It is a great pleasure to have the opportunity to honor our distinguished colleague, Professor Leo Brewer, on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birth day, with this special volume of High Temperature Science. Leo and his wife, Rose, are personal friends of several generations of students and postdoctoral researchers at the University of California at Berkeley. Their concern and understanding has been important to many of us over the past forty years. Each paper in this volume has at least one author who was a gradu ate student or a postdoctoral researcher in Leo's laboratory at Berkeley. The variety of topics is indicative of the wide-ranging science done by Brewer-ites and by Leo Brewer himself. He has personally participated in the resolution of many of the classical problems of high-temperature science-from the heat of sublimation of graphite to the dissociation en ergy of nitrogen to the prediction of binary and ternary phase diagrams. He and his students have made major contributions to atomic and molec ular spectroscopy. He has made significant contributions to the develop ment of efficient systems for energy conversion and to ceramics. In addi tion to his research activities, Leo Brewer has been a long-time participant in the dynamic undergraduate teaching program of the Berkeley Chemistry Department. He has provided crucial insight for stu dents involved in those career-shaping experiences that one endures while acquiring the basics of inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry with that interwoven common bond of thermodynamics."

Over the last several years, the field of materials science has witnessed an explosion of new, advanced materials. They encompass many uses and include superconductors, alloys, glasses, and catalysts. Not only are there quite a number of new enhies into these generic classes of materials, but the materials themselves represent a wide array of physical forms as well. Bulk materials, for example, are being synthesized and applica tions found for them, while still other materials are being synthesized as thin films for yet still more new (and in some cases, as yet unknown) applications. The field continues to expand with (thankfully ) no end in sight as to the number of new possibilities. As work progresses in this area, there is an ever increasing demand for knowing not only what material is formed as an end product but also details of the route by which it is made. The knowledge of reaction mechanisms in their synthesis many times allows a researcher to tailor a preparative scheme to either arrive at the final product in a purer state or with a better yield. Also, a good fundamental experimental knowledge of impuri ties present in the final material helps the investigator get more insight into making it."

to the Fundamental and Applied Catalysis Series Catalysis is important academically and industrially. It plays an essential role in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from gasoline and plastics to fertilizers and herbicides, which would otherwise be unobtainable or prohibitive ly expensive. There are few chemical-or oil-based material items in modern society that do not depend in some way on a catalytic stage in their manufacture. Apart from manufacturing processes, catalysis is finding other important and over-increasing uses; for example, successful applications of catalysis in the control ofpollution and its use in environmental control are certain to in crease in the future. The commercial import an ce of catalysis and the diverse intellectual challenges of catalytic phenomena have stimulated study by a broad spectrum of scientists including chemists, physicists, chemical engineers, and material scientists. Increasing research activity over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding, and these have been associated with a continually growing amount of published material. As recentlyas sixty years ago, Rideal and Taylor could still treat the subject comprehensively in a single volume, but by the 19 50s Emmett required six volumes, and no conventional multivolume text could now cover the whole of catalysis in any depth.

The symposium which provided the incentive for this volume was conducted in San th Diego, California as a part of the 207 National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, March 13-17, 1994. It was conceived partly to continue an informal decennial sequence of sym posia dedicated to the topic off element separations. A lot has changed in the world of f ele ments over the last ten years, precipitating a change in emphasis which should be evident to most practitioners in the field. Production and reprocessing of nuclear fuels are no longer the principal drivers of f element separation technology. Separations technology for environment restoration, waste disposal, and the preparation of high purity lanthanides are now the defming parameters in this important field. These imperatives are reflected in the contributions to this volume. The symposium itself must be considered a success, as the attendance at all sessions was above expectations, despite the fact that it was conducted on the last two days of a large five day meeting. Our thanks to the speakers for their quality presentations, and to the audience who persevered to the end of a long meeting and against the temptation of the excellent weather of San Diego in the springtime. A complete list of symposium participants is given in Appendix 1. Preparation of this volume has been a relatively painless undertaking, largely as a result ofthe high quality ofthe submitted papers."

