Vibrational Spectroscopy for Plant Varieties and Cultivars Characterization, Volume 80, provides an overview on the application of vibrational spectroscopy to characterize plant cultivars and varieties. It covers a variety of aspects, including the potential of this technique for taxonomic purposes (species and cultivars/varieties identification), how to discriminate plants according to their ages and geographic regions, how to depict soil properties through plant characteristics, etc. Currently, most of these studies are performed through somewhat laborious techniques. This book presents reliable alternatives to such techniques, while also systematizing information concerning the application of vibration spectroscopy in this context.

An increasing number of technologies are being used to detect minute quantities of biomolecules and cells. However, it can be difficult to determine which technologies show the most promise for high-sensitivity and low-limit detection in different applications. Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit details proven approaches for the detection of single cells and even single molecules-approaches employed by the world's foremost microfluidics and nanotechnology laboratories. While similar books concentrate only on microfluidics or nanotechnology, this book focuses on the combination of soft materials (elastomers and other polymers) with hard materials (semiconductors, metals, and glass) to form integrated detection systems for biological and chemical targets. It explores physical and chemical-as well as contact and noncontact-detection methods, using case studies to demonstrate system capabilities. Presenting a snapshot of the current state of the art, the text: Explains the theory behind different detection techniques, from mechanical resonators for detecting cell density to fiber-optic methods for detecting DNA hybridization, and beyond Examines microfluidic advances, including droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics for manipulating droplets on the microscale, and more Highlights an array of technologies to allow for a comparison of the fundamental advantages and challenges of each, as well as an appreciation of the power of leveraging scalability and integration to achieve sensitivity at low cost Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit not only serves as a quick reference for the latest achievements in biochemical detection at the single-cell and single-molecule levels, but also provides researchers with inspiration for further innovation and expansion of the field.

Presents the methods used for characterization of polymers. In addition to theory and basic principles, the instrumentation and apparatus necessary for methods used to study the kinetic and thermodynamic interactions of a polymer with its environment are covered in detail. Some of the methods examined include polymer separations and characterization by size exclusion and high performance chromatography, inverse gas chromatography, osmometry, viscometry, ultracentrifugation, light scattering and spectroscopy.

In this thesis, the author outlines the discovery of an effect common to representative examples of all Li salt-free Wittig Reactions. The implications of such a universally applicable effect are that all such Wittig reactions occur through the same mechanism. Although the Wittig reaction was first discovered in 1953, its reaction mechanism has never been definitively settled with many different variants proposed and disproved. The work in this thesis shows conclusively that for [2+2] cycloadditions all Wittig reactions occur by the same irreversible mechanism. In addition, the author also describes a new chromatography-free method for the removal of phosphine oxide from the alkene crude product of the Wittig reaction. The work in this thesis has led to several publications in high-profile journals.

Climate Change and Mycotoxins highlights the importance of the continuous study of climate change impacts on mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins in food and feed crops. Changing climate conditions across every geographical zone greatly affect rainfall, temperature and concentration of greenhouse gases leading to loss in yield and quality of food crops. In outstanding contributions, the authors compile current evidence on the influence of climate change on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in food crops pre- and postharvest and during storage of food and animal feed. The chemistry and biology of toxin production is revised and an outlook on control and prevention of the toxin's impact on food and animal feed is given. The editors recommend this book to mycologists, mycotoxicologists, pathologists, epidemiologists, toxicologists, physicians, veterinarians, nutritionists, the food and feed industries, legislators, analytical chemists, microbiologists, or students of these fields. * Unique compilation on the impact of climate change on mycotoxins based on observed trends over the last 10 years. * Special focus on the implications for food and feed safety. * Latest advances on prediction and prevention of mycotoxin threats to human and animal health. About the Editors Luis M. Botana Is a full Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Santiago, from 2004-2012 director of the Department of Pharmacology and former Fogarty Fellow at the School of Medicine of the Johns Hopkins University. He has been director of the European Reference Laboratory for Marine Toxins from 2004 to 2009. He is author of 25 international patents, over 300 scientific papers and editor of 10 international books. Maria J. Sainz Is an associate Professor of Agriculture and Forage Production and Conservation at the University of Santiago de Compostela. She has been a visiting scientist at the Rothamsted Experimental Station and for ten years head of the department of Plant Production. Her research interests focus on fungal pathogen detection and diagnostics, mycorrhizal fungi in crop protection and production, and mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins on forage crops and animal feed.

