdelling and 191 Its Importance in the Thermal Energy Storage M. Toksoy and B. Z. ilken Solar Energy Storage in Packed Beds 231 W. J. Yang Expert. ental and Numerical MOdelling of Solar Energy Storage in 249 Rockbeds and Encapsulated Phase Change Material Packings J. M. Buchlin New Approaches to Heat Storage in Buildings 303 C. J. Swet Thermal Energy Storage for Cooling in Commercial Buildings 315 H. Akbari and A. Mertol Cool Storage for Solar and Conventional Air Conditioning 349 C. J. Swet The Importance of Heat Storage When Using Cogeneration Plants in Cold 369 Climates A. Haag Gravity-Assisted Melting in Enclosures 383 S. Sengupta and S. K. Roy Energy Storage and Nuclear Reactors 415 N. Aybers Comparison of Solar-Hydrogen with Synthetic Fossil Fuels 431 T. N."