Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) instrumentation has some unique analytical capabilities for the in situ analysis of samples in the field. These capabilities have been extended in recent years by the continuing development of solid state detectors, surface mounted electronics, digital signal processing technology, Li-ion batteries combined with a choice of rugged sealed radioisotope sources or miniature X-ray tubes that provide lightweight hand-held devices. As well as opening up new applications, in situ measurements by PXRF, where the instrument is placed in direct contact with the object to be analysed, involve the complete integration of sampling and analysis. Careful interpretation of results is therefore required, particularly when the analysis is used to estimate the bulk composition of a sample. In this monograph, an overview is given of instrumentation, analytical capabilities, and limitations in the interpretation of results, sampling considerations and applications where PXRF offers substantial advantages over conventional analytical techniques. The aim is to give the reader an insight into the capabilities of the technique and to demonstrate the contribution it can make to a range of areas of contemporary scientific interest. Chapters are written by internationally recognised scientists with practical experience of in situ analysis using portable X-ray fluorescence and demonstrates the wide range of applications for the technique. The topics covered are illustrated with diagrams and photographs where appropriate and each chapter includes supporting references to enable the reader to gain a greater understanding of a particular application. Topics include: -analytical capabilities -instrumentation -quantification -correction procedures -sampling considerations -future developments Applications include: -the assessment of contaminated land -surfaces -coatings and paints -workplace monitoring -metal & alloy sorting -geochemical prospecting -archaeological investigations -museum samples & works of art -extraterrestrial analysis The work is aimed at scientists who have some knowledge of analytical techniques and/or the applications covered, but are not fully familiar with the capabilities of PXRF. It offers a general introduction to the technique and its applications rather than a research monograph. As such, it is aimed at analytical scientists, environmental and geological scientists, industrial hygienists, industrial and plant scientists, archaeometrists and museum researchers, research scientists and research students with projects in the applications covered. Undergraduate students studying associated degree courses will also benefit from the work.

"An Overview of a Rapidly Expanding Area in Chemistry"

Exploring the future in chemical analysis research, Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis focuses on materials that promise entirely new ways to perform solution chemistry. It provides a broad overview of the applications of ionic liquids in various areas of analytical chemistry, including separation science, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and sensors.

"With Contributions from a Team of Internationally Recognized Experts"

After reviewing the properties and structure of ionic liquids, leading specialists explore the role of these materials in optical, electrochemical, and biochemical sensor technology. The book then examines ionic liquids in gas, liquid, and countercurrent chromatography, along with their use as electrolyte additives in capillary electrophoresis. It also discusses gas solubilities and measurement techniques, liquid-liquid extraction, and the separation of metal ions. The final chapters cover molecular, Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopies.

"Encourages Readers to Discover New Ideas and Breakthroughs in the Field"

By showing how ionic liquids can improve measurement and reduce the amount of environmental waste, this volume confirms the staying power of these materials in the years to come.

High throughput analysis plays a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry. The ever-shortening timelines and high costs of drug discovery and development have brought about the need for high throughput approaches to methods that are currently used in the industry. Written and edited by well-known contributors who remain active in this line of research, this book systematically describes high throughput analysis for the pharmaceutical industry, including advanced instrumentation and automated sample preparation. The text discusses various techniques, including HPLC, MALDI-MS, and LC-MS/MS methods, with an emphasis on the later stage of drug development, including pharmacokinetics.

