This book offers an overview of state-of-the-art in non amplified DNA detection methods and provides chemists, biochemists, biotechnologists and material scientists with an introduction to these methods. In fact all these fields have dedicated resources to the problem of nucleic acid detection, each contributing with their own specific methods and concepts. This book will explain the basic principles of the different non amplified DNA detection methods available, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. Non-amplified DNA detection can be achieved by adopting different techniques. Such techniques have allowed the commercialization of innovative platforms for DNA detection that are expected to break into the DNA diagnostics market. The enhanced sensitivity required for the detection of non amplified genomic DNA has prompted new strategies that can achieve ultrasensitivity by combining specific materials with specific detection tools. Advanced materials play multiple roles in ultrasensitive detection. Optical and electrochemical detection tools are among the most widely investigated to analyze non amplified nucleic acids. Biosensors based on piezoelectric crystal have been also used to detect unamplified genomic DNA. The main scientific topics related to DNA diagnostics are discussed by an outstanding set of authors with proven experience in this field.

Human interaction with the environment remains one of the most pervasive facets of modern society. In a world characterized by rapid population growth, unprecedented global trade and digital communications, energy security, natural resource scarcities, climatic changes and environmental quality, emerging diseases and public health, biodiversity and habitat modifications are routinely touted by the popular press as they canvas global political agendas and scholarly endeavors.

The thesis by Merce Pacios exploits properties of carbon nanotubes to design novel nanodevices. The prominent electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes are used to design diverse electrode configurations. In combination with the chemical properties and (bio)functionalization versatility, these materials prove to be very appropriate for the development of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this work also evaluates the semiconductor character of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for sensor technology by using a field effect transistor configuration (FET). The CNT-FET device has been optimized for operating in liquid environments. These electrochemical and electronic CNT devices are highly promising for biomolecule sensing and for the monitoring of biological processes, which can in the future lead to applications for rapid and simple diagnostics in fields such as biotechnology, clinical and environmental research.

Microdroplet technology has recently emerged to provide new and diverse applications via microfluidic functionality, especially in various areas of biology and chemistry. This book, then, gives an overview of the principle components and wide-ranging applications for state-of-the-art of droplet-based microfluidics. Chapter authors are internationally-leading researchers from chemistry, biology, physics and engineering that present various key aspects of micrdroplet technology -- fundamental flow physics, methodology and components for flow control, applications in biology and chemistry, and a discussion of future perspectives. This book acts as a reference for academics, post-graduate students, and researcher wishing to deepen their understand of microfluidics and introduce optimal design and operation of new droplet-based microfluidic devices for more comprehensive analyte assessments.

Novel Optical Nanoprobes for Chemical and Biological Analysis starts with a brief introduction to several kinds of versatile nanomaterials with novel optical properties, such as gold/silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles and graphene. It mainly focuses on the latest sensor design strategies, which apply the optical properties of nanomaterials to various detection techniques including colorimetry, fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These sensors are attractive owing to their high sensitivity, high specificity, and potential for easy quantification of targets in many applications, such as conventional chemical and biological analysis, clinical diagnosis, and intracellular system sensing as well as single-molecule detection. The challenges and future perspectives for optical nanoprobes are also presented, such as the increase in sensitivity for real environmental and clinical samples, the design and application of multifunctional nanoplatforms, and biocompatibility of nanomaterials.

Laboratory Methods in Dynamic Electroanalysis is a useful guide to introduce analytical chemists and scientists of related disciplines to the world of dynamic electroanalysis using simple and low-cost methods. The trend toward decentralization of analysis has made this fascinating field one of the fastest-growing branches of analytical chemistry. As electroanalytical devices have moved from conventional electrochemical cells (10-20 mL) to current cells (e.g. 5-50 mL) based on different materials such as paper or polymers that integrate thick- or thin-film electrodes, interesting strategies have emerged, such as the combination of microfluidic cells and biosensing or nanostructuration of electrodes. This book provides detailed, easy procedures for dynamic electroanalysis and covers the main trends in electrochemical cells and electrodes, including microfluidic electrodes, electrochemical detection in microchip electrophoresis, nanostructuration of electrodes, development of bio (enzymatic, immuno, and DNA) assays, paper-based electrodes, interdigitated array electrodes, multiplexed analysis, and combination with optics. Different strategies and techniques (amperometric, voltammetric, and impedimetric) are presented in a didactic, practice-based way, and a bibliography provides readers with additional sources of information.

