This is the fourth volume in the Reviews in Fluorescence series. To date, three volumes have been both published and well received by the scienti c community. Several book reviews in the last few years have also favorably remarked on the series. In this fourth volume we continue the tradition of publishing leading edge and timely articles from authors around the world. We thank the authors for their timely and exciting contributions. We hope you nd this volume as useful as past volumes, which promises to be just as diverse with regard to uorescence-based content. Finally, in closing, I would like to thank to Aaron Johnson, formerly at Springer, for helping me to publish this book serial over the last four volumes. Thanks also go to Michael Weston at Springer for help in publishing this current volume. Baltimore, Maryland Chris D. Geddes v Contents Simple Calibration and Validation Standards for Fluorometry ...1 Ute Resch-Genger, Katrin Hoffmann, and Dietmar Pfeifer Membranes and Fluorescence Microscopy...33 Luis A. Bagatolli Electronic Energy Transport and Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Structural Insights into Proteins, Regular Protein Aggregates and Lipid Systems ...53 ? ? Therese Mikaelsson, Radek Sachl, and Lennart B. -A. Johansson Spectra FRET: A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Method in Live Cells...87 Ekaterina A. Bykova and Jie Zheng Boronic Acid Based Modular Fluorescent Saccharide Sensors...103 John S. Fossey and Tony D. James Fluorescence Solvent Relaxation in Cationic Membranes ...

This book outlines, with the help of several specific examples, the important role played by absorption spectroscopy in the investigation of deep-level centers introduced in semiconductors and insulators like diamond, silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide by high-energy irradiation, residual impurities, and defects produced during crystal growth. It also describes the crucial role played by vibrational spectroscopy to determine the atomic structure and symmetry of complexes associated with light impurities like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, and as a tool for quantitative analysis of these elements in the materials.

Analytical Methods for Polymer Characterization presents a collection of methods for polymer analysis. Topics include chromatographic methods (gas chromatography, inverse gas chromatography, and pyrolysis gas chromatography), mass spectrometry, spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance), thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), microscopy methods (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy), and x-ray diffraction. The author also discusses mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties.

This book describes in a comprehensive manner latest studies conducted by various research groups worldwide focusing on carbon and related nanomaterials. Fourteen chapters of this book deal with a number of key research topics and applications of pure and functionalized carbon nanomaterials and their hybrid nanocomposites. Specifically, the authors have presented interdisciplinary investigations including: (i) carbon nanoparticles and layers synthesis, (ii) analytical aspects of carbon nanomaterials and their characterisation under different conditions as well as (iii) various applications of carbon nanoparticles. They have reported and summarised key applications of carbon particles or nanoobjects in pharmacy, biomedicine, agriculture and food industry, water treatment, physicochemical analysis, optoelectronics, electronic and magnetic materials for supercapacitors or radar adsorbing materials, tribology, chromatography, electrophoresis, bioanalysis, nanobiocatalysis, biofuels production as well as environmental remediation.

Interdisciplinary knowledge is becoming more and more important to the modern scientist. This invaluable textbook covers bioanalytical chemistry (mainly the analysis of proteins and DNA) and explains everything for the nonbiologist. Electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, biosensors, bioassays, DNA and protein sequencing are not necessarily all included in conventional analytical chemistry textbooks. The book describes the basic principles and the applications of instrumental and molecular methods. It is particularly useful to chemistry and engineering students who already have some basic knowledge about analytical chemistry.

A Practical Guide to Instrumental Analysis covers basic methods of instrumental analysis, including electroanalytical techniques, optical techniques, atomic spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermoanalytical techniques, separation techniques, and flow analytical techniques. Each chapter provides a brief theoretical introduction followed by basic and special application experiments. This book is ideal for readers who need a knowledge of special techniques in order to use instrumental methods to conduct their own analytical tasks.