Electrochemistry affects several relevant research subjects of physics, chemistry and biology such as the transformation of materials, the transfer of information (especially in living systems), or the conversion and storage of energy. In addition, electrochemical processes constitute a major class of chemical reactions both in the laboratory and on large industrial scales. While conventional analytical electrochemistry provides excellent methods to determine concentrations (e.g. in sensor technology), to yield energy data in the form of redox potentials and to elucidate formal reaction mechanisms via kinetic analysis, these techniques alone are often not immediately suitable to identify unknown species which are formed as intermediates or as products in a redox reaction. The combination of reaction-oriented electrochemistry with species-focussed spectroscopy in spectroelectrochemistry can solve this problem and thus allow for a more complete analysis of electron transfer processes and complex redox reactions. Many research groups from various sub-fields of the chemical sciences have engaged in recent years in using and developing this combined methodology. While the technique has been well developed during the last few decades, its application in various fields of chemistry has only recently become more widespread. Readily accessible, inexpensive equipment and lower barriers to application have contributed to this situation and, at the same time, it is becoming less and less acceptable in chemical research to assign redox transformations without spectral evidence. Spectroelectrochemistry has therefore evolved as a powerful yet usually inexpensive technique which yields mechanistic (chemistry), energy-relevant (electro) as well as electronic structure information (spectro). The whole range of the electromagnetic spectrum can be employed from x-ray absorption to NMR spectroscopies. Yet while the method has become more commonplace, there are still aspects to be considered which require sound knowledge and experience. This book serves as a guide and as an illustration of the kind of research where spectroelectrochemistry can make a difference in the understanding of redox reactions through identification of their intermediates and products. Relevant examples involving UV-VIS-NIR and IR absorption spectroscopy as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are presented in this book with the objective to illustrate the potential and the applications of this technique and to provide practical information. The topics covered include: " organometallics " coordination compounds (mixed-valent complexes, metalloporphyrins) " compounds of biochemical interest such as iron-containing proteins The breadth and variety of reactions and materials covered are complemented by the straightforward interpretation of results in the understanding of redox reactions. The solutions available from the spectroelectrochemical investigation in the book do not only provide simultaneous reaction analysis and species identification but also an assessment of electronic situations and of intra- and intermolecular electron transfer. The book aims to familiarise the scientific community with this method by describing the experimental approaches possible and by pointing out under what diverse circumstances this technique can be useful. This book is essential reading for experts and newcomers alike to acquaint themselves with this simple, inexpensive, yet powerful method and it will also appeal to scientists from all chemical sub-fields who have a basic understanding and experience in electrochemistry.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) plays a dominant role in real-time interaction sensing of biomolecular binding events. This book focuses on a total system description including optics, fluidics and sensor surfaces. It covers all commercial SPR systems in the market. It is the first of its kind and fills a gap in the technical literature as no other handbook on SPR is currently available. The final chapter discussed new trends and a vision is given for future developments and needs of the SPR market. This excellent handbook provides comprehensive information with easy to use, stand-alone chapters and will be of great use to anyone one working with or affiliated to the technology.

Forensic Analysis of Tattoos and Tattoo Inks is the single most comprehensive resource on the analysis of tattoo inks and use of tattoos as a tool in forensic investigations and criminalistics. The book begins with a history of tattoos and tattoo inks, and covers the use of tattoos throughout time as aids in the identification of individuals. It presents identification methods of identification through tattoos on charred, decomposed, mummified, or otherwise unidentifiable remains in both criminal investigations and mass disasters. This book provides an understanding of the process of tattooing and the roles of tattoos in criminological inquiry and legal matters. It scientifically evaluates tattoo inks, documenting the physical properties of the inks both macroscopically and microscopically as well as spectroscopically-identifying the optical and chemical properties of the various pigments found in these inks. A thorough analytical method is developed to conform to current laboratory accreditation standards and the satisfaction of legal standards such as Frye, Daubert and the Federal Rules of Evidence. Forensic Analysis of Tattoos and Inks shows how routine scientific inquiry can be applied to tattoo evidence by adding an objective component to interpretation, identification, and individualization of tattoos and tattoo inks in investigations. It presents the science and chemistry of tattoos and tattoo inks as a reliable tool in forensic casework and other related criminal and legal matters.

