The increasing awareness of the effects of pollutants in the eco-system and on the development of suitable methods of analysis has stimulated a lot of research recently. This volume comprehensively discusses the range of methods available for the analysis and determination of organic compounds in soils, river and marine sediments and industrial sludges. A review is provided of the instrumentation used in soil and sediment laboratories and an indication of the types of organics that can be determined by each technique. Subsequent chapters discuss the analysis of various types of organics in a logical and systematic manner. Guidance is provided on the applicability of techniques in certain environments, the advantages and disadvantages of using one method over another, likely interference, the sensitivity of particular techniques, and detection limits. The work will be of interest to agricultural chemists, agriculturists concerned with ways in which organic chemicals used in crop or soil treatment permeate the ecosystem and to biologists and scientists involved in fish, plant and insect life. Toxicologists, public health workers, oceanographers, and environmentalists will also find the book beneficial.

Of the 90 chemical elements that occur in nature, only a dozen are found in easily measurable amounts in the human body. The rest are trace elements, present at such low concentrations that most of them were, until quite recently, beyond the reach of detection. The Crumbs of Creation reviews the absorbing story of trace elements in medicine, history, industry, crime, and folklore, showing how the study of their properties can help us survive through a better understanding and control of our environment. Written in an easy-to-read, entertaining style, the book consists of interrelated anecdotes grouped together in relevant chapters. Although readers will derive much entertainment from this book, there is an underlying seriousness to the topics.

This book facilitates a wider use of nuclear magnetic resonance in studies of paramagnetic species. It summarizes studies of magnetically coupled metalloproteins, of paramagnetic heme proteins, and of metal-porphyrin-induced dipolar shifts for conformational analysis.

This guide discusses the principles and theory of temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) used for sold materials characterization. It describes the recent trends, instrumentation needed, as well as the application of TPR in heterogeneous catalysis, materials science, and analytical chemistry.

This book focuses on instrumentation of chemi- and bioluminescence and discusses the nature of chemiluminescence as the exothermic oxidation of a substrate organic compound to give an energy-rich product that is luminescent. It describes the applications of chemiluminescence.

This book gives the pertinent information on the high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of all the compounds of interest in nucleic acid metabolism. It aids chromatographers, biochemists, biomedical researchers, and chemists by giving information on applications of HPLC technique.

The reference provides interdisciplinary discussion for diverse II-VI semiconductors with a wide range of topics. The third volume of a three volume set, the book provides an up-to-date account of the present status of multifunctional II-VI semiconductors, from fundamental science and processing to their applications as various sensors, biosensors, and radiation detectors, and based on them to formulate new goals for the further research. The chapters in this volume provide a comprehensive overview of the manufacture, parameters and principles of operation of these devices. The application of these devices in various fields such medicine, agriculture, food quality control, environment monitoring and others is also considered. The analysis carried out shows the great potential of II-VI semiconductor-based sensors and detectors for these applications. Considers solid-state radiation detectors based on semiconductors of II-VI group and their applications; Analyzes the advantages of II-VI compounds to develop chemical and optical gas and ion sensors;  Describes all types of biosensors based on II-VI semiconductors and gives examples of their use in various fields.

There are many different analytical techniques used to identify and quantify a wide range of substances in complex matrices such as the atmosphere, factory air, water, plants, soils, foods and industrial and pharmaceutical products. It is therefore of critical importance for researchers in many fields in both industry and academia to be familiar with the most suitable methods for their own applications, and to know how to get the best results when using these methods. Analytical Chemistry of Complex Matrices systematically discusses the key elements of the analytical process, from definition of the problem through sampling and separation, to calculation of the analytical result and ultimately the solution to the problem. Subsequent chapters are arranged by analyte type (such as inorganic, organometallic and organic analytes) rather than by analytical technique, and present selected analytical problems involving a broad range of analytes and matrices. A wide range of techniques is covered, from classical techniques such as gravimetry and titrimetry to state-of-the-art instrumental techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Worked calculations are included throughout and careful attention is paid to the underlying chemistry of each analytical method. Analytical Chemistry of Complex Matrices will be of great interest to all research students and practising scientists whose work involves qualitative and quantitative analyses of complex matrices. Its highly practical approach, combined with the broad range of analytes, matrices and techniques considered, will make it an invaluable source of information to all such workers in both industry and academia.