An Overview of a Rapidly Expanding Area in Chemistry Exploring the future in chemical analysis research, Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis focuses on materials that promise entirely new ways to perform solution chemistry. It provides a broad overview of the applications of ionic liquids in various areas of analytical chemistry, including separation science, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and sensors. With Contributions from a Team of Internationally Recognized Experts After reviewing the properties and structure of ionic liquids, leading specialists explore the role of these materials in optical, electrochemical, and biochemical sensor technology. The book then examines ionic liquids in gas, liquid, and countercurrent chromatography, along with their use as electrolyte additives in capillary electrophoresis. It also discusses gas solubilities and measurement techniques, liquid-liquid extraction, and the separation of metal ions. The final chapters cover molecular, Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopies. Encourages Readers to Discover New Ideas and Breakthroughs in the Field By showing how ionic liquids can improve measurement and reduce the amount of environmental waste, this volume confirms the staying power of these materials in the years to come.

Since the first edition of this book appeared, computers have come to the aid of modern experimenters and data analysts, bringing with them data analysis techniques that were once beyond the calculational reach of even professional statisticians. Today, scientists in every field have access to the techniques and technology they need to analyze statistical data. All they need is practical guidance on how to use them. Valuable to everyone who produces, uses, or evaluates scientific data, Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis, Second Edition provides straightforward discussion of basic statistical techniques and computer analysis. The purpose, structure, and general principles of the book remain the same as the first edition, but the treatment now includes updates in every chapter, additional topics, and most importantly, an introduction to use of the MINITAB Statistical Software. The presentation of each technique includes motivation and discussion of the statistical analysis, a hand-calculated example, the same example calculated using MINITAB, and discussion of the MINITAB output and conclusions. Highlights of the Second Edition: "Detailed discussion and use of MINITAB in examples complete with code and output "A new chapter addressing proportions, time to event data, and time series data in the metrology setting "Additional material on hypothesis testing "Discussion of critical values "A look at mistakes commonly made in data analysis

There is a growing need for environmental measurement personnel who possess a solid understanding of the techniques of air pollutant sampling. This essential book explains the fundamentals of air sampling, develops the theory of gas measurement, and presents several "how-to" examples of calibration and use of air and gas sampling devices. Other topics covered range from the basics of pressure measurement and units conversion to specific discussions regarding the use of a Volatile Organic Sampling Train or a SUMMA-polished canister sampling system.

Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry focuses on a relatively new approach to chemical analysis in general, and to separation science in particular. It is the first book to systemically cover the theoretical background, techniques, instrumentation, and practical applications of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry as a hyphenated tool of analytical chemistry. It also examines the high and as-yet unexploited potential of planar chromatography-mass spectrometry for analytical use in scientific investigations. This book overviews the combination of planar chromatography, a relatively simple and cost-effective separation step for determining complex mixtures of compounds, with mass spectrometry, an efficient, highly instrumental, and relatively expensive technique that enables rapid identification of separated chemical species. It covers electrophoretic-mass spectrometry methods and applications, which are considered planar chromatographic techniques and are increasingly being exploited in proteomic and molecular biology studies as well as for medical diagnostic purposes. It also provides a selection of applications, such as drug control and forensic and food analysis, including more difficult substances such as carbohydrates and lipids. The book advocates growth in using planar chromatography-mass spectrometry in laboratories that have appropriate equipment but have not yet employed the techniques in combination. It also describes the use of a relatively inexpensive commercial system that can be adopted by laboratories currently working without the coupled methodology. Aiming to improve power and efficiency when other analytical methods are inadequate, Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry encourages separation science practitioners in academia and industry to combine the two methods for enhanced results.

Statistical methods are essential tools for analysts, particularly those working in Quality Control Laboratories. This book provides a sound introduction to their use in analytical chemistry, without requiring a strong mathematical background. It emphasises simple graphical methods of data analysis, such as control charts, which are a key tool in Internal Laboratory Quality Control and which are also a fundamental requirement in laboratory accreditation. A large part of the book is concerned with the design and analysis of laboratory experiments, including sample size determination. Practical case studies and many real datasets, from both QC laboratories and the research literature, are used to illustrate the ideas in action. The aim of Statistics for the Quality Control Chemistry Laboratory is to give the reader a strong grasp of the concept of statistical variation in laboratory data and of the value of simple statistical ideas and methods in thinking about and manipulating such data. It will be invaluable to analysts working in QC laboratories in industry, hospitals and public health, and will also be welcomed as a textbook for aspiring analysts in colleges and universities.