Analytical pyrolysis allows scientists to use routine laboratory instrumentation for analyzing complex, opaque, or insoluble samples more effectively than other analytical techniques alone. Analytical Pyrolysis Handbook, Third Edition is a practical guide to the application of pyrolysis techniques to various samples and sample types for a diversity of fields including microbiology, forensic science, industrial research, and environmental analysis. The much-anticipated third edition incorporates recent technological advances that increase the technique's sensitivity to trace elements, improve its reproducibility, and expand its applicability. The book reviews the types of instrumentation available to perform pyrolysis and offers guidance for interfacing instruments and integrating other analytical techniques, including gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Fully updated with new sample pyrograms, figures, references, and real-world examples, this edition also highlights new areas of application including cultural materials, forensic analysis, and environmental studies. This book illustrates how the latest advances make pyrolysis a practical, cost-effective, reliable, and flexible alternative for increasingly complex sample analyses. Analytical Pyrolysis Handbook, Third Edition is an essential, one-stop guide for determining if pyrolysis meets application-specific needs as well as performing pyrolysis and handling the data obtained.

Food traceability is a growing consumer concern worldwide. Traceability is undertaken primarily at the administrative level, where the use of advanced analytical tools is not available. Nevertheless, the determination of geographical origin is a requirement of the traceability system for the import and export of foodstuffs (EU regulation 178/2002). The topics covered in this book include the history of traceability; legislations and rules; the actual traceability techniques and the potential analytical techniques for food traceability such as molecular methods (e.g. DGGE, SSCP), next generation sequencers (NGS), bio-captors, chromatographic techniques, isotopic analysis that are used for discrimination of organic food, fish, oils. The chromatographic techniques help in the use of volatile compounds analysis. The isotope analysis helps in distinguishing between chicken meat and vegetable oils. Ambient mass spectrometry is used for studying mycotoxines and alkaloids in foodstuffs and their management, food and feed authentication in olive and other plant oils, and wine. Vibrational methods (e.g. NMR and NIRS) are used to trace food by global spectrum. The book reviews the current and future techniques including metabolomic techniques.

New Edition: Understanding Voltammetry (3rd Edition)The power of electrochemical measurements in respect of thermodynamics, kinetics and analysis is widely recognized but the subject can be unpredictable to the novice even if they have a strong physical and chemical background, especially if they wish to pursue quantitative measurements. Accordingly, some significant experiments are perhaps wisely never attempted while the literature is sadly replete with flawed attempts at rigorous voltammetry.This textbook considers how to go about designing, explaining and interpreting experiments centered around various forms of voltammetry (cyclic, microelectrode, hydrodynamic, and so on). The reader is assumed to have a knowledge to Masters level of physical chemistry but no exposure to electrochemistry in general, or voltammetry in particular. While the book is designed to 'stand alone', references to important research papers are given to provide an entry into the literature.The book gives clear introductions to the theories of electron transfer and of diffusion in its early chapters. These are developed to interpret voltammetric experiments at macro-electrodes before considering microelectrode behavior. A subsequent chapter introduces convection and describes hydrodynamic electrodes. Later chapters describe the voltammetric measurement of homogeneous kinetics, the study of adsorption on electrodes and the use of voltammetry for electroanalysis.

Catalysts are increasingly used by chemists engaged in fine chemical synthesis within both industry and academia. Today, there exists a huge choice of high-tech catalysts, which add enormously to the repertoire of synthetic possibilities. However, catalysts are occasionally capricious, sometimes difficult to use and almost always require both skill and experience in order to achieve optimal results. This series aims to be a practical help for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experienced chemists in industry and academia working in organic and organometallic synthesis.

The series features:

• Tested and validated procedures.

• Authoritative reviews on classes of catalysts.

• Assessments of all types of catalysts.

• Expertise from the Leverhulme Centre for Innovative Catalysis, Liverpool, UK.

The procedure section contains a wide variety of synthetic protocols, such as epoxidations of unsaturated ketones and esters, asymmetric reductions of carbon-oxygen double bonds, asymmetric hydrogenations of carbon-carbon double bonds and other types of reaction. The featured catalysts include a wide range of different materials such as poly-D-leucine, D-fructose-based dioxiranes, oxaborolidine borane, some important titanium and ruthenium complexes as well as baker's yeast. For each reaction there are one or several detailed protocols on how to prepare and employ the various catalysts.