Jason Woolford's thesis describes for the first time, a double [3+2] photocycloaddition of alkenes onto aromatic rings. Modern synthetic chemistry relies on the ability of researchers to uncover new and more efficient ways of creating highly complex structures. This work describes a novel, environmentally friendly photochemical step that converts in one pot, trivial starting materials into otherwise difficult to construct fenstrane frameworks. The rigid cores of these frameworks have significant potential in drug design. Moreover, the novelty of this work overtakes many other methods for the creation of chiral centres. No less than seven chiral centres are created in the photochemical step together with the formation of four carbon-carbon bonds and multifused rings. Jason's innovative work has been the subject of several publications in peer-reviewed journals.

Flow Injection Analysis of Food Additives gives you the tools you need to analyze food and beverage additives using FIA. This sets it apart from other books that simply focus on the theoretical basis and principles of FIA or on the design of equipment, instrumentation, manifold, and setting mechanism. Truly unprecedented in its scope, this book represents the work of 80 authors from 14 countries who combine efforts to give you the first review on measurements of additives and other substances by FIA in relation to the use of additives in food. The book consists of ten sections. The first section provides an introduction to the topic and reviews the origin of FIA, including recent developments and future trends. The next six sections discuss the determination of additives. These sections are divided based on the official classification of additives according to function by the EU. In the final three sections, you will find a review of the determination of antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial effects, and acidity by FIA. All chapters are organized in the same way: The first part begins with a small introduction in relation to the importance of the additive or compound in foods and beverages and discusses the legislation affecting their use and control. The second part focuses on the determination of the compound or additive by FIA in different foods or beverages, with sample preparation and extraction from a food/beverage on the one hand and FIA methods used for the separation and detection on the other.

"Molecular Beacons" explains working principle of molecular beacons, discusses their design, synthesis, purification and characterization, explores their thermodynamic and kinetic properties, and more importantly, reviews their in vivo and in vitro applications with the emphasis on the design and modification of molecular beacons for in vivo mRNA imaging applications.

This book is designed to bring together in a single resource an organized and comprehensive view of molecular beacons and will be a valuable resource for academic, clinical and industrial scientists and graduate students who may consider exploring molecular beacons in their research or practice.

Chaoyong James Yang is the Lu Jiaxi Professor of Chemistry at Xiamen University, China.

Weihong Tan is a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering at Hunan University, China and also a University of Florida Distinguished Professor and V. T. and Louis Jackson Professor of Chemistry at the University of Florida, USA.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have found applications in a variety of industries including dyes, drugs, semiconductors, fluorescent reagents, chemiluminescent reagents, and as polychromatic and antistatic additives for plastics. This up-to-date, single volume reference source brings together all essential information on the physical and spectral properties, methods of synthesis, and chemical reactivity of PAHs, both alternant and nonalternant. The title also covers the investigations of PAHs as carcinogens and pollutants. As this important class of molecules are virtually ignored in most chemistry programs, this book will be a strong addition to the work of anyone involved in any aspect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chemical carcinogenesis, and environmental pollution.

Table of Contents Reporter cells: - Yeast Based Sensors by Mifumi Shimomura-Shimizu and Isao Karube - Mammalian Cell-Based Sensor Systems by Pratik Banerjee, Briana Franz, and Arun K. Bhunia - Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Cell-Based Sensors: Strategies for Their Preservation by Amol Date, Patrizia Pasini, and Sylvia Daunert - Electrochemical Cell-Based Sensors by Eliora Z. Ron and Judith Rishpon - Microbial Cell Arrays by Tal Elad, Jin Hyung Lee, Man Bock Gu, and Shimshon Belkin Devices: - Surface Functionalization for Protein and Cell Patterning by Pascal Colpo , Ana Ruiz , Laura Ceriotti , and Francois Rossi - Fiber-Optic Based Cell Sensors by Evgeni Eltzov and Robert S. Marks - Electronic Interfacing with Living Cells by James T. Fleming - On-Chip Detection of Cellular Activity by R. Almog , R. Daniel , S. Vernick , A. Ron , H. Ben-Yoav, and Y. Shacham-Diamand

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microfluidic chip (MC) devices are relatively mature technologies, but this book demonstrates how they can be integrated into a single, revolutionary device that can provide on-site analysis of samples when laboratory services are unavailable. By introducing the combination of CE and MC technology, Microfluidic Chip-Capillary Electrophoresis Devices broadens the scope of chemical analysis, particularly in the biomedical, food, and environmental sciences. The book gives an overview of the development of MC and CE technology as well as technology that now allows for the fabrication of MC-CE devices. It describes the operating principles that make integration possible and illustrates some achievements already made by the application of MC-CE devices in hospitals, clinics, food safety, and environmental research. The authors envision further applications for private and public use once the proof-of-concept stage has been passed and obstacles to increased commercialization are addressed. A summary of the current methodology and application of MC-CE devices, including their merits, limitations, and potential, closes the book. It highlights the path to be taken for future development of MC-CE and anticipates new advances in technology that will increase their performance and use as powerful analytical tools. With enhanced power, their scope of applications will widen and yield new benefits to researchers and the general public.