Tingyue Gu's second edition provides a comprehensive set of nonlinear multicomponent liquid chromatography (LC) models for various forms of LC, such as adsorption, size exclusion, ion-exchange, reversed-phase, affinity, isocratic/gradient elution and axial/radial flow LC. Much has advanced since the first edition of this book and the author's software, described here, is now used for teaching and research in 32 different countries. This book comes together with a complete software package with graphical user interface for personal computers, offered free for academic applications. Additionally, this book provides detailed methods for parameter estimation of mass transfer coefficients, bed voidage, particle porosity and isotherms. The author gives examples of how to use the software for predicitons and scale-up. In contrast to the first edition, authors do not need to deal with complicated math. Instead, they focus on how to obtain a few parameters for simulation and how to compare simulation results with experimental data. After reading the detailed descriptions in the book, a reader is able to use the simulation software to investigate chromatographic behavior without doing actual experiments. This book is aimed at readers who are interested in learning about LC behaviors and at those who want to scale up LC for preparative- and large-scale applications. Both academic personnel and industrial practitioners can benefit from the use of the book. This new edition includes: - New models and software for pellicular (cored) beads in liquid chromatography - Introduction of user-friendly software (with graphical user interface) - Detailed descriptions on how to use the software - Step-by-step instructions on parameter estimation for the models - New mass-transfer correlations for parameter estimation - Experimental methods for parameter estimation - Several actual examples using the model for product development and scale-up - Updated literature review

The book deals with various consequences of major nuclear accidents, such as in 1986 in Chernobyl and in 2011 in Fukushima. The public is extremely interested in learning more about the movements and risks posed by radiation in the environment related to food supply and food safety. Radionuclides are found in air, water, soil and even in us not only after nuclear accidents because they occur also in nature. Every day, we ingest and inhale radionuclides in our air and food and the water. This book provides a solid underpinning of the basic physical-chemistry and biogeochemistry of naturally occurring and anthrop radioactivity. The mechanisms of radioactive element transfer in the atmosphere, tropospheric and stratospheric diffusion of radioactivity, environmental contamination from accidents and the impact of atmospheric pollution on the food chain, soil and plants, are analyzed and the analytical methods are illustrated. The question of natural radioactivity concentration in building materials is addressed too. While the book contains many case studies and data for Greece, it is of general value. It contributes to the development of international environmentally safe standards and economically reasonable standard regulations based on justified radiological, social and economical legislation concepts.

This book of general analytical chemistry - as opposed to instrumental analysis or separation methods - in aqueous solutions is focuses on fundamentals, which is an area too often overlooked in the literature. Explanations abound of the chemical and physical principles of different operations of chemical analysis in aqueous solutions. Once these principle are firmly established, numerous examples of applications are also given."

Computational Studies of Crystal Structure and Bonding, by Angelo Gavezzotti Cryo-Crystallography: Diffraction at Low Temperature and More, by Piero Macchi High-Pressure Crystallography, by Malcolm I. McMahon Chemical X-Ray Photodiffraction: Principles, Examples, and Perspectives, by Pan e Naumov Powder Diffraction Crystallography of Molecular Solids, by Kenneth D. M. Harris"

"Have you tried peptides? Small proteins, the best in the land! Won't you try peptides? Keep all your body processes in hand! For labor and lactation oxytocin you must buy! Enkephalin always gives a good runner's high! So won't you try peptides? Small proteins, the best in the land!" The above words [1], penned by Gary Gisselman to open Peptide Angst: La Triviata, the opera which made its world premiere on July 1, 1999, also serve as a fitting charge to the th 16 American Peptide Symposium. This latest edition of a premier biennial series was held under the auspices of the American Peptide Society, June 26-July 1, 1999, at the Minneapolis Convention Center, Minneapolis,Minnesota, with the undersigned serving as Co-Chairs. The fortunate coincidence of the calendar allowed us to set as the theme "Peptides for the New Millennium", and in our judgment, the approximately 1200 participants [2] who converged in the Twin Cities from academic and industrial institutions in 36 countries were treated to an exciting and stimulating conference that left most everyone with an enthusiastic vision for the future of our field. The present Proceedings volume should serve as a handy reference source and succinct snapshot of peptide science at essentially its century mark - the clock having started with the initial contributions of Emil Fischer and Th. Curtius.

Fluorescent proteins are intimately connected to research in the life sciences. Tagging of gene products with fluorescent proteins has revolutionized all areas of biosciences, ranging from fundamental biochemistry to clinical oncology, to environmental research. The discovery of the Green Fluorescent Protein, its first, seminal application and the ingenious development of a broad palette of fluorescence proteins of other colours, was consequently recognised with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2008.