The analysis of radionuclides in the environment became extremely important after the accident at Chernobyl in1986. The accident made scientists aware that accurate methods of radionuclide analyses are essential in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. Methods are still being developed today because of the ongoing requirement to monitor environmental radioactivity and, to assess the radionuclide waste inventory for the recently proposed intermediate radioactive waste repository. This book brings together current developments in radioactive analyses. Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III is an authoritative, up to date review of research contributions presented at the 10th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists across the globe this edition provides information on: * new methods of radioanalyses * waste steams during decommissioning * radioactivity measurements in the environment * hazard assessment in decommissioning * improvements in measurement instrumentation * application of software to measurements * current IAEA activities for the ALMERA network * proficiency testing and research and development in the NDA. This exceptional work offers an insight into topical areas of research and is a key point of reference for graduates and professionals alike who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

While acid-base indicators continue to find new applications in an ever-widening range of scientific disciplines, there is no current book that focuses entirely on the subject, nor one that brings together the relevant advances that have evolved over the last three decades. The Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators compiles the most up-to-date, comprehensive information on over 200 water-based and solvent-based indicators into a single source. Organized alphabetically, entries include: common name, other names, CA index name, CAS registry number, Merck index number, chemical structure, chemical/dye class, molecular formula, molecular weight, pH range, color change at pH, pKa, physical form, solubility, UV-visible (Lambda-max), melting point, and boiling point. This resource also offers unique coverage including protocols for synthesizing indicator compounds; data relating to adverse effects, toxicity, and safety; and major applications for each indicator. The Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators contains practical information for widespread applications that include semiconductors, displays, nanotechnology, OLEDs, fuel cells, sensors, security, surface coatings, adhesives, insecticides, agricultural chemicals, textiles, packaging, cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and the detection and treatment of disease.

The completion of gene sequencing has resulted in an intensified investigation of the proteome and metabolome. Metabolite profiling methods used for disease diagnosis have been expanded with the advent of new technology and are being applied extensively in the quest for the discovery of new markers for diseases. In this comprehensive resource, the Editor draws together experts from the field and provides an insightful introduction into the technology and methodology. Metabolomics, Metabonomics And Metabolite Profiling covers a broad range of topics including: * Mass spectrometry and NMR in metabolite profiling * Current applications of metabolite profiling for disease diagnosis * Studies of specific metabolite classes * Plant metabolites * Metabolite data mining * Global systems biology This book is a must have, up-to-date, reference which will appeal to academics, students, technicians and professionals working in, or joining this field.

Quality assurance and good laboratory practices are becoming essential knowledge for professionals in all sorts of industries. This includes internal and external audit procedures for compliance with the requirements of good clinical, laboratory and manufacturing practices. Spanning chemical, cosmetic and manufacturing industries, Good Clinical, Laboratory and Manufacturing Practices: Techniques for the QA professional is aimed at: chemists, clinicians, ecotoxicologists, operation managers, pharmaceutical process managers, quality assurance officers, technicians and toxicologists. In addition sections on harmonisation of quality systems will be of value to safety, health and environment advisors. This comprehensive and high level reference will be an indispensable guide to research laboratories in academia and industry. Additional training material is also included.

This third volume in an exciting and detailed series on contact allergens provides monographs of all 384 topical drugs which have caused contact allergy/allergic contact dermatitis. The monographs present: Identification section; Contact allergy (general population, patients with dermatitis, case reports and case series); Cross-reactions; Patch test sensitization; Photocontact allergy; and Immediate contact reactions (contact urticaria). Separate chapters present an overview of all aspects of allergic contact dermatitis to topical drugs, contact allergy to non-drug ingredients in topical pharmaceuticals and a preview of delayed-type allergy to systemic drugs (to be discussed in Volume 4). Key Features: Presents monographs of all known topical drugs which have caused contact allergy/allergic contact dermatitis Provides a full literature review of relevant topics of allergenic topical drugs Identifies IUPAC names, synonyms, CAS and EC numbers, structural and chemical formulas, Merck Index monographs, and advises on patch testing Presents non-drug allergens in topical pharmaceuticals Covers an extensive amount of information to benefit dermatologists, allergists, and all others interested in drug allergy

