Bewitched is an odd word with which to begin a chemical textbook. Yet that is a fair description of how I reacted on first leaming of ion exchange and imagining what might be done with it. That initial fascination has not left me these many years later, and it has provided much ofthe motivation for writing this book. The perceived need for a text on the fundamentals of ion chromatography provided the rest. Many readers will have a general idea of what ion chromatography is and what it does. Briefly, for those who do not, it is an umbrella term for a variety of chromatographie methods for the rapid and sensitive analysis of mixtures of ionic species. It has become highly developed in the last decade, and while it is now routinely used for the determination of organic as weH as inorganic ions, its initial impact was greatest in the area of inorganic analysis. In the past the determination of inorganic ions, particularly anions, meant laborious, time-con suming, and often not very sensitive "wet chemieal" methods. In the last ten years that has changed radically as ion chromatography has supplanted these older methods."

In the past ten years or so, biological magnetic resonance (NMR and ESR) has fully blossomed and become highly branched. In the 1970s and earlier, a practitioner in biological magnetic resonance was using virtually all of the available methods suitable for his research, with the latter covering a diverse range of systems. Today, the focus of an individual laboratory is actually much narrower, with respect to both the methods and the systems investigated. Thus, those who investigate protein structure by multi dimensional NMR spectroscopy do not usually engage in studies involving in vivo spectroscopy. The conferences on biological magnetic resonance now have parallel sessions rather than the single, common session of earlier days. Moreover, topical meetings are becoming more frequent. Therefore, this and future volumes of our series will also focus on specific topical areas. We are proud to present Volume 10 of our series. It focuses on Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids. In an extensive chapter, Kamerling and Vliegenthart use oligosaccharide-alditols released from mucin-type- glycoproteins to illustrate the power of proton NMR spectroscopy in the determination of carbohydrate structure. Wemmer gives a detailed coverage of the arsenal of modern NMR methods now available for structural studies of nucleic acids. Forthcoming volumes will focus on In Vivo Spectroscopy and Protein Structure. As always, we are anxious to get feedback from the readers and hear their comments and suggestions. Lawrence J.

"The problems involved in separating complex macromolecules require under standing not only the chromatographic process but also the physicochemical behavior of the solutes." This sentence from the pen of Phyllis R. Brown 1, University of Rhode Island, can certainly be applied to synthetic copolymers whose structure is very complex indeed. Thus it may be forgiven that a book on copolymer HPLC has been written not by a trained chromatographer but by someone from the polymer side. The HPLC of synthetic polymers is often understood to mean only a synonym for size exclusion chromatography. The latter method separates polymers according to the size of the macromolecules and enables the molecular weight distribution of a sample to be evaluated. But as early as 1936, Mark and Saito attempted chromatographic fractionation of cellulose acetate on a charcoal-like adsorbent made from blood. HPLC adsorption chromatography was first applied to copolymer analysis by Teramachi et al. in 1979. Since then, another branch of polymer HPLC has arisen which has the capacity of separating copolymers by composition and enables the chemical composition distribution to be evaluated. The technique requires a suitable elution program and is mainly carried out as gradient elution."

" ... this is an excellent compilation of data which should be on the bookshelves of all analysts interested in the benzodiazepines. It is to be hoped that, with the introduction of so many new ben zodiazepines, the author will quickly add these in a second edi tion" (A. C. Moffat in: Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 1983). This review, deputizing for many others, reflects the friendly reception enjoyed by the first volume of Benzodiazepines, which was published in 1982 and apparently closed a gap in the ben zodiazepine literature. In the meantime, Benzodiazepines has established itself as a standard book, as evidenced by numerous letters and quotations. Suggestions were also soon made for a new edition in view of the unusually rapid development in the field of the benzodiazepines. It became quickly obvious, however, that it would not be sufficient to publish a revised second edition, but that a completely new second volume would be required for which, however, the successful previous format could be largely retained. The following considerations seem worth mentioning in connection with the preparation of Volume II: - To ensure continuity with Volume I as far as possible, the list of references was consecutively numbered (references 1 to 3779 in Volume I, references 3780 to 11338 in Volume II). Whereas in Vol. I the substances appear in the sequential order of their historical development they are listed in alphabetical order in Vol. II."