For more than three decades the "Electroanalytical Chemistry "series has delivered the most in-depth and critical research related to issues in electrochemistry. Volume 22 continues this gold-standard with practical reviews of recent applications, as well as innovative contributions from internationally respected specialists-highlighting the emergence of new technologies and trends in the field. Previous volumes in the series were "highly recommended" by the" Journal of the American Chemical Society "and considered "essential" by the "Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, "and this volume continues with a collection of state-of-the-art advances and studies of the highest caliber.

Chiral Derivatizing Agents, Macrocycles, Metal Complexes and Liquid Crystals for Enantiomer Differentiation in NMR Spectroscopy: Thomas J. Wenzel. Chiral NMR Solvating Additives for Differentiation of Enantiomers: Gloria Uccello-Barretta and Federica Balzano. Chiral Sensor Devices for Differentiation of Enantiomers: Kyriaki Manoli, Maria Magliulo and Luisa Torsi. Enantiopure supramolecular cages: synthesis and chiral recognition properties: Thierry Brotin, Laure Guy, Alexandre Martinez, Jean-Pierre Dutasta. Interconversion of Stereochemically Labile Enantiomers (Enantiomerization) : Oliver Trapp. Anisotropy Spectra for Enantiomeric Differentiation of Biomolecular Building Blocks: A.C. Evans, C. Meinert, J.H. Bredehoeft, C. Giri, N.C. Jones, S.V. Hoffmann, U.J. Meierhenrich. Self-disproportionation of Enantiomers of Enantiomerically Enriched Compounds: Alexander E. Sorochinsky and Vadim A. Soloshonok.

Environmental Radiochemical Analysis II brings together comprehensive, up-to-date information from international experts in the field. Coverage includes information on new methods of radionuclide analyses, developments and improvements in existing methods, method comparisons, gamma detector performance and new software products, method uncertainty, underground laboratory facilities, method QA and QC, field studies covering colloid work, in-situ injection into rock strata and sampling of reduced waters for actinide assay. This stimulating, authoritative text makes essential reading for practising radioanalysts and provides valuable information for researchers and professionals in academia and industry.

Polyphenols make a vital contribution to the colour, tanning, taste and astringency of so many of society's favourites - from the unique taste of the British cup of tea to a glass of red wine. Found widely in many foods of plant origin, polyphenols are also becoming increasingly recognised as antioxidants in the body, with action on long-term health and reduction in the risk of chronic disease. Due to the importance of polyphenols, it is vital to conduct accurate and sensitive analysis. Providing detailed state-of-the-art research, presented in a practical and effective way, Methods in Polyphenol Analysis looks at the latest techniques in this developing field and includes, among others: New modern techniques, such as LC-MS, LC-NMR and LC-coulometric detection; Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of polyphenol conjugates; and Characterization of oligomeric and polymeric tannins and complex polyphenols. This timely publication is written by highly experienced practitioners in this field and will be invaluable to all academics and industrialists involved in phytochemistry, biochemistry and food science.

Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) offers accessible, up-to-date coverage of every aspect of this tremendously useful separation tool, from how it works and where it works to recent advances in equipment and techniques.

Divided into three main parts, the book begins with a clear explanation of basic SPE concepts—including theory, chemistry, and mechanisms of interaction as well as methods development, troubleshooting, and optimization. The next section presents an in-depth look at SPE applications, with separate chapters devoted to clinical, environmental, and natural product chemistry. Numerous examples drawn from each of these three areas illustrate SPE in action in the real world, successfully bridging the gap between principles and practice.

The final section of the book discusses the latest SPE technology, with detailed coverage of the automation process, solid-phase extraction disks, and innovations such as solid-phase microextraction and small-volume solid-phase extraction. Suggested reading and references are included throughout, providing a useful springboard for further research and study.

Whether you are new to SPE or are looking to keep abreast of the newest developments in SPE methods and uses, Solid-Phase Extraction gives you instant access to the information you need—an essential companion for chemists of all types who use SPE in their work.