Reliable and metrologically comparable results of quantitative analytical methods are essential to assure that decisions taken on their basis have meaning and context. Problems with combining measurement results, calculating their uncertainties and establishing metrological traceability can prove complicated and ambiguous for measurement scientists. Combining and Reporting Analytical Results discusses in detail the problems faced by scientists, and presents a variety of approaches across biological, chemical and environmental sciences to resolving these types of issues. Topics include: validated methods of analysis; application of internal quality control procedures; participation in proficiency testing schemes; metrological traceability of measurement results and associated uncertainties, as well as some quality system issues and formal accreditation. Written by leading experts, and with worked examples and illustrations throughout, this invaluable reference source is ideal for analysts from various scientific fields.

This book is an account of current developments in computational chemistry, a new multidisciplinary area of research. Experts in computational chemistry, the editors use and develop techniques for computer-assisted molecular design. The core of the text itself deals with techniques for computer-assisted molecular design. The book is suitable for both beginners and experts.
In addition, protocols and software for molecular recognition and the relationship between structure and biological activity of drug molecules are discussed in detail. Each chapter includes a mini-tutorial, as well as discussion of advanced topics.
Special Feature: The appendix to this book contains an extensive list of available software for molecular modeling.

Anion recognition plays a critical role in a range of biological processes, and a variety of receptors and carriers can be found throughout the natural world. Chemists working in the area of supramolecular chemistry have created a range of anion receptors, drawing inspiration from nature as well as their own inventive processes. This book traces the origins of anion recognition chemistry as a unique sub-field in supramolecular chemistry while illustrating the basic approaches currently being used to effect receptor design. The combination of biological overview and summary of current synthetic approaches provides a coverage that is both comprehensive and comprehensible. First, the authors detail the key design motifs that have been used to generate synthetic receptors and which are likely to provide the basis for further developments. They also highlight briefly some of the features that are present in naturally occurring anion recognition and transport systems and summarise the applications of anion recognition chemistry. Providing as it does a detailed review for practitioners in the field and a concise introduction to the topic for newcomers, Anion Receptor Chemistry reflects the current state of the art. Fully referenced and illustrated in colour, it is a welcome addition to the literature.

Bioanalytical science and its technological subdomain, biosensors, are ever-evolving subjects, striving for rapid improvement in terms of performance and expanding the target range to meet the vast societal and market demands. The key performance factors for a biosensor that drive the research are selectivity, sensitivity, response time, accuracy, and reproducibility, with additional requirements of its portability and inexpensive nature. These performance factors are largely governed by the materials and techniques being used in these bioanalytical platforms. The selection of materials to meet these requirements is critical, as their interaction or involvement with the biological recognition elements should initiate or improve these performance factors. The technique discussed primarily applies to transducers involved in converting a biochemical signal to optical or electrical signals. Over the years, the emergence of novel materials and techniques has drastically improved the performance of these bioanalytical systems, enabling them to expand their analytical horizon. These advanced materials and techniques are central to modern bioanalytical and biosensor research. Advanced Materials and Techniques for Biosensors and Bioanalytical Applications provides a comprehensive review of the subject, including a knowledge platform for both academics and researchers. Considering biosensors as a central theme to this book, an outline on this subject with background principles has been included, with a scope of extending the utility of the book to coursework in graduate and postgraduate schools. Features: * Basic principles on different classes of biosensors, recent advances and applications * Smart materials for biosensors and other rapid, portable detection devices * Metal nanoparticles and nanocrystals for analytical applications * Carbon-based nanoparticles and quantum dots for sensing applications * Nanozymes as potential catalysts for sensing applications * Bioelectrochemiluminescence and photoelectrochemical-based biosensors * Paper electronics and paper-based biosensors * Microbial biosensors: artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and synthetic biology * Biofuel cells as a signal transduction platform * FET-based biosensors, including ISFET and BioFET This book serves as a reference for scientific investigators and a textbook for a graduate-level course in biosensors and advanced bioanalytical techniques.

