Since its introduction into the armoury of the analytical chemist approximately two decades ago the technique of gas chroma tography has found very extensive applications in the analysis of most types of organic compounds. One of the few remaining limitations of the technique when applied to such compounds, namely the analysis of very highly boiling and or thermally unstable substances, has been overcome in many instances by the introduction of techniques such as silation for the conversion of sample components to lower boiling or more stable substances which can be gas chromatographed at reasonably low temperatures. All of this has been extensively dealt with in many books published during recent years dealing with the theory and practice of applying gas chromatography to the analysis and preparative separation of organic compounds. In parallel with these developments there has occurred, particu larly over the past decade, a growing interest in the application of gas chromatography to the analysis of organometallic compounds. Indeed, for many types of organometallic compounds, gas chromatography is the analytical method of choice particularly, as so often happens, when the sample is a mixture. To the author's knowledge no complete review exists of the published work in this very interesting new field; a situation it is hoped the present volume will rectify.

In vivo nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy is concerned, inter alia, with the noninvasive observation of metabolic changes in living systems, including animals and humans. Typically, the physiologi cal (or pathological) state of an organ or tissue is monitored. This multi faceted approach was developed during the 1980s. It is still a research technique, but will undoubtedly become a clinical tool. We are proud to present this volume (the eleventh of our series) in which some of the pioneers in this area summarize their contributions and review related literature. Bolinger and Lenkinski describe a variety of localization methods suitable for clinical applications of NMR spectroscopy. Schleich, Caines, and Rydzewski summarize their contributions to approaches involving off-resonance rotating frame relaxation and critically compare these with other NMR techniques that may yield similar information. Chang and James outline their approach and share their experience with the technical aspects 1 31 of H and P NMR spectroscopy and spatially localized spectroscopy in studies of brain ischemia. Sodium plays an important role in living systems, a key aspect being the large gradient between intra- and extracellular concentrations of sodium that is maintained by a variety of transport mechanisms. Miller and Elgavish give us a comprehensive review of an important research tool in this 23 area- Na NMR spectroscopy as aided by shift reagents.

xii a second edition might be in order, and readily agreed. Although the basic principles remain the same, discussions with analysts, laboratory supervisors, and managers indicated many areas where improve ments could be made. For example, new chapters have been added on sampling and quality assurance; laboratory facilities and quality assurance; and auditing for quality assurance. Very little of the first edition has been discarded, but many topics have been expanded considerably. The chapter on computers has been completely rewritten in view of the rapid changes in that field. The chapter in the first edition on planning and organizing for quality assurance has been split into two chapters, one on planning for quality assurance and the other on organizing and establishing a quality assurance program, and new material on mandated quality assurance programs has been combined with the material on laboratory accreditation. Numerous examples, especially those involving mathematical calculations, have been added at the suggestion of some readers. In short, this edition is very nearly a new book, and I can only hope it is as well received as the first edition. CHAPTER 1 Qual ity, Qual ity Control, and Quality Assurance One of the strongest trends in modem society is the continuing ev olution from a manufacturing to a service-oriented economy."

Present day heterogeneous catalysis is rapidly being transformed from a technical art into a science-based technology. A major contribution to this important change is the advance of surface spectroscopic techniques able to characterize the complex surfaces of the heterogeneous catalytic system. The Advanced Study Institute (on which the current proceedings is based) has as its primary aim the bringing together of a variety of lecturers, outstanding in those fields of experience, to enable a broad coverage of different relevant approaches. Not only catalyst characterization but also catalytic reactivity had to be covered in order to relate catalyst properties with catalyst performance. Since modern catalysis relates catalytic performance to microscopic molecular catalyst features, theoretical electronic aspects also had to be included. The Advanced Study Institute had a unique feature in that it brought together physicists, catalytic chemists and chemical engineers whom rarely directly interact. From physics especially new experimental possibilities of beams were emphasized. At present it is possible to obtain very detailed information on model catalysts, whilst the applications to practical catalysts are gaining rapidly in sophistication. Apart from the plenary lectures, the Institute included "hot topics" to highlight special developments and offered participants the opportunity to present contributed papers (either orally or as a poster). These contributions formed an integral part of the summer school and significantly enhanced the interaction between participants. Inclusion of the hot topics and contributed papers in these proceedings give them an added topical value.