Over the past several decades, the theme of supramolecular chemistry (SC) has permeated nearly all aspects of chemical endeavor. Not surprisingly, it has also pervaded the field of solvent extraction (SX), inspiring the framework for this volume of Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction. In addition, tools for studying aggregation have grown increasingly sophisticated, leading to a greater understanding of what we now recognize as SC phenomena in SX. Volume 21, Supramolecular Aspects of Solvent Extraction identifies how supramolecular behavior occurs and is studied in the context of SX and how SC is influencing the direction of SX.
With contributions by internationally recognized specialists from different fields, this volume examines how principles of SC are being used in advancing the design of new highly selective SX systems and for understanding aggregation phenomena in SX systems. The book begins with a discussion of the nature and definition of SC and its general use in the design of novel SX reagents. Chapter 2 expands the subject of ion-pair recognition to introduce outer-sphere recognition of metal complexes.
Chapter 3 reviews the literature on calixarenes as extraction reagents for metal ions. Chapter 4 extends the utility of this chemistry, describing the use of calixarenes for the extraction of biomolecules. Chapter 5 examines the liquid liquid interface as an expression of supramolecular phenomena in SX, reviewing interfacial aggregation in model two-phase systems and metal extraction systems. The final chapter explores the problem of aggregation in SX, the historical attempts to understand it, and recent progress that has been made in addressing the issue.

This book aims to present the different aspects of electrospinning for designing and fabricating high performing materials for sensors applied in gaseous and liquid environments. Since electrospinning is a versatile and inexpensive manufacturing technology, the book emphasizes the industrial applications perspective. The volume is an edited collection of the most recent and encouraging results concerning advanced nanostructured (bio) sensors. The feats achieved by these sensors range from high sensitivity to extreme operating conditions and satisfy a wide range of requirements. Most of the contributions in this book come from First International Workshop on Electrospinning for High Performance Sensing (EHPS2014) that was held in Rome in 2014, as part of the European COST Action MP1206 Electrospun Nanofibres for bio inspired composite materials and innovative industrial applications.

Natural organic matter (NOM) generally significantly influences water treatment processes such as coagulation, oxidation, adsorption, and membrane filtration. In addition to aesthetic problems such as colour, taste and odour, NOM also contributes to the fouling of filtration membranes, serves as a precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health concern during disinfection/oxidation processes, increases the exhaustion and usage rate of activated carbon and may promote microbial growth in water distribution networks. The efficiency of drinking water treatment is affected by both the amount and composition of NOM. Proper NOM characterization enables the targeting of the problematic NOM fractions for removal and transformation. However, the characterization methods used are often laborious, time consuming and may involve extensive sample pre-treatment. High performance size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence excitation-emission matrices were used to characterize NOM relatively quickly and with minimal sample preparation. These and other tools were used to improve our understanding of NOM character and behaviour during drinking water treatment. The study demonstrates the potential of multiple NOM characterization tools for the selection, operation and monitoring of water treatment processes.

Miniaturization is a challenge thrown down to analytical chemistry. The replacement of conventional analytical systems by miniaturized alternatives during the last years is noticeable. Specifically, the miniaturization of traditional sample preparation techniques (e.g., solid-phase extraction or solvent extraction) led to the development of environmentally benign analytical methods. This book aims to provide an overview of the challenges and achievements inthe application of the miniaturized sample preparation methods in analytical laboratories. It includes both theoretical and practical aspects of miniaturized sample preparation approaches and hence should be of interest to researchers, students and teachers of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, environmental sciences and environmental engineering.