"A must for all biochemists and biophysicists."

Jayesh Gor, CHEMISTRY WORLD, July 2006

Analytical Ultracentrifugation has become an increasingly important technique for monitoring the size and shape of biological macromolecules.

"Analytical Ultracentrifugation: Techniques and Methods" contains contributions from experts in the field, bringing together the multitude of developments that have taken place in instrumentation and analysis over the past decade into a single volume.

This book covers the latest methods in analysis along with an extensive introduction for the novice user. Analysis methods in both sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium are discussed at length. Protein, Protein/DNA, membrane proteins and polymer systems are also explored, along with software developments and non-ideality.

This book provides up-to-date discussion of modern polarographic methods, with examples and experimental details. It is designed for the practicing analyst and a factor in bringing the reincarnated area of analytical chemistry into a new and healthy maturity.

the continued search for rapid, efficient and cost-effective means of analytical measurement has introduced supercritical fluids into the field of analytical chemistry. Two areas are common: supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid extraction. Both seek to exploit the unique properties of a gas at temperatures and pressures above the critical point. The most common supercritical fluid is carbon dioxide employed because of its low critical temperature (310C), inertness, purity, non-toxicity and cheapness. Alternative supercritical fluids are also used and often in conjunction with modifiers. The combined gas-like mass transfer and liquid-like solvating characteristics have been used for improved chromatographic separation and faster sample preparation. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is complementary to gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) providing higher efficiency than HPLC, together, with the ability to analyse thermally labile and high molecular weight analytes. Both packed and open tubular columns can be employed, providing the capability to analyse a wide range of sample types. In addition, flame ionization detection can be used thus providing "universal" detection. The separation of complex mixtures by chromatography provides an effective means of identifying individual components. However, as with most techniques, it is the sample preparation which is both time and labour intensive. Traditionally, Soxhlet extraction has been employed but this has several disadvantages when extracting compounds of low and medium polarity using liquid solvents. Extractions are time consuming,. relatively unselective and use large amounts of hazardous solvents, so that further cleanup is usually necessary. Furthermore, after extraction and cleanup steps, the solution must usually be concentrated by evaporation prior to introduction into a chromatograph. Supercritical fluid extraction offers an elegant alternative to the currently applied extraction procedures. The ability of supercritical fluids to deposit extractants by simple depressurisation and/or cryogenic focusing means that solvent concentration can be done quickly and without heat or vacuum. These latter point are particularly important when one is seeking preservation of sensitive analytes. This text therefore seems appropriate at this stage to review the current situation regarding supercritical fluids in analytical chemistry and, to consider the future possibilities to which they may be applied.

British author Diana Wynne Jones has been writing speculative fiction for children for more than thirty years. A clear influence on more recent writers such as J.K. Rowling, her humorous and exciting stories of wizard's academies, dragons and griffins, many published for children but read by all ages, are also complexly structured and thought provoking critiques of the fantasy tradition. This book will be of interest to Jones's many admirers and to those who study fantasy and children's literature. With the rise in interest in Harry Potter, there has been an accompanying renaissance of critical interest in Jones's work. This book, however, is the first sustained, single-author study of Jones's work, written by a renowned science fiction critic and historian. In addition to providing an overview of her work, Farah Mendlesohn also examines Jones's important critiques of the fantastic tradition's ideas about childhood and adolescence.

Filling a gap in the literature, this reference offers 25 authoritative chapters on the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and medical and surgical treatment of essential tremor and various tremor disorders, including chapters on Parkinsonian, cerebellar, neuropathic, post-traumatic, psychogenic, and drug-induced tremor. Reporting on the latest findings and research in the field, this guide discusses specific tremor disorders along with the various therapeutic regimens used to treat each of them. The authors supply up-to-date information on the etiology and pathogenesis of tumor, as well as state-of-the-art methods of identification and management of essential tremor and tremor disorders.