Complete coverage of SPE concepts and applications—at your fingertips Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) equips chemists in any field with an incomparable one-stop source of up-to-date information on SPE. With sections devoted to fundamental principles, applications, and new technology, it is both comprehensive and easy to use—the ideal working reference on this important subject.

• Presents a straightforward examination of SPE theory, methods development, chemistry, and mechanisms of interaction
• Provides detailed coverage of SPE applications in clinical, environmental, and natural product chemistry
• Features practical examples illustrating a range of real-world SPE uses
• Prepares chemists to make informed decisions on sorbent selection
• Covers the latest SPE technology, with valuable insights on automation and new sample preparation methods
• Offers suggestions for further reading, Internet resources, and product guides

This publication details the isolation of proteins from biological materials, techniques for solid-liquid separation, concentration, crystallization, chromatography, scale-up, process monitoring, product formulation, and regulatory and commercial considerations in protein production. The authors discuss the release of protein from a biological host, selectivity in affinity chromatography, precipitation of proteins (both non-specific and specific), extraction for rapid protein isolation, adsorption as an initial step for the capture of proteins, scale-up and commercial production of recombinant proteins, and process monitoring in downstream processing.

Fiber sensing technologies have enabled both fundamental studies and a wide spectrum of applications in every aspect of life. This book highlights the recent advancement in fiber sensing technologies based on newly developed sensing mechanisms, advanced fiber structures, and functional materials. In particular, the integration of functional materials with different electrical, optical, thermal, or mechanical properties into a single fiber offers a wealth of new opportunities in sensing. The book covers the major developments in novel fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, soft glasses, and carbon materials, as well as the sensing applications based on both single fiber and multi-dimensional fiber arrays for temperature, light, strain, vibration, electric and magnetic fields, hazardous chemicals, gases, and physiological signals.

Often considered as a simple task, chemical analysis actually requires a variety of quite complex skills. As a practitioner in an interdisciplinary science, the analytical scientist is relied upon to have the knowledge and skill to help solve problems or to provide relevant information. They will need to think laterally, examine the process from sampling to final result carefully, in addition to selecting the appropriate technique in order to satisfy the objective and obtain a reliable result. The aim of this book is to provide basic training in the whole analytical process for students, demonstrating why analysis is necessary and how to take samples, before they attempt to carry out any analysis in the laboratory. Initially, planning of work, and collection and preparation of the sample are discussed in detail. This is followed by a look at issues of quality control and accreditation and the basic equipment (eg. balances, glassware) and techniques that are required. Throughout, safety issues are addressed, and examples and practical exercises are given. Chemical Analysis in the Laboratory: A Basic Guide will prove invaluable for students of chemistry, plant science, food science, biology, agriculture and soil science, providing them with a guide to the skills that will be required in the Analytical Laboratory. Teachers and lecturers will also find the material of assistance in developing the analytical thinking and skills of their students. New employees in analytical laboratories will welcome it as an indispensable guide.

Determination of metals is a major part of the work of environmental testing laboratories. EPA and DEP methodology releases provide information only for selected areas of metals sampling and analysis, and their language makes them unsuitable for teaching and training purposes. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals is a comprehensive and easy-to-read text for laboratory technicians and analytical chemists who need a guide for analyzing metals in environmental samples and a reference for analytical and quality control procedures.

The book provides both theoretical and practical applications in metals analysis of environmental samples and incorporates the latest in analytical techniques, instrumentation, and regulations. Topics include sample collection, preservation, step-by-step analytical procedures, complete QA/QC requirements, data validation, and more. It also provides an overview of the occurrence, source, and fate of metallic substances in the environment, as well as their control by regulations and standards. Furthermore, the authors provide guidelines to help you prepare and understand reports. The analytical methods presented in Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals will be useful to anyone who produces, uses, or evaluates analytical data, and will be a valuable tool in environmental education and training programs.

Mass Spectrometry Basics provides authoritative yet plain-spoken explanations of the basic concepts of this powerful analytical method without elaborate mathematical derivations. The authors describe processes, applications, and the underlying science in a concise manner supported by figures and graphics to further comprehension. The text provides practical approaches to interpreting mass spectral data and step-by-step guides for identifying chemically relevant compounds. Additionally, the authors have included an extensive reference section and a quick guide to each chapter that offers immediate access to key information.