The Second Hidden Peak Symposium on Computer-Enhanced Analytical Spectroscopy, held in June, 1988, at the Snowbird Resort (Salt Lake City, Utah), centered around twelve keynote lectures delivered by some of the foremost experts and pioneers in this rapidly expanding field. The editor is highly indebted to each of these colleagues for contributing a chapter to the second volume of Computer-Enhanced Analytical Spec troscopy. The primary objective of this volume is to present a repre sentative cross-section of current activities in the field while balancing out the lighter coverage of some topics and areas in Volume 1. An exciting new topic, remote IR sensing, is covered in Chapters 4 and 5. Deconvolution and signal-processing methods have now been extended to UV/VIS (Chapter 1) and GC/MS (Chapter 3) applications. Furthermore, the development and testing of novel factor analysis techniques in the areas of UV /VIS and IR spectroscopy are discussed in Chapters 2 and 12, respectively. Fundamental aspects of library search techniques are presented in Chapters 7 (MS) and 9 (NMR). Chapters 6, 10, and 11 cover selected uses of expert systems in NMR, IR, and MS, respectively. Finally, an integrated expert system approach to the interpretation of GC/IR/MS data is outlined in Chapter 8. In an attempt to facilitate access to the various topics for the newcomer to the field, the twelve chapters have been organized into two main parts: Unsupervised Methods: Spectral Enhancement, Deconvolu tion, and Data Reduction, and Supervised Methods: Expert Systems, Modeling, and Quantitation.

It is now some sixteen years since the author's first series of books on the analysis of organometallic compounds. Many developments in the subject have occurred since that time and a new book on the subject is now overdue. The present book aims to provide a comprehensive review of the subject. It covers not only all aspects of the analysis of organometallic compounds but also contains two additional chapters, dealing with environmental analysis and the use of chelates of metals in the determination of very low concentrations of organic metals. Whilst reviewing the literature for the present book, it was observed that whereas papers published prior to 1973 dealt almost exclusively with various forms of analysis, a high proportion of those published during the past ten years were concerned with the application of proven or newly developed methods to the determination of organometallic compounds in environmental samples such as water, air, soil, river and ocean sediments, fish life and biota samples. An increasing range of elements including mercury, lead, arsenic, tin, antimony, selenium and manganese are now being found in organically bound forms in the environment, some resulting from pollution, others formed in nature by bacterial processes. As many of these substances have appreciable implications to human and animal health and the ecosystem as a whole, it was considered that it would be timely to include a separate chapter in the book devoted entirely to this subject.

Fluorescence microscopy images can be easily integrated into current video and computer image processing systems. People like visual observation; they like to watch a television or computer screen, and fluorescence techniques are thus becoming more and more popular. Since true in vivo experiments are simple to perform, samples can be directly seen and there is always the possibility of manipulating the samples during the experiments; it is an ideal technique for biology and medicine. Images are obtained by a classical (now called wide-field) fluorescence microscope, a confocal scanning microscope, upright or inverted, with epifluorescence or transmission. Computerized image processing may improve definition, and remove glare and scattered light signal. It also makes it possible to compute ratio images (ratio imaging both in excitation and in emission) or lifetime imaging. Image analysis programs may supply a great deal of additional data of various types, starting with calculations of the number of fluorescent objects, their shapes, brightness, etc. Fluorescence microscopy data may be complemented by classical measurement in the cuvette yr by flow cytometry.