Stability constants are fundamental to understanding the behavior of metal ions in aqueous solution. Such understanding is important in a wide variety of areas, such as metal ions in biology, biomedical applications, metal ions in the environment, extraction metallurgy, food chemistry, and metal ions in many industrial processes. In spite of this importance, it appears that many inorganic chemists have lost an appreciation for the importance of stability constants, and the thermodynamic aspects of complex formation, with attention focused over the last thirty years on newer areas, such as organometallic chemistry. This book is an attempt to show the richness of chemistry that can be revealed by stability constants, when measured as part of an overall strategy aimed at understanding the complexing properties of a particular ligand or metal ion. Thus, for example, there are numerous crystal structures of the Li+ ion with crown ethers. What do these indicate to us about the chemistry of Li+ with crown ethers? In fact, most of these crystal structures are in a sense misleading, in that the Li+ ion forms no complexes, or at best very weak complexes, with familiar crown ethers such as l2-crown-4, in any known solvent. Thus, without the stability constants, our understanding of the chemistry of a metal ion with any particular ligand must be regarded as incomplete. In this book we attempt to show how stability constants can reveal factors in ligand design which could not readily be deduced from any other physical technique.

Fluorescence spectroscopy continues its advance to more sophisticated methods and applications. As one looks over the previous decades, its appears that the first practical instruments for time-resolved measurements appeared in the 1970's. The instrumentation and analysis methods for time-resolved fluorescence advanced rapidly throughout the 1980's. Since 1990 we have witnessed a rapid migration of the principles of time-resolved fluorescence to cell biology and clinical appli- tions. Most recently, we have seen the introduction of multi-photon excitation, pump-probe and stimulated emission methods for studies of biological mac- molecules and for cellular imaging. These advanced topics are the subject of the present volume. Two-photon excitation was first predicted by Maria Goppert-Mayer in 1931, but was not experimentally observed until 1961. Observation of two-photon excitation required the introduction of lasers which provided adequate photon density for multi-photon absorption. Since the early observations of two-photon excitation in the 1960s, multi-photon spectroscopy has been limited to somewhat exotic applications of chemical physics, where it is used to study the electronic symmetry of small molecules. Placing one's self back in 1980, it would be hard to imagine the use of multi-photon excitation in biophysics or cellular imaging.

During the past 15 years, there has been remarkable progress in the analysis and manipulation of DNA and its use in nanotechnology. DNA analysis is ubiquitous in molecular biology, medical diagnostics, and forensics. Much of the readout technology is based on fluorescence detection. This volume contains contributions from many experts in the field who present an overview of many aspects of DNA technology. These chapters provide an understanding of the underlying principles and technology, rather than an exhaustive review of the literature. Written in a clear straightforward style, this book is an excellent introduction for any scientist to the use of fluorescence in DNA analysis. DNA Technology is an essential reading for all academics, bench scientists, and industry professionals wishing to take advantage of the latest and greatest in this continuously emerging field. Key Features: *Comprehensive overview of the complexities of DNA analysis, *Covers topics of universal interest to a broad field of scientists, *Accessible utility in presenting state-of-the-art DNA technology, *Chapters authored by key figures in the field.

This book, edited by Potyrailo and Amis, addresses a new paradigm-shifting approach in the search for new materials-Combinatorial Materials Science. One way to consider such an approach is to imagine an adventurous chef who decides to look for new entrees by cooking food ingredients in many pots using different combinations in every pot, and boil ing, steaming, or frying them in various ways. Although most of the pots will not have the tastiest food ever devised, some recipes will taste intriguing, and some eventually will lead to a discovery of a new fascinating cuisine. Of course, having a skilled chef design the com binatorial formulation will certainly be helpful in ensuring a successful outcome. Similar to food, each engineering material is a complex product of its chemical composition, structure, and processing. Generally, each of these components matters---change one and you get another material. Most of these "new" materials will be less good than ones we use now since existing materials have been refined with the extensive work of scientists and engi neers. At the same time if one prepares diverse materials like our adventurous chef, chang ing material composition, processing conditions and time, etc. , some of these materials will be superior to existing ones and a few might represent breakout technology.

Novel Optical Nanoprobes for Chemical and Biological Analysis starts with a brief introduction to several kinds of versatile nanomaterials with novel optical properties, such as gold/silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles and graphene. It mainly focuses on the latest sensor design strategies, which apply the optical properties of nanomaterials to various detection techniques including colorimetry, fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). These sensors are attractive owing to their high sensitivity, high specificity, and potential for easy quantification of targets in many applications, such as conventional chemical and biological analysis, clinical diagnosis, and intracellular system sensing as well as single-molecule detection. The challenges and future perspectives for optical nanoprobes are also presented, such as the increase in sensitivity for real environmental and clinical samples, the design and application of multifunctional nanoplatforms, and biocompatibility of nanomaterials.