This book compiles the latest research on food-derived opioid peptides, particularly those derived from milk. It describes in detail the structure, classification and, more importantly, physiological functions of these peptides. Presenting an interesting overview of the opioid receptors and receptor ligands, it examines the absorption, transport and degradation of these opioid peptides. Further, it highlights the production of -casomorphins from only one variant of -casein and its biological activities, and explores the generation of b-lactorphin from bovine b-lactalbumin and b-lactorphin. The book also includes a section on the use of advanced biochemical and pharmacological techniques to analyze opioid peptides, discussing the extraction of protein from food sources, protein purification followed by SGID, filtration of peptides and analysis using analytical HPLC. Lastly, it offers insights into the significance of these peptides in the pharmaceutical industry and their potential role as therapeutic agents.This timely book is useful for researchers and students in the field of food sciences, dairy science, agriculture and pharmacology. It is also of interest to industry experts.

Breathborne biomarkers carry information on the state of human health, and their role in aiding clinical diagnosis or in therapeutic monitoring has become increasingly important as advances in the field are made. Breathborne Biomarkers and the Human Volatilome, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive update and reworking of the 2013 book Volatile Biomarkers, by Anton Amann and David Smith. The new editing team has expanded this edition beyond volatile organic compounds to cover the broad field of breath analysis, including the many exciting developments that have occurred since the first edition was published. This thoroughly revised volume includes the latest discoveries and applications in breath research from the world's foremost scientists, and offers insights into related future developments. It is an ideal resource for researchers, scientists, and clinicians with an interest in breath analysis.

concentrates on teaching techniques using as much theory as needed.application of the techniques to many problems of materials characterization.

Mossbauer spectroscopy is a profound analytical method which has nevertheless continued to develop. The authors now present a state-of-the art book which consists of two parts. The first part details the fundamentals of Mossbauer spectroscopy and is based on a book published in 1978 in the Springer series 'Inorganic Chemistry Concepts' by P. Gutlich, R. Link and A.X. Trautwein.

The second part covers useful practical aspects of measurements, and the application of the techniques to many problems of materials characterization. The update includes the use of synchroton radiation and many instructive and illustrative examples in fields such as solid state chemistry, biology and physics, materials and the geosciences, as well as industrial applications. Special chapters on magnetic relaxation phenomena (S. Morup) and computation of hyperfine interaction parameters (F. Neese) are also included.

The book concentrates on teaching the technique using theory as much as needed and as little as possible. The reader will learn the fundamentals of the technique and how to apply it to many problems of materials characterization. Transition metal chemistry, studied on the basis of the most widely used Mossbauer isotopes, will be in the foreground.

In the past, the analysis of materials containing several elements presented unique problems for analytical chemists, so a sequence of wet chemical qualitative tests were performed to ensure each element in a sample was detected. Quantitative tests could then be performed with confidence. Modern analytical chemists can call on a range of specialist instrumental techniques which can detect the presence of all elements, often all at once, and often quantitatively. The drawback is that the instruments tend to be expensive, suited to particular sample types or matrices and complex in both setting up and in the interpretation of results. Furthermore the general analytical chemist may have access and familiarity with only one or two methods. The purpose of this book is to familiarize analytical chemists with all the multi-element analysis techniques, to enable them to specify the most appropriate test for any given sample. This book should be of interest to professional analytical chemists, geochemists, biologists and environmental scientists.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. This collection presents a broad selection of recent research on analytical chemistry, including methods of determination and analysis as applied to plants, pharmaceuticals, foods, proteins, and more. Analytical chemistry is the study of what chemicals are present and in what amount in natural and artificial materials. Because these understandings are fundamental in just about every chemical inquiry, analytical chemistry is used to obtain information, ensure safety, and solve problems in many different chemical areas, and is essential in both theoretical and applied chemistry. Analytical chemistry is driven by new and improved instrumentation.