Avarietyof?uorescentandluminescentmaterialsintheformofmolecules,their complexes,andnanoparticlesareavailableforimplementationasreportingunits intosensingtechnologies. Increasingdemandsfromtheseapplicationareasrequire developmentofnew?uorescencereportersbasedonassociationandaggregationof ?uorescencedyesandontheirincorporationintodifferentnanostructures. Inter- tionsbetweenthesedyesandtheirincorporatingmatricesleadtonewspectroscopic effectsthatcanbeactivelyusedforoptimizingthesensordesign. Oneofthese effects is a spectacular formation of J-aggregates with distinct and very sharp excitationandemissionbands. Byincorporationintonanoparticles,organicdyes offer dramatically increased brightness together with improvement of chemical stabilityandphotostability. Moreover,certaindyescanformnanoparticlesth- selvessothattheirspectroscopicpropertiesareimproved. Semiconductorquantum dotsaretheothertypeofnanoparticles thatpossessuniqueandveryattractive photophysicalandspectroscopicproperties. Manyinterestingandnotfullyund- stoodphenomenaareobservedinclusterscomposedofonlyseveralatomsofnoble metals. Inconjugatedpolymers,strongelectronicconjugationbetweenelementary chromophoricunitsresultsindramaticeffectsinquenchingandinconformati- dependentspectroscopicbehavior. Possessingsuchpowerfulanddiversearsenaloftools,wehavetoexplorethem innovelsensingandimagingtechnologiesthatcombineincreasedbrightnessand sensitivityinanalytedetectionwithsimplicityandlowcostofproduction. The present book overviews the pathways for achieving this goal. In line with the discussion on monomeric ?uorescence reporters in the accompanying book (Vol. 8ofthisseries),aninsightfulanalysisofphotophysicalmechanismsbehind the ?uorescence response of composed and nanostructured materials is made. Based on the progress in understanding these mechanisms, their realization in differentchemicalstructuresisoverviewed. vii viii Preface Demonstratingtheprogressinaninterdisciplinary?eldofresearchanddev- opment,thisbookisprimarilyaddressedtospecialistswithdifferentbackground- physicists, organic and analytical chemists, and photochemists - to those who developandapplynew?uorescencereporters. Itwillalsobeusefultospecialists inbioanalysisandbiomedicaldiagnostics. Kyiv,Ukraine AlexanderP. Demchenko June2010 Contents PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersusMolecularFluorescent LabelsasReportersforBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison ...3 UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke, andThomasNann OptimizationoftheCouplingofTargetRecognition andSignalGeneration ...41 AnaB. Descalzo,ShengchaoZhu,TobiasFischer,andKnutRurack CollectiveEffectsIn?uencingFluorescenceEmission ...107 AlexanderP. Demchenko PartII EncapsulatedDyesandSupramolecularConstructions FluorescentJ-AggregatesandTheirBiologicalApplications ...135 MykhayloYu. LosytskyyandValeriyM. Yashchuk Conjugates,Complexes,andInterlockedSystems BasedonSquarainesandCyanines ...159 LeonidD. Patsenker,AnatoliyL. Tatarets,OleksiiP. Klochko, andEwaldA. Terpetschnig PartIII Dye-DopedNanoparticlesandDendrimers Dye-DopedPolymericParticlesforSensingandImaging ...193 SergeyM. Borisov,TorstenMayr,Gu..nterMistlberger,andIngoKlimant ix x Contents Silica-BasedNanoparticles:DesignandProperties ...229 SongLiang,CarrieL. John,ShupingXu,JiaoChen,YuhuiJin, QuanYuan,WeihongTan,andJuliaX. Zhao LuminescentDendrimersasLigandsandSensors ofMetalIons ...2 53 GiacomoBergamini,EnricoMarchi,andPaolaCeroni ProspectsforOrganicDyeNanoparticles ...285 HiroshiYao PartIV LuminescentMetalNanoclusters Few-AtomSilverClustersasFluorescentReporters ...307 IsabelD?'ezandRobinH. A. Ras LuminescentQuantumClustersofGoldasBio-Labels ...333 M. A. HabeebMuhammedandT. Pradeep PartV ConjugatedPolymers Structure,EmissiveProperties,andReportingAbilities ofConjugatedPolymers ...357 MaryA. Reppy OpticalReportingbyConjugatedPolymers viaConformationalChanges ...389 RozalynA. SimonandK. PeterR. Nilsson FluorescenceReportingBasedonFRETBetweenConjugated PolyelectrolyteandOrganicDyeforBiosensorApplications ...417 Kan-YiPuandBinLiu Index ...455 PartI GeneralAspects NanocrystalsandNanoparticlesVersus MolecularFluorescentLabelsasReporters forBioanalysisandtheLifeSciences: ACriticalComparison UteResch-Genger,MarkusGrabolle,RolandNitschke,andThomasNann Abstract At the core of photoluminescence techniques are suitable ?uorescent labels and reporters, the spectroscopic properties of which control the limit of detection,thedynamicrange,andthepotentialformultiplexing.

Investigation of the structure and function of biological molecules through spectroscopic methods is a field rich in revealing, clever techniques and demanding experiments. It is most gratifying to see that the basic concepts are applied to more and more complex systems, making feasible the study of the behaviour of whole systems in relation to molecular disturbances. The analytical potential of spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging enables species identification of bacteria and tissue recognition. Clear opportunities for in vivo applications become apparent in the medical field. The methods developed in biophysics start to generate spin-off in the direction of biotechnology, where in previous years we have seen this happen for biochemical techniques. New directions are manifest. Tools are being developed to investigate the behaviour of single molecules in interaction with their environment. Individual interactions can now be investigated and individual molecules in complexes can be visualized. Processes that were previously unobservable as a result of ensemble averaging can now be investigated on a single molecule level. Completely new information with regard to molecular behaviour is obtained in this way. The insights amaze us and the prospect that this development will continue is exciting. The 8th European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules is proud to have contributed to the dissemination of these new directions. This proceedings book is an appropriate reflection of the progress obtained so far in the spectroscopy of biological molecules.