In the past ten years or so, biological magnetic resonance (NMR and ESR) has fully blossomed and become highly branched. In the 1970s and earlier, a practitioner in biological magnetic resonance was using virtually all of the available methods suitable for his research, with the latter covering a diverse range of systems. Today, the focus of an individual laboratory is actually much narrower, with respect to both the methods and the systems investigated. Thus, those who investigate protein structure by multi dimensional NMR spectroscopy do not usually engage in studies involving in vivo spectroscopy. The conferences on biological magnetic resonance now have parallel sessions rather than the single, common session of earlier days. Moreover, topical meetings are becoming more frequent. Therefore, this and future volumes of our series will also focus on specific topical areas. We are proud to present Volume 10 of our series. It focuses on Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. In an extensive chapter, Kamerling and Vliegenthart use oligosaccharide-alditols released from mucin-type- glycoproteins to illustrate the power of proton NMR spectroscopy in the determination of carbohydrate structure. Wemmer gives a detailed coverage of the arsenal of modern NMR methods now available for structural studies of nucleic acids. Forthcoming volumes will focus on In Vivo Spectroscopy and Protein Structure. As always, we are anxious to get feedback from the readers and hear their comments and suggestions. Lawrence J.

The intention of this monograph has been to assimilate key practical and theoretical aspects of those spectroelectrochemical techniques likely to become routine aids to electrochemical research and analysis. Many new methods for interphasial studies have been and are being developed. Accordingly, this book is restricted in scope primarily to in situ methods for studying metal! electrolyte or semiconductor! electrolyte systems; moreover, it is far from inclusive of the spectroelectrochemical techniques that have been devised. However, it is hoped that the practical descriptions provided are sufficiently explicit to encourage and enable the newcomer to establish the experimental facilities needed for a particular problem. The chapters in this text have been written by international authorities in their particular specialties. Each chapter is broadly organized to review the origins and historical background of the field, to provide sufficiently detailed theory for graduate student comprehension, to describe the practical design and experimental methodology, and to detail some representative application examples. Since publication of Volume 9 of the Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering series (1973), a volume devoted specifically to spectroelectrochemistry, there has been unabated growth of these fields. A number of international symposia-such as those held at Snowmass, Colorado, in 1978, the proceedings of which were published by North-Holland (1980); at Logan, Utah in 1982, published by Elsevier (1983); or at the Fritz Haber Institute in 1986-have served as forums for the discussion of nontraditional methods to study interphases and as means for the dissemination of a diversity of specialist research papers.

Bewitched is an odd word with which to begin a chemical textbook. Yet that is a fair description of how I reacted on first leaming of ion exchange and imagining what might be done with it. That initial fascination has not left me these many years later, and it has provided much ofthe motivation for writing this book. The perceived need for a text on the fundamentals of ion chromatography provided the rest. Many readers will have a general idea of what ion chromatography is and what it does. Briefly, for those who do not, it is an umbrella term for a variety of chromatographie methods for the rapid and sensitive analysis of mixtures of ionic species. It has become highly developed in the last decade, and while it is now routinely used for the determination of organic as weH as inorganic ions, its initial impact was greatest in the area of inorganic analysis. In the past the determination of inorganic ions, particularly anions, meant laborious, time-con suming, and often not very sensitive "wet chemieal" methods. In the last ten years that has changed radically as ion chromatography has supplanted these older methods."