"Fluorescent Proteins II" highlights the physicochemical and biophysical aspects of fluorescent protein technology beyond imaging. It is tailored to meet the needs of physicists, chemists and biologists who are interested in the fundamental properties of fluorescent proteins, while also focussing on specific applications. The implementations described are cutting-edge studies and exemplify how the physical and chemical properties of fluorescent proteins can stimulate novel findings in life sciences. "

1 U.H.F. Bunz: Synthesis and Structure of PAEs.- 2 E. Klemm, T. Pautzsch, L. Blankenburg: Organometallic PAEs.- 3 C.R. Ray, J.S. Moore: Supramolecular Organization of Foldable Phenylene Ethynylene Oligomers.- 4 J. Zheng, T.M. Swager: Poly(arylene ethynylene)s in Chemosensing and Biosensing.- 5 T. Yamamoto, I. Yamaguchi, T. Yasuda: PAEs with Heteroaromatic Rings.- 6 G. Voskerician, C. Weder: Electronic Properties of PAEs.-

The idea of Volums 4 and 5 of this series is a combination of a very condensed but broad review, handbook and textbook on most of the theoretical and practical aspects of pyrethroids of interest to chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists and other people involved in insecticidal research, development, ecotoxicolo gy, application, patenting and commercialization of pyrethroids, as seen from a point of view of an industrial chemist once actively in volved in pyrethroid research. In order to provide a mode1 data base for testing quantitative structure activity relationships, the unique wealth of the numerous and diverse biological data dispersed in the literature is listed in about 110 tables, put in relation to each other and other standard compounds, together with many structural formulas of the com pounds involved. A number of data are published for the first time. Some of the more important reeent QSAR-studies are briefly acknowledged. Conformational aspects of bioactive pyrethroids are discussed (from synthesis, QSAR, X-ray); some of the X-ray derived conformations are published for the first time. The molecular basis of pyrethroid biological action is taken into consideration as intensively as possible. Stereochemical aspects are considered wherever they are involved in synthesis, biological activity, mode of action, metabolism (Vol. 4), and particularly in the complex problems in the production and relation of iso merically enriched trade products (Vol. 5). Since pyrethroid research is now, in manyaspeets, a finished chapter of applied research, a historieal treatment of the course of inventions is given (inventions, patent priorities).

This is the fourth volume in the Reviews in Fluorescence series. To date, three volumes have been both published and well received by the scienti c community. Several book reviews in the last few years have also favorably remarked on the series. In this fourth volume we continue the tradition of publishing leading edge and timely articles from authors around the world. We thank the authors for their timely and exciting contributions. We hope you nd this volume as useful as past volumes, which promises to be just as diverse with regard to uorescence-based content. Finally, in closing, I would like to thank to Aaron Johnson, formerly at Springer, for helping me to publish this book serial over the last four volumes. Thanks also go to Michael Weston at Springer for help in publishing this current volume. Baltimore, Maryland Chris D. Geddes v Contents Simple Calibration and Validation Standards for Fluorometry ...1 Ute Resch-Genger, Katrin Hoffmann, and Dietmar Pfeifer Membranes and Fluorescence Microscopy...33 Luis A. Bagatolli Electronic Energy Transport and Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Structural Insights into Proteins, Regular Protein Aggregates and Lipid Systems ...53 ? ? Therese Mikaelsson, Radek Sachl, and Lennart B. -A. Johansson Spectra FRET: A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Method in Live Cells...87 Ekaterina A. Bykova and Jie Zheng Boronic Acid Based Modular Fluorescent Saccharide Sensors...103 John S. Fossey and Tony D. James Fluorescence Solvent Relaxation in Cationic Membranes ...

2. High Temperature UHV-STM System 264 3. Hydrogen Desorption Process on Si (111) Surface 264 4. (7x7) - (1 xl) Phase Transition on Si (111) Surface 271 Step Shifting under dc Electric Fields 275 5. 6. Conclusions 280 Acknowledgements and References 281 12. DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF VORTICES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS USING ELECTRON WAVES 283 by Akira Tonomura 1. Introduction 283 2. Experimental Method 284 2. 1 Interference Microscopy 284 2. 2 Lorentz Microscopy 287 Observation of Superconducting Vortices 288 3. 3. 1 Superconducting Vortices Observed by Interference Microscopy 288 3. 1. 1 Profile Mode 288 3. 1. 2 Transmission Mode 291 3. 2 Superconducting Vortices Observed by Lorentz Microscopy 293 3. 3 Observation of Vortex Interaction with Pinning Centers 294 3. 3. 1 Surface Steps 295 3. 3. 2 Irradiated Point Defects 296 4. Conclusion 298 References 299 13. TEM STUDIES OF SOME STRUCTURALLY FLEXIBLE SOLIDS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 301 by Ray L. Withers and John G. Thompson 1. Introduction 301 2. Tetrahedrally Comer-Connected Framework Structures 302 3. Tetragonal a-PbO 311 4. Compositionally Flexible Anion-Deficient Fluorites and the "Defect Fluorite" to C-type Sesquioxide Transition 320 5. Summary and Conclusions 327 Acknowledgements and References 327 Author Index 331 Subject Index 333 List of Contributors A. ASEEV Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, 630090, pr. ac. , Lavrentjeva 13, RUSSIA E. BAUER Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, U. S. A. G. H.

Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids provides in an authoritative and timely manner in 12 stimulating chapters, written by 24 internationally recognized experts from 8 nations, and supported by nearly 1500 references, about 20 tables, and 125 illustrations, many in color, a most up-to-date view on metal ion-nucleic acid interactions; the characterization of which is covered in solution and in the solid state. The volume concentrates on modern developments encompassing topics in the wide range from G-quadruplexes via DNAzymes, catalysis at the DNA scaffold, and metal-mediated base pairs to peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) being thus of relevance, e.g., for chemistry and nanotechnology but also for molecular biology and (genetic) diagnostics.

The development of mechanistic organic chemistry is filled with claims of short-lived reactive intermediates connecting starting material to product. In many ways this book represents a personal odyssey of the editor in this area of chemistry. I well remember my introduction to organic chemistry as an undergraduate working in the laboratories of Shelton Bank at SUNY Albany in the early 1970s, and the excitement and frustration attending the piecing together of the details of a reaction mechanism by working backwards from the stable products of the reaction. In those days the reaction and the reactive intermediates flew by too rapidly to permit direct observation. Thus it came as something of a revelation to me as a graduate student at Yale that it was possible to slow down a reaction and actually "see" such ephemeral species as carbenes and biradicals by spectroscopic methods, by generating them photochemically at cryogenic temperatures. In this monograph several chap ters are devoted to low-temperature studies. Dougherty has described the matrix EPR spectra of biradicals, which were pure conjecture only ten years ago. Michl and Arnold have described the matrix spectroscopy of cyciobutadiene, a molecule that has fascinated organic chemists for over a hundred years. They have shown that by using a combination of matrix spec troscopic methods it is possible to learn nearly as much about the structure of cyciobutadiene, the prototypical antiaromatic biradicaloid, as about that of a common shelf-stable reagent.

Do not learn the tricks of the trade, learn the trade I started teachinggraduate coursesin chemical sensors in early 1980s, ?rst as a o- quarter (30 h) class then as a semester course and also as several intensive, 4-5-day courses. Later I organized my lecture notes into the ?rst edition of this book, which was published by Plenum in 1989 under the title Principles of Chemical Sensors. I started working on the second edition in 2006. The new edition of Principles of Chemical Sensors is a teaching book, not a textbook. Let me explain the difference. Textbooks usually cover some more or less narrow subject in maximum depth. Such an approach is not possible here. The subject of chemical sensors is much too broad, spanning many aspects of physical and analytical chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, solid-state physics, optics, device fabrication, electrical engine- ing, statistical analysis, and so on. The challengefor me has been to present uniform logical coverage of such a large area. In spite of its relatively shallow depth, it is intended as a graduate course. At its present state the amount of material is more thancan be coveredin a one-semestercourse (45h). Two one-quartercourseswould be more appropriate. Because of the breadth of the material, the sensor course has a somewhat unexpected but, it is hoped, bene?cial effect.

This is the first book to show how to apply the principles of quality assurance to the identification of analytes (qualitative chemical analysis). After presenting the principles of identification and metrological basics, the author focuses on the reliability and the errors of chemical identification. This is then applied to practical examples such as EPA methods, EU, FDA, or WADA regulations. Two whole chapters are devoted to the analysis of unknowns and identification of samples such as foodstuffs or oil pollutions. Essential reading for researchers and professionals dealing with the identification of chemical compounds and the reliability of chemical analysis.

Due to their unparalleled effectiveness and efficiency, polyfluorinated chemicals (PFC") "have become essential in numerous technical applications. However, many PFCs brought to market show limited biodegradability, and their environmental persistence combined with toxic and bioaccumulative potential have become a matter of concern in some instances. This volume highlights the synthesis of PFCs, focusing on substances with improved application and environmental properties, which are a challenge for synthetic chemists. Further, modern mass spectrometric techniques for the detection and identification of biotransformation products of PFCs are described. The sorption and leaching behavior of PFC in soil is also addressed in order to predict their fate in the environment. Several contributions discuss the monitoring of PFCs in European surface, ground and drinking waters, treatment options for PFC removal from drinking water, occurrence in food, and the human biomonitoring of PFCs.