Although initially described as major regulators of cytoskeletal remodeling, Rho GTPases have been implicated in the establishment of polarity, endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, transcriptional activation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, to mention a few. In addition, Rho GTPases have acquired medical relevance because of their participation in tumorigenesis and metastasis, in cardiovascular conditions, and as targets of infectious agents. The field has broadened even more with the contribution of studies in model organisms (plants, amoebas, fungi, invertebrates), each adding a particular view to the complexity of the family and vastly enriching our perception of these important signaling components. Divided into five convenient sections, Rho GTPase: Methods and Protocols provides an historical overview of the field and an account of the phylogenetics of the Rho family, general biochemical methods, and functional assays that allow monitoring the consequences of manipulating Rho GTPases in a variety of contexts. Additionally, the volume devotes a section to advanced imaging methods and to recently developed high throughput methods, closing with techniques specifically designed for studies in selected non-mammalian model organisms. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Rho GTPase: Methods and Protocols provides techniques that are standard for researchers in the field but also includes protocols for those who, being already familiar with some of the techniques, wish to explore additional aspects.

Oligonucleotides represent one of the most significant pharmaceutical breakthroughs in recent years, showing great promise as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for malignant tumors, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, viral infections, and many other degenerative disorders. The Handbook of Analysis of Oligonucleotides and Related Products is an essential reference manual on the practical application of modern and emerging analytical techniques for the analysis of this unique class of compounds. A strong collaboration among thirty leading analytical scientists from around the world, the book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the most commonly used analytical techniques and their advantages and limitations in assuring the identity, purity, quality, and strength of an oligonucleotide intended for therapeutic use. Topics discussed include: Strategies for enzymatic or chemical degradation of chemically modified oligonucleotides toward mass spectrometric sequencing Purity analysis by chromatographic or electrophoretic methods, including RP-HPLC, AX-HPLC, HILIC, SEC, and CGE Characterization of sequence-related impurities in oligonucleotides by mass spectrometry and chromatography Structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods (IR, NMR, MS) as well as base composition and thermal melt analysis (Tm) Approaches for the accurate determination of molar extinction coefficient of oligonucleotides Accurate determination of assay values Assessment of the overall quality of oligonucleotides, including microbial analysis and determination of residual solvents and heavy metals Strategies for determining the chemical stability of oligonucleotides The use of hybridization techniques for supporting pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies in preclinical and clinical development Guidance for the presentation of relevant analytical information towards meeting current regulatory expectations for oligonucleotide therapeutics This resource provides a practical guide for applying state-of-the-art analytical techniques in research, development, and manufacturing settings.

This 8-volume set provides a systematic description on 8,350 active marine natural products from 3,025 various kinds of marine organisms. The diversity of structures, biological resources and pharmacological activities are discussed in detail. Molecular structural classification system with 264 structural types are developed as well. The 7th volume mainly illustrates the molecular formula and structures of O-heterocycles and aromatics.

Chemical analysis requires solvents, reagents and energy and generates waste. The main goal of green analytical chemistry is to avoid or reduce the undesirable environmental side effects of chemical analysis, while preserving the classic analytical parameters of accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and precision. This book portrays the current and changing situation concerning adoption of the principles of green chemistry as applied to analysis. It begins by looking at the advantages of and problems associated with on-site analysis and how analytical techniques can lead to increased productivity, efficiency and accuracy, and thereby reduce the consumption of materials. It then focuses on sample preparation techniques minimising solvent consumption or using alternative solvents, concepts and methods of improving the 'greenness' of instrumental analysis where miniaturization is an important part, separation methods from the perspective of green analytical chemistry and chemometrics approaches, which can reduce or can even remove the need for conventional steps in chemical analysis. Aimed at graduates and novices just entering the field, managers of analytical research laboratories, teachers of analytical chemistry and green public policy makers, this title will be a useful addition to any analytical scientist's library.

Paper Based Sensors, Volume 89, the latest release in this comprehensive series that gathers the most important issues relating to the design and application of these cost-effective devices used in many industries, including health and environment diagnostics, safety and security, chemistry, optics, electrochemistry, nanoscience and nanotechnologies, presents the latest updates in the field. Chapters in this new release include Exploring paper as a substrate for electrochemical micro-devices, Paper-based sensors for application in biological compound detection, Printed paper-based (bio)sensors: design, fabrication and applications, Paper-based electrochemical sensing devices, Multifarious aspects of electrochemical paper-based (bio)sensors, Paper Based Biosensors for Clinical and Biomedical Applications, and more.