This book examines the occurrence, toxicity, analysis and typical concentrations of organometallic compounds in various environmental samples. These include aqueous and effluent, crop and plant, soil and sediments, atmospheric and living organisms in a detailed and systematic manner. A knowledge of the chemical structure and concentration of organometallic compounds throughout the ecosystem is important in working out the pathways and mechanisms by which metals distribute themselves throughout the environment. The principal elements discussed are mercury, lead, tin and arsenic. Other organometallic compounds, including cadmium, antimony, selenium, germanium, manganese, copper and nickel, which occur in the environment less frequently and at lower concentrations are also discussed. Contents

1. Introduction
2. Concentrations of Organometallic Compounds in the Ecosystems
3. Toxic Effects of Organometallic Compounds
4. Toxicity Testing
5. Bioaccumulation Processes
6. Analysis of Organometallic Compounds in the Environment

From the viewpoint of structural chemistry, structure and bonding lie at the heart of rational syntheses that have already contributed to many signi?cant scienti?c advances in inorganic chemistry and material chemistry, and especially to the discovery of some functional materials. Naturally the ?rst step to novel functional material is "synthesis", and in many cases exploratory synthesis seems to be the onlyworkableroutetonewcompound.However,rationalsynthesiswillsurelymake property-oriented exploration more fruitful and pleasing. Successundertheguidanceofelectronicstructuralfeatures,bondinginteractions, chemical reactivity of building units, etc. has been achieved in many systems. We have presented some signi?cant advances on ?ve topics via review-type chapters that were written by ?ve of the leading authorities in their ?elds. These chapters c- cern chemical approach to new quasicrystals, discovery of complicated compounds of pnicogen, the tuning of redox levels and oligomerization of triruthenium-acetate clusters, structural modi?cation of monomeric phthalocyanines, and the controlled assembly of amino lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Thisvolumehasshownthatthecontrolledassemblyandmodi?cationofinorganic systems are accessible and efforts along the way will contribute greatly to the discovery of new functional materials as well as the satisfaction of the curiosity of fundamental research.

In the literature of continuous flow analysis, there are hundreds of descriptions of problems encountered with the various AutoAnalyzer modules. This volume presents the way these have been used in conjunction with chromatographic separations and manufacturing plant process monitoring systems.

Ion Chromatography: Instrumentation, Techniques and Applications, Volume 13 in the series Separation Science and Technology, provides a modern overview of all aspects of ion chromatography instrumentation and chemistry techniques, including the historical backdrop of some of the key developments. Most existing books on ion chromatography are focused on single column ion chromatography (rarely used today) or applications, or are outdated. This book covers the broad range of technologies in use and explains the advantages of each, helping both experienced and new practitioners to choose the method they need. The editors of this book have all played a key role in the success of ion chromatography at Dionex Corporation, the undisputed leader in ion chromatography for more than 40 years, and are in a unique position to describe both the technology and its applications. Ion chromatography is the technique of choice for analyzing ionic or ionizable compounds in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals and food. In addition, it is very useful for monitoring cationic or anionic impurities in drinking water.

A title in the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series, Designer Drugs: Chemistry, Analysis, Regulation, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Legislation presents both an overview and a guide to techniques for designer drug analysis. Proliferation of the synthesis and use of designer drugs is a serious public health problem with social, economic, and legal implications. Whether abuse is studied at the population level or the individual level, researchers need both background and highly detailed technical information on specific drugs and drug classes in order to combat the proliferation and highly damaging consequences of these substances. Author Roy Gerona provides a comprehensive discussion that emphasizes the potential threat to society, presents the ongoing challenges confronting the various laboratory approaches to detection and identification of new chemical entities, and informs the development of improved analytical solutions for use in legislation, law enforcement, and treatment. Designer Drugs: Chemistry, Analysis, Regulation, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Legislation offers an introduction to the field and a source of information on specific drugs, drug effects, and analytical tools to a wide audience for anyone studying or engaging in designer drug analysis. Analytical and medical chemists, pharmacologist, toxicologists, and students, researchers, and policy makers in the fields of drug abuse, medicine, public health, and forensics will greatly benefit from this essential text.