This volume represents the proceedings of an international symposium on sample preparation, held at the University of Surrey, and jointly organised by the Chromatographic Society and the Robens Institute. The Chromatographic Society is the only international organisation devoted to the promotion of, and the exchange of information on, all aspects of chromatography and related techniques. With the introduction of gas chromatography in 1952, the Hydrocarbon Chemistry Panel of the Hydrocarbon Research Group of the Institute of Petroleum, recognising the potential of this new technique, set up a Committee under Dr S.F. Birch to organise a symposium on "Vapor Phase Chromatography" which was held in London in June 1956. Almost 400 delegates attended this meeting and success exceeded all expectation. It was to afford discussion of immediately apparent that there was a need for an organised forum development and application of the method and, by the end of the year, the Gas Chromatog raphy Discussion Group had been formed under the Chairmanship of Dr A.T. James with D.H. Desty as Secretary. Membership of this Group was originally by invitation only, but in deference to popular demand, the Group was opened to all willing to pay the modest sub scription of one guinea and in 1957 A.J.P. Martin, Nobel Laureate, was elected inaugural Chairman of the newly-expanded Discussion Group."

The development of contemporary molecular biology with its growing tendency toward in-depth study of the mechanisms of biological processes, structure, function, and identification of biopolymers requires application of accurate physicochemical methods. Electrophoresis occupies a key position among such methods. A wide range of phenomena fall un der the designation of electrophoresis in the literature at the present time. One common characteristic of all such phenomena is transport by an elec tric field of a substance whose particles take on a net charge as a result of interaction with the solution. The most important mechanisms for charge generation are dissociation of the substance into ions in solution and for mation of electrical double layers with uncompensated charges on particles of dispersed medium in the liquid. As applied to the problem of separation, purification, and analysis of cells, cell organelles, and biopolymers, there is a broad classification of electrophoretic methods primarily according to the methodological charac teristics of the process, the types of supporting media, etc. An extensive literature describes the use of these methods for the investigation of differ ent systems. A number of papers are theoretical in nature. Thus, the mi croscopic theory has been developed rather completely 13] by considering electrophoresis within the framework of electrokinetic phenomena based on the concept of the electrical double layer."

Mass spectrometry underwent dramatic changes during the decade of the 1980s. Fast atom bombardment (F AB) ionization, developed by Barber and coworkers, made it possible for all mass spectrometry laboratories to analyze polar, highly functionalized organic molecules, and in some cases ionic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. The emphasis of much of this work was on molecular weight determination. Parallel with the development of ionization methods (molecular weight mass spectrometry) for polar biological molecules, the increased mass range of sector and quadrupole mass spectrometers and the development of new instruments for tandem mass spectrometry fostered a new era in structural mass spectrometry. It was during this same period that new instrument technologies, such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, radio frequency quadrupole ion trap, and new types of time-of-flight mass spectrometers, began to emerge as useful analytical instruments. In addi tion, laser methods useful for both sample ionization and activation became commonplace in almost every analytical mass spectrometry laboratory. In the last 5 years, there has been explosive growth in the area of biological mass spectrometry. Such ionization methods as electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) have opened new frontiers for both molecular weight and structural mass spectrometry, with mass spectrometry being used for analysis at the picomole and even femto mole levels. In ideal cases, subfemtomole sample levels can be successfully analyzed. Sample-handling methods are now the limiting factor in analyz ing trace amounts of biological samples.

UV-VIS spectroscopy is one of the oldest methods in molecular spectroscopy. The definitive formulation of the Bouguer-Lambert Beer law in 1852 created the basis for the quantitative evaluation of absorption measurements at an early date. This led firstly to colorimetry, then to photometry and finally to spectrophotometry. This evolution ran parallel with the development of detectors for measuring light intensities, i.e. from the human eye via the photo element and photocell, to the photomultiplier and from the photo graphic plate to the present silicon-diode detector both of which allow simultaneous measurement of the complete spectrum. With the development of quantum chemistry, increasing atten tion was paid to the correlation between light absorption and the structure of matter with the result that in recent decades a number of excellent discussions of the theory of electronic spectroscopy (UV-VIS and luminescence sp, ctroscopy) have been published. Consequently, this extremely ivteresting aspect of molecular spec troscopy has dominated the teaching of the subject both in my own lectures and those of others. However, it is often overlooked that, in addition to the theory, applications of spectroscopic methods are of particular interest to scientists. For this reason, a lecture series about electronic spectroscopy given in the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the Heinrich-Heine-University in Dusseldorf was supplemented by one about "UV-VIS spectroscopy and its applications." This formed the basis of the present book."