This volume examines the advances of invasive monitoring by means of biosensors and microdialysis. Physical and physiological parameters are commonly monitored in clinical settings using invasive techniques due to their positive outcome in patients' diagnosis and treatment. Biochemical parameters, however, still rely on off-line measurements and require large pieces of equipment. Biosensing and sampling devices present excellent capabilities for their use in continuous monitoring of patients' biochemical parameters. However, certain issues remain to be solved in order to ensure a more widespread use of these techniques in today's medical practices.

Emerging Mass Spectrometric Tools for Analysis of Polymers and Polymer Additives, by Nina Aminlashgari and Minna Hakkarainen. Analysis of Polymer Additives and Impurities by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry, by Wolfgang Buchberger and Martin Stiftinger. Direct Insertion Probe Mass Spectrometry of Polymers, by Jale Hacaloglu Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Oligo- and Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, by Petra Mischnick. Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for Molecular Level Understanding of Polymer Degradation, by Minna Hakkarainen.

The idea of Volums 4 and 5 of this series is a combination of a very condensed but broad review, handbook and textbook on most of the theoretical and practical aspects of pyrethroids of interest to chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists and other people involved in insecticidal research, development, ecotoxicolo gy, application, patenting and commercialization of pyrethroids, as seen from a point of view of an industrial chemist once actively in volved in pyrethroid research. In order to provide a mode1 data base for testing quantitative structure activity relationships, the unique wealth of the numerous and diverse biological data dispersed in the literature is listed in about 110 tables, put in relation to each other and other standard compounds, together with many structural formulas of the com pounds involved. A number of data are published for the first time. Some of the more important reeent QSAR-studies are briefly acknowledged. Conformational aspects of bioactive pyrethroids are discussed (from synthesis, QSAR, X-ray); some of the X-ray derived conformations are published for the first time. The molecular basis of pyrethroid biological action is taken into consideration as intensively as possible. Stereochemical aspects are considered wherever they are involved in synthesis, biological activity, mode of action, metabolism (Vol. 4), and particularly in the complex problems in the production and relation of iso merically enriched trade products (Vol. 5). Since pyrethroid research is now, in manyaspeets, a finished chapter of applied research, a historieal treatment of the course of inventions is given (inventions, patent priorities).

The Fifteenth Eastern Analytical Symposium and the Twelfth National Meeting of the Society for Applied Spec- troscopy were held jointly in New York, November 14-16, 1973. In cooperation with the Detroit Analytical Chemists' Association, the Anachem Award in Analytical Chemistry was presented at this meeting to Dr. Rosalyn S. Ya1ow, the co- inventor (with Dr. S. Berson) of the radioimmunoassay technique. It is our privilege to include in this volume Dr. Ya1ow's award address, a review of radioimmunoassay, together with a series of three papers on related subjects, respectively by Dr. Juan M. Saavedra, Drs. Claude E. Arnaud and H. Bryan Brewer, Jr., and Dr. Sheldon P. Rothenberg. This session was organized and chaired by Dr. D. S. McCann. Following this are three papers on analytical toxi- cology in clinical chemistry, by Dr. R. A. Scala, Dr. Charles L. Winek, and Dr. James E. Gibson, a session also chaired by Dr. McCann. Finally appear two papers on the general subject of analytical developments at the FDA, by Dr. Albert L. Woodson and Dr. Walter Ho1ak, from a session under the chairmanship of Dr. S. Walters. All of these contributions, written by experts in their respective fields, make worthy additions to the continuing literature of analytical chemistry. Ivor L. Simmons Galen W. Ewing CONTENTS Radioimmunoassay: Its Past, Present, and Potential ...

The thesis by Merce Pacios exploits properties of carbon nanotubes to design novel nanodevices. The prominent electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes are used to design diverse electrode configurations. In combination with the chemical properties and (bio)functionalization versatility, these materials prove to be very appropriate for the development of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this work also evaluates the semiconductor character of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for sensor technology by using a field effect transistor configuration (FET). The CNT-FET device has been optimized for operating in liquid environments. These electrochemical and electronic CNT devices are highly promising for biomolecule sensing and for the monitoring of biological processes, which can in the future lead to applications for rapid and simple diagnostics in fields such as biotechnology, clinical and environmental research.