"The problems involved in separating complex macromolecules require under standing not only the chromatographic process but also the physicochemical behavior of the solutes." This sentence from the pen of Phyllis R. Brown 1, University of Rhode Island, can certainly be applied to synthetic copolymers whose structure is very complex indeed. Thus it may be forgiven that a book on copolymer HPLC has been written not by a trained chromatographer but by someone from the polymer side. The HPLC of synthetic polymers is often understood to mean only a synonym for size exclusion chromatography. The latter method separates polymers according to the size of the macromolecules and enables the molecular weight distribution of a sample to be evaluated. But as early as 1936, Mark and Saito attempted chromatographic fractionation of cellulose acetate on a charcoal-like adsorbent made from blood. HPLC adsorption chromatography was first applied to copolymer analysis by Teramachi et al. in 1979. Since then, another branch of polymer HPLC has arisen which has the capacity of separating copolymers by composition and enables the chemical composition distribution to be evaluated. The technique requires a suitable elution program and is mainly carried out as gradient elution."

Since the appearance of the first two volumes of Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy in 1976, important advances continue to be made in both the techniques and applications of molecular luminescence. In terms of "hardware," it is only recently that the application of laser excitation to molecular fluorometry has become feasible under conditions that are analy tically realistic. The improvements that can be effected in sensitivity, analy tical selectivity, and ability to handle "difficult" samples by laser fluorometry have only begun to be exploited. Likewise, time-resolved fluorometry has received widespread use in fundamental studies (a sizable number of which deal with biological systems), but has as of yet received relatively little analytical utilization. The use of electronic array detectors offers the promise of obtaining luminescence spectra more rapidly, and perhaps ultimately with greater sensitivity, than is possible by the use of scanning instruments equipped with conventional detectors. The increasing capabilities of microcomputers and the increasing sophistication of "smart" spectroscopic instrumentation signify that much more efficient acquisition and use can now be achieved of the information contained in the "excitation-emission matrix" inherent in the luminescence phenomenon."

The efforts spent on many a scientific book cannot be justified, no matter how many words are said about it. The opposite is true for this book and a few brief remarks upon its publication. Within a short period of time, short even by all present standards, gel chromatography has gone through a development and experienced an acceptance that is unknown to any other method. From experience, the new and unique separation technique is today known and liked in all laboratories that are concerned with substances of high molecular weight; in others, the technique is known from hearsay, the least. Soon it became evident that a comprehensive coverage of the conceptual development, the theoretical principles, and the experimental technique of the new method would be desirable. This coverage is now offered by the book of an expert. Its author has personally participated in the development from its beginning and helped to promote it. He has made possible the gel chromatography, also of 'proteins, on thin layer plates; for lipophilic substances he has contributed considerably to the transition from water to organic solvent systems and developed theoretical concepts for a better understanding of the effects that are responsible for the separation. The book, so it appears to me, is pointing in new directions. The reader does not only expect a clear presentation of facts but also that of instructions for practical applications. Both these expectations have been met by the expert.

In 1976, on the occasion of the Centennial of the Ameri can Chemical Society, H. A. RESrnG and C. G. WADE organized an international symposium on magnetic resonance in collo1d and in terface science which brought together a large number of scien tists from the United States and from abroad. The aim of this symposium was to include all experimental inorganic, organic and biochemical systems in which molecules are bound to interfaces and to show the contribution of various techniques based on ma gnetic resonance to the knowledge of these systems. This ambi tious program resulted into a very interesting gathering that initiated a more interdisciplinary approach to the problem of interfaces. Because of the success of this symposium it was sug gested that a similar meeting should be organized in Europe within the next three years. Professor J. FRAISSARD accepted this task but, conside ring the rapid developments in the theory and in the applica tions of the magnetic resonance spectroscopies, the organ1z1ng committee decided to arrange the meeting to be held in MENTON (France) in two parts, the first being a School and the second the Symposium proper. The former was' intended to review and to teach theoretical aspects as well as to discuss the experimental results derived from these advanced methods; the Symposium was to be for the discussion of the latest results at the highest level."