This volume is ba. sed on the presentations gi ven at the ElectroFinnAnalysis conference held on J une 6-9, 1988 in Turku-Abo, Finland. This event was the second in a series of electroanalytical conferences. The first was held in Ireland 1986 and the next will be held in Spain 1990. The aim of these conferences is tobring tagether scientists who use electroanalytical methods in their research. This is also reflected in the disposition of this volume where instrumentation and applications from the different fields have their own chapters. The editors are grateful to Mr. Johan Nyman, Mr. Kent Westerbolm and Mr. Markku Lehto for their technical assistance during the editorial work of this volume. Ari Ivaska Andrzej Lewenstam Ralf Sara V CONTENTS lntroduction Ari Ivaska ELECTROCHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODS New Instrumental Approaches to Fast Electro-Chemistry at Ultramicroelectrodes . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Larry R. Faulkner, Michael R. Walshand Chuanjing Xu Photoelectroanalytical Chemistry - Methods and Instrumentation . . . 15 J ouko J. Kaukare Experiences of an On-Line Fourier Transform Faradaic Admittance Measurement (FT-FAM) SystemBasedon Digital Signal Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Sten 0. Engblom, Mikael Wasberg, Johan Bobacka and Ari Iva. ska Processor-Controlled Fast Potentiostat . '. . . 31 J. Kaukare and J. Lukka. ri Smoothing of AC Polaragraphie Data by FFT Filtering . ' . . . . 37 J oha. n Bobacka. a. nd Ari Jvaska Reverse Pulse Voltammetry at Microelectrodes. New Possibilities in Analytical Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Zbigniew Stojek Multiple Sensor Arrays: Advantages and lmplications 51 Dermot Diamond Simultaneaus ESR-Electrochemical Investigations at Solid Electrodcs . ."

During its short 20 year history High Performance Liquid Chro matography (HPLC) has won itself a firm place amongst the instrumental methods of analysis. HPLC has caused a revolution in biological and pharmaceutical chemistry. Approximately two thirds of the publications on HPLC are concerned with problems from this area of life science. Biotechnology, where it is necessary to isolate substances from complicated mixtures, is likely to give further impetus to the dissemination of modern liquid chromatog raphy in columns, particularly on the preparative scale. This book presents, by means of examples, the application of HPLC to various fields, as well as fundamental discussions of chromatographic methods. The quality of the analytical result is decisively dependent on the qualities of the equipment employed (by Colin, Guiochon, and Martin). Especially the demands are discussed that are placed on the components of the instrument including those for data acquisition and processing. The section on "quantitative analy sis" (by ABhauer, Ullner) covers besides the principles also the problems of ensuring the quality of the data in detail. The basic problems arising by enlarging the sample size to preparative di mensions and the requirements put on the aparatus are discussed in the section on "preparative applications" (by Wehrli)."

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Third International EXAFS Conference, hosted by Stanford University and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory on July 16-20, 1984. The meeting, co-chaired by Professors Arthur Bienenstock and Keith Hodgson, was attended by over 200 scientists representing a wide range of scientific disciplines. The format of the meeting consisted of 51 invited presenta tions and four days of poster sessions. This Proceedings is a compilation of 139 contributions from both invited speakers and authors of contributed posters. The last ten years has seen the rapid maturation of x-ray absorption spectrosco pyas a scientific discipline. The vitality of the field is reflected in the diver sity of applications found in the Proceedings. Recent work continues to probe the limits of x-ray spectroscopy, with proven techniques being extended to, for examp le, very low or high energy studies, to very dilute systems, and to studies of surface structure. In fact, the title of the conference does not at all reflect the breadth of the science discussed at this meeting. The number of fields in which x ray absorption spectroscopy is finding applications has increased dramatically even in the two years since the previous International Conference held in Frascati*. The prospects for continued growth and innovation will be even further enhanced if a new generation 6 GeV storage ring is constructed in the next five years."

This volume includes 19 contributions to the 13th International Symposium on Analytical Ultracentrifugation which took place at the university of Osnabruck on March 6th and 7th, 2003. The contributions from leading scientists cover a broad spectrum of topics concerning: Technical Methods, Data Analysis, Innovations; Polymers, Colloids, Supramolecular Systems; Biological and Interaction Systems; Hydrodynamics and Modelling.

Due to the increasing significance of Analytical Ultracentrifugation for both scientific and technical applications, this book will be an essential source of information with respect to recent developments and results related to this important analytical method."