In this inaugural volume of a new series, experts in the field help biochemists, analytical chemists, spectroscopists, biophysicists, and other specialists keep up with the latest techniques and technologies available in fluorescence spectroscopy.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy - also sometimes termed Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy - has manifold potential uses in biochemistry and medicine. The paramount importance of EPR spectroscopy applied to biological tissues and fluids is that it identifies the changes in redox processes that contribute to disease. EPR spectroscopy has come a long way from its original use to detect malignant tumors. For example, the development and later refinement of methods of low-temperature registration of biological tissues widened the scope of EPR spectroscopy. Innovations made possible by the introduction of spin labels, probes, and traps made EPR spectroscopy ever more applicable to biochemistry and medicine, to the point where in vivo studies are being carefully considered. This comprehensive book discusses spectra of many tissues and bodily fluids, and the quantitative nature of paramagnetic centers in both normal individuals and patients suffering from a variety of diseases. Special attention is given to the EPR examination of bio-molecules, such as enzymes, polypeptides, vitamins, lipids, hydrocarbons, etc., which play an essential role in human activity. This book will be of great interest to physicians specializing in many different areas. Similarly, biologists, biochemists, biophysicists, and chemists will find this book very useful. It has also been written so that it may be used as a textbook at graduate level.

Fluorescence spectroscopy and its applications to the physical and life sciences have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The increased interest in fluorescence appears to be due to advances in time resolution, methods of data analysis, and improved instrumentation. With these advances, it is now practical to perform time-resolved measurements with enough resolution to compare the results with the structural and dynamic features of mac- molecules, to probe the structures of proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, and to acquire two-dimensional microscopic images of chemical or protein distributions in cell cultures. Advances in laser and detector technology have also resulted in renewed interest in fluorescence for clinical and analytical chemistry. Because of these numerous developments and the rapid appearance of new methods, it has become difficult to remain current on the science of fluorescence and its many applications. Consequently, I have asked the experts in particular areas of fluorescence to summarize their knowledge and the current state of the art. This has resulted in the initial two volumes of Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, which is intended to be an ongoing series which summarizes, in one location, the vast literature on fluorescence spectroscopy. The third volume will appear shortly. The first three volumes are designed to serve as an advanced text. These volumes describe the more recent techniques and technologies (Volume 1), the principles governing fluorescence and the experimental observables (Volume 2), and applications in biochemistry and biophysics (Volume 3).

Environmental chemistry is a fast developing science aimed at deciphering fundamental mechanisms ruling the behaviour of pollutants in ecosystems. Applying this knowledge to current environmental issues leads to the remediation of environmental media, and to new, low energy, low emission, sustainable processes. Chapters review analysis and remediation of pollutants such as greenhouse gases, chiral pharmaceuticals, dyes, chlorinated organics, arsenic, toxic metals and pathogen in air, water, plant and soil. Several highlights include the overlooked impact of air pollutants from buildings for health risk, innovative remediation techniques such as bioreactors for gas treatment, electrochemical cleaning of pharmaceuticals, sequestration on Fe-Mn nodules, phytoremediation and photocatalytical inactivation of microbial pathogens.

This book will be a valuable source of information for engineers and students developing novel applied techniques to monitor and clean pollutants in air, wastewater, soils and sediments.

"

This book is intended both to be an introduction to techniques and applications of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and to serve as a reference for future workers. When we undertook its writing, we chose not to cover the field, particularly applications, exhaustively. Rather we wished to produce a book that would be of use to people just beginning to use the technique as well as to more advanced practitioners. In this regard, we have sought to highlight techniques and applications that are of current importance, while not neglecting descriptions of approaches that may be of significance in the future. We hope that we have succeeded in this. At the same time we hope that the bibliography, with indexes classified by author and title, will make this book of value to those who may disagree with our emphasis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. One of us (C. G. E. ) wishes to acknowledge the en couragment of Professor J. A. McCloskey in undertaking this project. All four of us are grateful for the continuous and expert assistance of V. A. Edmonds in the preparation of the Bibliography. Alfred L. Y ergey Bethesda, Maryland Charles G. Edmonds Richland, Washington lvor A. S. Lewis London, England Marvin L. Vestal Houston, Texas v Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Direct Liquid Introduction Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . 2. 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. 2. Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. 3. Specific DLI Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. 3. 1. Capillary Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. 3. 2. Diaphragm Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2. 3. 3. Nebulizing Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

The research reported in the third volume of Analytical Calorimetry covers a wide variety of topics. The variety indicates the sophistication which thermal analysis is reaching and addition ally the ever widening applications that are being developed, Advances in instrumentation include: microcalorimeter design, development and refinement of titration calorimetry, definition of further theory of scanning calorimetry, studies of the temperature of resolution of thermistors, and a refinement of the effluent gas analysis technique and its application to agricultural chemicals as well as organic materials. A wide variety of applications is reported. These cover the fields of polymeric materials, dental materials, inorganic proteins, biochemical materials, gels, mixed crystals, and other specialized areas. Contributions also include applications of important related techniques such as thermomechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. The contributions to this Volume represent papers presented before the Division of Analytical Chemistry at the Third Symposium on Analytical Chemistry held at the 167th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, March 30 - April 5, 1974.