The Second Hidden Peak Symposium on Computer-Enhanced Analytical Spectroscopy, held in June, 1988, at the Snowbird Resort (Salt Lake City, Utah), centered around twelve keynote lectures delivered by some of the foremost experts and pioneers in this rapidly expanding field. The editor is highly indebted to each of these colleagues for contributing a chapter to the second volume of Computer-Enhanced Analytical Spec troscopy. The primary objective of this volume is to present a repre sentative cross-section of current activities in the field while balancing out the lighter coverage of some topics and areas in Volume 1. An exciting new topic, remote IR sensing, is covered in Chapters 4 and 5. Deconvolution and signal-processing methods have now been extended to UV/VIS (Chapter 1) and GC/MS (Chapter 3) applications. Furthermore, the development and testing of novel factor analysis techniques in the areas of UV /VIS and IR spectroscopy are discussed in Chapters 2 and 12, respectively. Fundamental aspects of library search techniques are presented in Chapters 7 (MS) and 9 (NMR). Chapters 6, 10, and 11 cover selected uses of expert systems in NMR, IR, and MS, respectively. Finally, an integrated expert system approach to the interpretation of GC/IR/MS data is outlined in Chapter 8. In an attempt to facilitate access to the various topics for the newcomer to the field, the twelve chapters have been organized into two main parts: Unsupervised Methods: Spectral Enhancement, Deconvolu tion, and Data Reduction, and Supervised Methods: Expert Systems, Modeling, and Quantitation.

" ... this is an excellent compilation of data which should be on the bookshelves of all analysts interested in the benzodiazepines. It is to be hoped that, with the introduction of so many new ben zodiazepines, the author will quickly add these in a second edi tion" (A. C. Moffat in: Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1983). This review, deputizing for many others, reflects the friendly reception enjoyed by the first volume of Benzodiazepines, which was published in 1982 and apparently closed a gap in the ben zodiazepine literature. In the meantime, Benzodiazepines has established itself as a standard book, as evidenced by numerous letters and quotations. Suggestions were also soon made for a new edition in view of the unusually rapid development in the field of the benzodiazepines. It became quickly obvious, however, that it would not be sufficient to publish a revised second edition, but that a completely new second volume would be required for which, however, the successful previous format could be largely retained. The following considerations seem worth mentioning in connection with the preparation of Volume II: - To ensure continuity with Volume I as far as possible, the list of references was consecutively numbered (references 1 to 3779 in Volume I, references 3780 to 11338 in Volume II). Whereas in Vol. I the substances appear in the sequential order of their historical development they are listed in alphabetical order in Vol. II."

Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it Samuel Johnson, 18 April, 1775* Sterols are among the most studied groups of natural products with interest commencing in the 19th century and running to the present. Investigations have embraced the refinement of separation procedures, the development of new analytical techniques and instrumentation for structure elucidation, the unravelling of biosynthetic mechanisms, the determination of the physiological functions of sterols, and the role they play in health and disease. In the past 20-30 years interest in the medical implications of sterol biochemistry, studies on the sterols of plants, algae and fungi, and the identification of the many unusual sterols from marine organisms have proceeded in parallel and somewhat independently. Although the motiva tion and goals for the various lines of investigation have differed widely the researchers working in each of these areas have contributed a wealth of knowledge to the literature relating to the analysis of sterols and many diverse new sterols have been discovered. We conceived this book as a modest attempt to bring together some of this literature in the hope that it may be helpful to newcomers to sterol research. We had originally intended to produce a 'handbook' outlining in detail the protocols to be followed for sterol extraction, chromatography, NMR analysis, etc. in order to identify the components of a sterol mixture."

Biosensors are making a large impact in environmental, food, biomedical, and other applications. In comparison to standard analytical detection methods, such as minimal sample preparation and handling, they offer advantages including real time detection, rapid detection of the analytes of concern, use of non-skilled personnel, and portability. The aim of this book is to focus on research related to the rapid detection of agents and weapons of bioterrorism and provide a comprehensive review of the research topics most pertinent to advancing devices applicable to the rapid real-time detection of toxicants such as microbes, pathogens, toxins, or nerve gases. The ongoing war on terrorism and the rising security concerns are driving the need for newer faster biosensors against bio-warfare agents for both military and civil defence applications. The volume brings together contributions from the most eminent international researchers in the field, covering various aspects of work not so far published in any scientific journal and often going beyond the "state of art" . Readers of these review articles will learn new technological schemes that can lead to the construction of devices that will minimize the risk of bio-terrorism.