Designed to provide a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to organic process research and development in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, and agricultural chemical industries, this book describes the steps taken, following synthesis and evaluation, to bring key compounds to market in a cost-effective manner. It describes hands-on, step-by-step, approaches to solving process development problems, including route, reagent, and solvent selection; optimising catalytic reactions; chiral syntheses; and "green chemistry." Second Edition highlights: * Reflects the current thinking in chemical process R&D for small molecules * Retains similar structure and orientation to the first edition. * Contains approx. 85% new material * Primarily new examples (work-up and prospective considerations for pilot plant and manufacturing scale-up) * Some new/expanded topics (e.g. green chemistry, genotoxins, enzymatic processes) * Replaces the first edition, although the first edition contains useful older examples that readers may refer to

Vibrational Spectroscopy for Plant Varieties and Cultivars Characterization, Volume 80, provides an overview on the application of vibrational spectroscopy to characterize plant cultivars and varieties. It covers a variety of aspects, including the potential of this technique for taxonomic purposes (species and cultivars/varieties identification), how to discriminate plants according to their ages and geographic regions, how to depict soil properties through plant characteristics, etc. Currently, most of these studies are performed through somewhat laborious techniques. This book presents reliable alternatives to such techniques, while also systematizing information concerning the application of vibration spectroscopy in this context.

An increasing number of technologies are being used to detect minute quantities of biomolecules and cells. However, it can be difficult to determine which technologies show the most promise for high-sensitivity and low-limit detection in different applications. Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit details proven approaches for the detection of single cells and even single molecules-approaches employed by the world's foremost microfluidics and nanotechnology laboratories. While similar books concentrate only on microfluidics or nanotechnology, this book focuses on the combination of soft materials (elastomers and other polymers) with hard materials (semiconductors, metals, and glass) to form integrated detection systems for biological and chemical targets. It explores physical and chemical-as well as contact and noncontact-detection methods, using case studies to demonstrate system capabilities. Presenting a snapshot of the current state of the art, the text: Explains the theory behind different detection techniques, from mechanical resonators for detecting cell density to fiber-optic methods for detecting DNA hybridization, and beyond Examines microfluidic advances, including droplet microfluidics, digital microfluidics for manipulating droplets on the microscale, and more Highlights an array of technologies to allow for a comparison of the fundamental advantages and challenges of each, as well as an appreciation of the power of leveraging scalability and integration to achieve sensitivity at low cost Microfluidics and Nanotechnology: Biosensing to the Single Molecule Limit not only serves as a quick reference for the latest achievements in biochemical detection at the single-cell and single-molecule levels, but also provides researchers with inspiration for further innovation and expansion of the field.

Presents the methods used for characterization of polymers. In addition to theory and basic principles, the instrumentation and apparatus necessary for methods used to study the kinetic and thermodynamic interactions of a polymer with its environment are covered in detail. Some of the methods examined include polymer separations and characterization by size exclusion and high performance chromatography, inverse gas chromatography, osmometry, viscometry, ultracentrifugation, light scattering and spectroscopy.

In this thesis, the author outlines the discovery of an effect common to representative examples of all Li salt-free Wittig Reactions. The implications of such a universally applicable effect are that all such Wittig reactions occur through the same mechanism. Although the Wittig reaction was first discovered in 1953, its reaction mechanism has never been definitively settled with many different variants proposed and disproved. The work in this thesis shows conclusively that for [2+2] cycloadditions all Wittig reactions occur by the same irreversible mechanism. In addition, the author also describes a new chromatography-free method for the removal of phosphine oxide from the alkene crude product of the Wittig reaction. The work in this thesis has led to several publications in high-profile journals.

Over the past several decades, the theme of supramolecular chemistry (SC) has permeated nearly all aspects of chemical endeavor. Not surprisingly, it has also pervaded the field of solvent extraction (SX), inspiring the framework for this volume of Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction. In addition, tools for studying aggregation have grown increasingly sophisticated, leading to a greater understanding of what we now recognize as SC phenomena in SX. Volume 21, Supramolecular Aspects of Solvent Extraction identifies how supramolecular behavior occurs and is studied in the context of SX and how SC is influencing the direction of SX.
With contributions by internationally recognized specialists from different fields, this volume examines how principles of SC are being used in advancing the design of new highly selective SX systems and for understanding aggregation phenomena in SX systems. The book begins with a discussion of the nature and definition of SC and its general use in the design of novel SX reagents. Chapter 2 expands the subject of ion-pair recognition to introduce outer-sphere recognition of metal complexes.
Chapter 3 reviews the literature on calixarenes as extraction reagents for metal ions. Chapter 4 extends the utility of this chemistry, describing the use of calixarenes for the extraction of biomolecules. Chapter 5 examines the liquid liquid interface as an expression of supramolecular phenomena in SX, reviewing interfacial aggregation in model two-phase systems and metal extraction systems. The final chapter explores the problem of aggregation in SX, the historical attempts to understand it, and recent progress that has been made in addressing the issue.