This book has its or1g1n in a NATO Summer School organized from June 25 to July 7 1979, in Menton, France. The purpose of this School was a comparative study of the various aspects of vibra tional spectroscopy in molecular liquids and solids. This field has been rapidly expanding in the last decade; unfortunately, its development took place independently for liquids and for solids. In these circumstances, the comparison of the basic concepts and techniques used in these two branches of physics appeared as a necessity. The lectures given at the Menton Advanced Study Institute, as well as the exceptionally fruitful and lively discussions which followed them confirmed this point of view. The need of putting together these lectures, in the form of a monograph, clearly appeared during the ASI and the lecturers accepted to write down the material they presented at the Institute, improved thanks to the remarks of the participants. It is the result of this collective work which appears in the familiar Plenum Series."

Fluorescence spectroscopy and its applications to the physical and life sciences have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The increased interest in fluorescence appears to be due to advances in time resolution, methods of data analysis and improved instrumentation. With these advances, it is now practical to perform time-resolved measurements with enough resolution to compare the results with the structural and dynamic features of mac- molecules, to probe the structures of proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, and to acquire two-dimensional microscopic images of chemical or protein distributions in cell cultures. Advances in laser and detector technology have also resulted in renewed interest in fluorescence for clinical and analytical chemistry. Because of these numerous developments and the rapid appearance of new methods, it has become difficult to remain current on the science of fluorescence and its many applications. Consequently, I have asked the experts in particular areas of fluorescence to summarize their knowledge and the current state of the art. This has resulted in the initial three volumes of Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, which is intended to be an ongoing series which summarizes, in one location, the vast literature on fluorescence spectroscopy. These first three volumes are designed to serve as an advanced text. These volumes describe the more recent techniques and technologies (Volume 1), the principles governing fluorescence and the experimental observables (Volume 2), and applications in biochemistry and biophysics (Volume 3).

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is widely used as a research tool in bioch- istry and biophysics. These uses of fluorescence have resulted in extensive knowledge of the structure and dynamics of biological macromolecules. This information has been gained by studies of phenomena that affect the excited state, such as the local environment, quenching processes, and energy transfer. Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Volume 4: Probe Design and Chemical Sensing reflects a new trend, which is the use of time-resolved fluorescence in analytical and clinical chemistry. These emerging applications of time-resolved fluorescence are the result of continued advances in laser detector and computer technology. For instance, pho- multiplier tubes (PMT) were previously bulky devices. Miniature PMTs are now available, and the performance of simpler detectors is continually improving. There is also considerable effort to develop fluorophores that can be excited with the red/ne- infrared (NIR) output of laser diodes. Using such probes, one can readily imagine small time-resolved fluorometers, even hand-held devices, being used fordoctor's office or home health care.

The chemical composition of the Universe has evolved over billions of years. A host of astrophysical processes and observations must be understood in order to explain why celestial objects have the chemical compositions observed. Originally published in 2004, this book contains the lectures delivered at the XIII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics, which was dedicated to reviewing current knowledge about the origin and evolution of the chemical elements in the Universe. Written by seven prestigious astrophysics researchers, it covers cosmological and stellar nucleosynthesis, abundance determinations in stars and ionised nebulae, chemical composition of nearby and distant galaxies, and models of chemical evolution of galaxies and intracluster medium. This is a timely review of developments in cosmochemistry over the last decade.

Thermal analysis cuts a broad swath through contemporary science. Within this domain, advances in instrumentation permit the application of quantitative calorimetry to the full spectrum of modern materials. This can be illustrated perhaps no better than by the set of contributions which make up this Volume II of Analytical Calorimetry. Comprehensive studies are included on an array of polymers, copolymers, and polyblends. Calorimetry is also reported on biopolymers, gels, liquid crystals, alloys, and on a variety of inorganic compounds and materials including moon rocks. Applica- tions of calorimetric techniques to chemical reaction are also detailed. These include t~e study of decompositions, catalytic reductions, kinetics of dissolution, and the measurement of poly- merization heats as well as the curing of thermosetting resins. The techniques employed are principally differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Several contribu- tors have also illustrated the application of important and related techniques such as thermogravimetry, thermal depolarization analysis, and thermetric titrations. The contributions to this volume represent papers presented before the American Chemical Society Symposium held in Chicago, September 14 and 15, 1970. This symposium 0n Analytical Calori- metry was sponsored by the Division of Analytical Chemistry.