It is now some sixteen years since the author's first series of books on the analysis of organometallic compounds. Many developments in the subject have occurred since that time and a new book on the subject is now overdue. The present book aims to provide a comprehensive review of the subject. It covers not only all aspects of the analysis of organometallic compounds but also contains two additional chapters, dealing with environmental analysis and the use of chelates of metals in the determination of very low concentrations of organic metals. Whilst reviewing the literature for the present book, it was observed that whereas papers published prior to 1973 dealt almost exclusively with various forms of analysis, a high proportion of those published during the past ten years were concerned with the application of proven or newly developed methods to the determination of organometallic compounds in environmental samples such as water, air, soil, river and ocean sediments, fish life and biota samples. An increasing range of elements including mercury, lead, arsenic, tin, antimony, selenium and manganese are now being found in organically bound forms in the environment, some resulting from pollution, others formed in nature by bacterial processes. As many of these substances have appreciable implications to human and animal health and the ecosystem as a whole, it was considered that it would be timely to include a separate chapter in the book devoted entirely to this subject.

It is probably safe to predict that the future of chemistry is linked to the excited states of molecules and to other short lived species, ions and free radicals. Molecules have only one ground state but many excited states. However large the scope of normal, ground state chemistry might be, above and beyond it lies the world of excited states, each one having its own chemis try. The electronic transitions leading to the excited states, either discrete of continuous, are examined in molecular elec tronic spectroscopy. Electronic spectroscopy is the queen of all spectroscopies: for if we have the resolution we have everything. Vnfortunately, the chemist who is interested in the structure and reactions of larger molecules must often renounce all that infor mation. The spectra are complex and often diffuse; resolution does not always help. To understand such spectra he must look at whole families of molecules; to some extent structural analogies help. Let us call this chemical spectroscopy and handle it with care. In order to understand the properties of molecules we also need theory. We know that molecular problems are, in principle, soluble by the methods of quantum mechanics. Present time quan tum chemistry is able to provide a nearly accurate description of not too large molecules in their ground states. It is probablY again safe to predict that the future of quantum chemistry is connected with molecular excited states or, generally spoken, the accurate handling of the open-shell problem."

Investigation of the structure and function of biological molecules through spectroscopic methods is a field rich in revealing, clever techniques and demanding experiments. It is most gratifying to see that the basic concepts are applied to more and more complex systems, making feasible the study of the behaviour of whole systems in relation to molecular disturbances. The analytical potential of spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging enables species identification of bacteria and tissue recognition. Clear opportunities for in vivo applications become apparent in the medical field. The methods developed in biophysics start to generate spin-off in the direction of biotechnology, where in previous years we have seen this happen for biochemical techniques. New directions are manifest. Tools are being developed to investigate the behaviour of single molecules in interaction with their environment. Individual interactions can now be investigated and individual molecules in complexes can be visualized. Processes that were previously unobservable as a result of ensemble averaging can now be investigated on a single molecule level. Completely new information with regard to molecular behaviour is obtained in this way. The insights amaze us and the prospect that this development will continue is exciting. The 8th European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules is proud to have contributed to the dissemination of these new directions. This proceedings book is an appropriate reflection of the progress obtained so far in the spectroscopy of biological molecules.