This book focuses on high-throughput analyses for food safety. Because of the contributors domestic and international expertise from industry and government the book appeals to a wider audience. It includes the latest development in rapid screening, with a particular emphasis on the growing use and applicability of a variety of stand-alone mass spectrometry methods as well as using mass spectrometry in hyphenated techniques such as gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Readers will be educated to the field of food safety and rapid testing in the most commonly used techniques.

Divided into three parts (Basics of High Throughput Analyses, Mass Spectrometry in High Throughput Analyses, and International Food Safety Testing) this book covers many important aspects of high-throughput analyses for food safety.

Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification, Second Edition, Volume Eight, provides an updated on the analytical techniques used in drug synthesis and purification. Unlike other books on either separation science or drug synthesis, this volume combines the two to explain the basic principles and comparisons of each separation technique. New sections to this volume include enantiomer separation using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electro- chromatography, the computer simulation of chromatographic separation for accelerating method development, the application of chromatography and capillary electrophoresis used as surrogates for biological processes, and new developments in the established techniques of chromatography and preparative methods.

Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications, Second Edition, reviews the latest technologies and challenges in all stages of food analysis, from selecting the right approach, how to perform analytic procedures, and how to measure and report the results. The book is structured in two parts: the first describes the role of the latest developments in analytical and bio-analytical techniques, with the second reviewing innovative applications and issues in food analysis. The techniques discussed range from the non-invasive and non-destructive, such as infrared spectroscopy and ultrasound, to newly emerging areas, such as nanotechnology, biosensors and electronic noses and tongues. This thoroughly updated edition includes new chapters on ambient mass spectrometry, imaging techniques, omics approaches in food analysis, natural toxins analysis, food contact materials, nanomaterials and organic foods. All chapters are updated or rewritten to bring the content completely up-to-date.