This unique reference makes some of the esoteric aspects of this important area of analysis more readily comprehensible to those who deal with analytical instruments but who have not been trained in mass spectrometry. It also serves as a refresher for practicing mass spectroscopists by clarifying principles to afford a better appreciation and application of this technology.

It is almost 100 years since the Maillard reaction was first described. Despite decades of research since then, the products of the reaction and the mechanistic pathways leading to their formation are only gradually being unravelled. Combining comprehensive information regarding the various methods that can be employed in the analysis of Maillard products with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of those methods, this unique book provides a 'one-stop' text from which methods of analysis may be obtained. It will be useful for both new and experienced researchers who are involved in solving the mysteries and complexities of Maillard chemistry.

Contents:
1. Inverse Detection Applied to the ^T1H and 13C Assignment and to the Regiochemical Characterization of ß-substituted Alpha, Alpha Coupled Oligo- and Polythiophenes L. Schenetti and A. Mucci 2. ^T17O NMR of Enol Ethers ^TM.A.P. Martins, G.M. Sigueira, A.F.C. Flores, H.G. Bonacorso, R.A. Freitag and N. Zanatia 3. Monitoring Interaction of Heterocyclic Drugs with Biological Systems: Combined Approach by Magnetic Relaxation, NOE, and Other Spectroscopic Modalities V.E. Yushmanov 4. Solvent/Water Suppression in NMR W.S. Price 5. Mass Spectrometry in Protein Study Mitsuo Takayama and Akira Tsugita 6. Some Aspects of Mass Spectrometry of Natural ProductsD.A. Ponomarev, V.V. Takhistov and P. Vainiotalo 7. Luminiscence Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Recent Advances in Experiemental Methods and Chemometric Applications Garciela M. Escandar and Alejandro C. Olivieri 8. Asphaltenes: The "Dark Side" of Petroleum M. Nali

High-Resolution Solid-State NMR of Silicates and Zeolites Günter Engelhardt and Dieter Michel "I strongly recommend this book as an important reference for scientists concerned with the structural properties of siliceous materials." —Applied Spectroscopy This well-organized and up-to-date text gives a thorough account of the wide range of applications of multinuclear high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy in silicate and zeolite science, with emphasis on the kinds of chemical information retrievable from NMR experiments. 1988 (0 471-91597-1) 485 pp. The Chemistry of Silica Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry Ralph K. Iler A major component of the earth’s solid surface and the constituent of sand, silica—an ageless natural staple—is also integral to industries as diverse as chemistry, biology, medicine, agriculture, metallurgy, and mining. This landmark reference details the chemistry surrounding the research and development of silica as well as information on its production and production control. 1979 (0 471-02404-X) 866 pp. The Chemistry of Organic Silicon Compounds Parts 1 and 2 Edited by Saul Patai and Zvi Rappoport "This volume will probably become the first reference consulted for C-Si chemistry…" —Choice This authoritative account of organic compounds containing carbon-silicon bonds brings specialists up-to-date to the field’s latest innovative turns. The emphasis in this compilation of studies—from 17 prominent researchers—is on small molecules, single bonds, analysis, structure, synthesis, spectroscopy, and reaction mechanisms. Part 1:1989 (0 471-91441-X) 892 pp. Part 2:1989 (0 471-91992-6) 1,668 pp.

This classic and bestselling landmark publication, originally published in 1965, examines the dynamic mechanisms, fundamental principles, and physical properties of various chromatographic procedures. It offers methods to characterize, identify, and predict chromatographic phenomena - providing strategies to select the most appropriate separation tools and techniques for specific applications in chemistry, physics, biology, and forensic and environmental science. Written by a world-renowned pioneer in the field, Dynamics of Chromatography contains many worked equations and real-world examples in gas and liquid chromatography. It includes numerous schematic figures for visualization of key concepts, introduces the means to control migration rate differences and zone spreading, and presents a detailed random-walk model for clarification of column processes. It also analyzes flow, diffusion, and kinetic events, stresses the link between theory and practice, and summarizes mathematical quantities and parameters.