Avarietyof?uorescentandluminescentmaterialsintheformofmolecules,their complexes,andnanoparticlesareavailableforimplementationasreportingunits intosensingtechnologies. Increasingdemandsfromtheseapplicationareasrequire developmentofnew?uorescencereportersbasedonassociationandaggregationof ?uorescencedyesandontheirincorporationintodifferentnanostructures. Inter- tionsbetweenthesedyesandtheirincorporatingmatricesleadtonewspectroscopic effectsthatcanbeactivelyusedforoptimizingthesensordesign. Oneofthese effects is a spectacular formation of J-aggregates with distinct and very sharp excitationandemissionbands. Byincorporationintonanoparticles,organicdyes offer dramatically increased brightness together with improvement of chemical stabilityandphotostability. Moreover,certaindyescanformnanoparticlesth- selvessothattheirspectroscopicpropertiesareimproved. Semiconductorquantum dotsaretheothertypeofnanoparticles thatpossessuniqueandveryattractive photophysicalandspectroscopicproperties. Manyinterestingandnotfullyund- stoodphenomenaareobservedinclusterscomposedofonlyseveralatomsofnoble metals. Inconjugatedpolymers,strongelectronicconjugationbetweenelementary chromophoricunitsresultsindramaticeffectsinquenchingandinconformati- dependentspectroscopicbehavior. Possessingsuchpowerfulanddiversearsenaloftools,wehavetoexplorethem innovelsensingandimagingtechnologiesthatcombineincreasedbrightnessand sensitivityinanalytedetectionwithsimplicityandlowcostofproduction. The present book overviews the pathways for achieving this goal. In line with the discussion on monomeric ?uorescence reporters in the accompanying book (Vol. 8ofthisseries),aninsightfulanalysisofphotophysicalmechanismsbehind the ?uorescence response of composed and nanostructured materials is made. Based on the progress in understanding these mechanisms, their realization in differentchemicalstructuresisoverviewed. vii viii Preface Demonstratingtheprogressinaninterdisciplinary?eldofresearchanddev- opment,thisbookisprimarilyaddressedtospecialistswithdifferentbackground- physicists, organic and analytical chemists, and photochemists - to those who developandapplynew?uorescencereporters. Itwillalsobeusefultospecialists inbioanalysisandbiomedicaldiagnostics. Kyiv,Ukraine AlexanderP. Demchenko June2010 Contents PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersusMolecularFluorescent LabelsasReportersforBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison ...3 UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke, andThomasNann OptimizationoftheCouplingofTargetRecognition andSignalGeneration ...41 AnaB. Descalzo,ShengchaoZhu,TobiasFischer,andKnutRurack CollectiveEffectsIn?uencingFluorescenceEmission ...107 AlexanderP. Demchenko PartII EncapsulatedDyesandSupramolecularConstructions FluorescentJ-AggregatesandTheirBiologicalApplications ...135 MykhayloYu. LosytskyyandValeriyM. Yashchuk Conjugates,Complexes,andInterlockedSystems BasedonSquarainesandCyanines ...159 LeonidD. Patsenker,AnatoliyL. Tatarets,OleksiiP. Klochko, andEwaldA. Terpetschnig PartIII Dye-DopedNanoparticlesandDendrimers Dye-DopedPolymericParticlesforSensingandImaging ...193 SergeyM. Borisov,TorstenMayr,Gu..nterMistlberger,andIngoKlimant ix x Contents Silica-BasedNanoparticles:DesignandProperties ...229 SongLiang,CarrieL. John,ShupingXu,JiaoChen,YuhuiJin, QuanYuan,WeihongTan,andJuliaX. Zhao LuminescentDendrimersasLigandsandSensors ofMetalIons ...2 53 GiacomoBergamini,EnricoMarchi,andPaolaCeroni ProspectsforOrganicDyeNanoparticles ...285 HiroshiYao PartIV LuminescentMetalNanoclusters Few-AtomSilverClustersasFluorescentReporters ...307 IsabelD?'ezandRobinH. A. Ras LuminescentQuantumClustersofGoldasBio-Labels ...333 M. A. HabeebMuhammedandT. Pradeep PartV ConjugatedPolymers Structure,EmissiveProperties,andReportingAbilities ofConjugatedPolymers ...357 MaryA. Reppy OpticalReportingbyConjugatedPolymers viaConformationalChanges ...389 RozalynA. SimonandK. PeterR. Nilsson FluorescenceReportingBasedonFRETBetweenConjugated PolyelectrolyteandOrganicDyeforBiosensorApplications ...417 Kan-YiPuandBinLiu Index ...455 PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersus MolecularFluorescentLabelsasReporters forBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke,andThomasNann Abstract At the core of photoluminescence techniques are suitable ?uorescent labels and reporters, the spectroscopic properties of which control the limit of detection,thedynamicrange,andthepotentialformultiplexing.