1 Kombinatorische Synthese.- 1.1 Einfuhrung.- 1.2 Der Prozess der Wirkstofffindung.- 1.3 Was ist kombinatorische Synthese?.- Literatur.- 2 Bibliothekssynthese an Harzkoernern.- 2.1 Festphasenchemie.- 2.2 Harzkoerner.- 2.2.1 Quervernetztes Polystyren.- 2.2.2 Polyamidharze.- 2.2.3 Poroeses Glaskorn.- 2.2.4 TentaGel-Harz.- 2.2.5 Magnetische Beads.- 2.3 Beschleunigung der Peptidsynthese.- 2.4 Split & Mix-Bibliothekssynthese.- 2.5 Peptidbibliotheken.- 2.6 Positional Scanning.- 2.7 Orthogonale kombinatorische Bibliotheken.- 2.8 Bibliotheksnomenklatur.- 2.9 Schlussbemerkung.- Literatur.- 3 Andere Festphasen.- 3.1 Bibliotheken an Multipins.- 3.2 Bibliotheken an Winks.- 3.3 Bibliotheken an laminaren Festphasen.- 3.3.1 Lichtgesteuerte Parallelsynthese.- 3.3.2 Papier.- 3.3.3 Laminare Polymere.- Literatur.- 4 Bibliothekssynthese in Loesungsphase.- 4.1 Einleitung.- 4.2 Parallelsynthese in Loesung.- 4.3 Indizierte kombinatorische Bibliotheken.- 4.4 Templat-basierte Bibliotheken.- 4.5 Kombinatorische Synthese in Flussigphase.- 4.6 Kombinatorische Chemie an Dendrimertragern.- 4.7 Bibliotheken in Loesungsphase mit Flussig-flussig-Reinigung.- 4.8 Chemie in fluorierter Loesung.- 4.9 Chemie in Loesung mit Festphasenreagenzien.- 4.10 Chemie in Loesung mit Harzabfangreaktion.- 4.11 Chemie in Loesung mit polymeren Reagenzien.- 4.12 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 5 Codierte kombinatorische Synthese.- 5.1 Einleitung.- 5.2 Voraussetzungen fur die Codierung.- 5.3 Beispiele markierter Bibliotheken.- 5.3.1 Oligonucleotid-Tags.- 5.3.2 Peptid-Tags.- 5.3.3 Halogenaromatische Tags.- 5.3.4 Sekundare Amine-Tags.- 5.3.5 Isotopencodierung.- 5.4 Hochfrequenz-Tags.- 5.5 Laseroptische Codierung.- 5.6 Fluorophor-Codierung.- 5.7 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 6 Jenseits von Peptidbibliotheken.- 6.1 Die Entwicklung von Nicht-Peptidbibliotheken.- 6.2 Oligonucleotidbibliotheken.- 6.3 Oligosaccharide.- 6.4 Andere Oligomere.- 6.4.1 Unnaturliche Peptide.- 6.4.2 Bibliotheken aus Bibliotheken.- 6.4.3 Oligocarbamate.- 6.4.4 Oligoharnstoffe.- 6.4.5 Peptidosulfonamide.- 6.4.6 Azatide.- 6.4.7 Polyisoxazoline.- 6.4.8 Peptidylphosphonate.- 6.5 Chiron-Peptoide.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 7 Bibliothekssynthesen an Festphasen.- 7.1 Linker.- 7.1.1 Carbonsaure-Linker.- 7.1.2 Carbonsaureamid-Linker.- 7.1.3 Alkohol-Linker.- 7.1.4 Amin-Linker.- 7.1.5 Spurlose Linker.- 7.1.6 Lichtspaltbare Linker.- 7.2 Die Entwicklung der Festphasenchemie.- 7.3 Ausgewahlte Beispiele der Festphasenchemie.- 7.3.1 Palladium-katalysierte Kopplungen.- 7.3.2 Mitsunobu-Kopplungen.- 7.3.3 Heterocyclische Synthese.- 7.3.4 Cycloadditionen.- 7.3.5 Enolat-Alkylierungen.- 7.3.6 Die Ugi-Reaktion.- 7.4 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 8 Analyse der Chemie und der Produkte.- 8.1 Analyse des Erfolgs einer Synthese.- 8.2 IR-Analyse des Beads.- 8.3 Festphasen-NMR.- 8.3.1 Kohlenstoff- 13-NMR.- 8.3.2 Fluor-19-NMR.- 8.3.3 Phosphor-31-NMR.- 8.3.4 Magic-Angle-Spinning-NMR.- 8.4 Massenspektrometrie.- 8.4.1 Die Analyse der Festphasen-Chemie.- 8.4.2 Die Identifizierung aktiver Bibliothekskomponenten.- Literatur.- 9 Anwendungen der kombinatorischen Chemie.- 9.1 Einfluss der kombinatorischen Chemie auf die Wirkstoff findung.- 9.2 Virtuelle Bibliotheken und kombinatorische Chemie.- 9.3 Kombinatorische Chemie: eine Schlussbetrachtung.- Literatur.- Ausgewahlte Fachwoerter Englisch-Deutsch.

Forensic Microbiology focuses on newly emerging areas of microbiology relevant to medicolegal and criminal investigations: postmortem changes, establishing cause of death, estimating postmortem interval, and trace evidence analysis. Recent developments in sequencing technology allow researchers, and potentially practitioners, to examine microbial communities at unprecedented resolution and in multidisciplinary contexts. This detailed study of microbes facilitates the development of new forensic tools that use the structure and function of microbial communities as physical evidence. Chapters cover: Experiment design Data analysis Sample preservation The influence of microbes on results from autopsy, toxicology, and histology Decomposition ecology Trace evidence This diverse, rapidly evolving field of study has the potential to provide high quality microbial evidence which can be replicated across laboratories, providing spatial and temporal evidence which could be crucial in a broad range of investigative contexts. This book is intended as a resource for students, microbiologists, investigators, pathologists, and other forensic science professionals.

Uses mathematical and statistical techniques to extract trends from chemical analysis. Introduces scientists to powerful new tools that will allow them to obtain massive amounts of data from computer-controlled instrumentation and then extract the information they need. Chapter sequence leads the reader through a sample analysis to resolution and pattern recognition. First introductory text on the relatively new field.