The development of contemporary molecular biology with its growing tendency toward in-depth study of the mechanisms of biological processes, structure, function, and identification of biopolymers requires application of accurate physicochemical methods. Electrophoresis occupies a key position among such methods. A wide range of phenomena fall un der the designation of electrophoresis in the literature at the present time. One common characteristic of all such phenomena is transport by an elec tric field of a substance whose particles take on a net charge as a result of interaction with the solution. The most important mechanisms for charge generation are dissociation of the substance into ions in solution and for mation of electrical double layers with uncompensated charges on particles of dispersed medium in the liquid. As applied to the problem of separation, purification, and analysis of cells, cell organelles, and biopolymers, there is a broad classification of electrophoretic methods primarily according to the methodological charac teristics of the process, the types of supporting media, etc. An extensive literature describes the use of these methods for the investigation of differ ent systems. A number of papers are theoretical in nature. Thus, the mi croscopic theory has been developed rather completely 13] by considering electrophoresis within the framework of electrokinetic phenomena based on the concept of the electrical double layer."

In this timely volume, scientists examine examine the physical, structural, and analytical chemistry of fuel combustion. Their contributions also address the issue of combustion efficiency and how air quality can be protected or improved. Supported by numerous illustrations, this volume be appreciated by researchers and students working in various areas of chemistry.

Number 25 of this acclaimed series breaks new ground with articles on charge transfer across liquid-liquid interfaces, electrochemical techniques to study hydrogen ingress in metals, and electrical breakdown of liquids. Also included are articles on the measurement of corrosion and ellipsometry, bringing these older subjects up to date.

"Provides analytical chemists and biomedical scientists with an excellent summary of progress...This is a book that can be recommended to all analytical scientists interested in fluorimetry." (Analytical Chimica Acta) "This is a useful overview and gives the nonspecialist a feeling for the advantages and limitations of the methods. Overall this book is a worthwhile read and a good source of references." (TRAC)
The book is divided into chapters on new methods, new appli- cations, fluorescence immunoassays, fluorometric analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy in biomedical sciences. Specific topics are fluorescence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence scattering by synthetic polymers, fluorescence immunoassays, fluorescence for environmental monitoring, fluorescence in flow injection analysis, hydro-geological studies, fluorescence of proteins, lipids and membranes, cell fluorescence, calcium transients.

One of the most important techniques for determining the atomic structure of a material is X-ray diffraction. One of the great problems of the technique, however, is the fact that only the intensity of the diffraction pattern can be measured, not its phase. The inverse problem, of determining the structure from the pattern thus contains ambiguities that must be resolved by other means. Quantitative X-ray analysis provides one way to resolve this phase problem: mixing the material in question with a material of known structure yields interferences that can be analyzed to yield the unknown phases. Invented in 1916, but little used at the time, the technique has seen a recent revival due to the development of extremely precise X-ray diffractometers coupled with powerful computers.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which has evolved only within the last 20 years, has become one of the very important tools in chemistry and physics. The literature on its theory and application has grown immensely and a comprehensive and adequate treatment of all branches by one author, or even by several, becomes increasingly difficult. This series is planned to present articles written by experts working in various fields of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and will contain review articles as well as progress reports and original work. Its main aim, however, is to fill a gap, existing in literature, by publishing articles written by specialists, which take the reader from the introductory stage to the latest development in the field. The editors are grateful to the authors for the time and effort spent in writing the articles, and for their invaluable cooperation. The papers presented here are condensed versions of the main contributions to the 7th Colloquium on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, which was made possible by the generous support of the Freunde der Aachener Hoch schule (FAHO). The RWTH is indebted to the FAHO and to all the participants who contributed to the success of the Colloquium."