Modern liquid column chromatography (LC) has developed rapidly since 1969 to become a standard method of separation. If the statisticians are to be believed, the recent growth of LC has been the most specta cular development in analytical chemistry and has not yet abated be cause its vast potential for application remains to be fully exploit ed. Significant factors contributing to this continued rise are the simplicity and low cost of the required basic equipment and the rela tive ease of acquiring and interpreting the data. Unfortunately, in LC, as so often in the field of analytical chemistry, the available commercial instruments are frequently far more complicated - and consequently far more expensive - than is nec essary for routine application. Therein also lies the risk of propa gating a "black box" philosophy that would be particularly detrimen tal to chromatography. Moreover, it appears to have been forgotten, as was done previously with gas chromatography, that inadequate sep aration by a column can be remedied only with great difficulty, if at all, by electronic means. Also, whether the capillary columns recent ly advocated with great enthusiasm for LC will fulfill the expecta tions of their proponents is highly questionable unless someone comes up with some new and revolutionary ideas."

This volume contains the proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, held in Budapest, Hungary, March 31-April 2, 1996. The 147 papers collected here are milestones in the exponentially increasing cyclodextrin literature, and represent a summary of the last two years' achievement in this field, with applications in such diverse disciplines as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, and chromatography. Some highlights: lipophilicity profiles of cyclodextrins by computer molecular graphics; recent toxicological studies on cyclodextrins; Buckminsterfullerene/cyclodextrin complexes; hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; pharmacokinetics and toxicology; peracylated cyclodextrins as drug carriers; cyclodextrins in nasal drug delivery; textile fibre surface modification by a reactive cyclodextrin; cyclodextrin-containing fabric care products; drug targeting by cyclodextrin-dimers for photodynamic cancer therapy; cyclodextrins in ophthalmologic drugs; new cyclodextrin derivatives and their potentials. Audience: This book will be of interest to researchers whose work involves pharmaceuticals, food chemicals and flavours, food additives, chromatographic methods, and biotechnology, as well as fundamental cyclodextrin research.

Major advances in instrumentation and technology have made high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) a pervasive tool in virtually all areas of chemical and biomedical research today. Despite HPLC's enormous growth, technical problems still bedevil most users at least occasionally. Based on their immensely successful short courses, Dolan and Snyder's landmark new book --Troubleshooting LC Systems--now makes available to every practicing chromatographer the authors' wealth of expertise from years of hands-on troubleshooting of real-world LC problems--problems that routinely cause crises and unproductive downtime in nearly every lab. Believing that successful troubleshooting requires an understanding of the basics, Dolan and Snyder open by setting forth all the fundamental principles of LC operation, then move on to a microscopic description of all the elements of LC devices, to lay out their optimal preventive maintenance routines, and ultimately to offer an unprecedentedly thorough treatment of each and every facet of troubleshooting.Displaying a special tutorial mastery--honed to a fineness during their ongoing teaching and consulting activities, and a well-received feature column in LC Magazine--the book's chapters cover: automation and robotics * approaches to troubleshooting * reactions of samples * basic separation techniques * valves, tubing, syringes * band broadening and tailing * preventive maintenance * column packing and flushing * individual LC modules * troubleshooting principles * reagents and buffering * specific problems in separation * ghost and vacancy peaks * quantitation and calibration * pumps, seals, and pistons * gradient elution problems * column composition * concentration and blockages * sample cleanup * temperature and mixing effects * detectors and recorders * column packing and flushing. In short, Dolan and Snyder's eminently practical new guide to Troubleshooting LC Systems is an essential laboratory handbook--one that empowers expert and novice chromatographer alike to solve every sort of practical laboratory problem on a day-to-day basis. No one using an LC system should be without it

The first of a two volume set, Volume 12 provides a long-awaited compilation of NMR theory to paramagnetic molecules. International experts report the latest developments in NMR methodology as applied to strongly relaxed and shifted resonances, detail the theoretical aspects of paramagnetic shift and relaxation, and discuss the interpretive bases of these molecular properties in relation to the structure and function of various paramagnetic molecules.

In 1976, on the occasion of the Centennial of the Ameri can Chemical Society, H. A. RESrnG and C. G. WADE organized an international symposium on magnetic resonance in collo1d and in terface science which brought together a large number of scien tists from the United States and from abroad. The aim of this symposium was to include all experimental inorganic, organic and biochemical systems in which molecules are bound to interfaces and to show the contribution of various techniques based on ma gnetic resonance to the knowledge of these systems. This ambi tious program resulted into a very interesting gathering that initiated a more interdisciplinary approach to the problem of interfaces. Because of the success of this symposium it was sug gested that a similar meeting should be organized in Europe within the next three years. Professor J. FRAISSARD accepted this task but, conside ring the rapid developments in the theory and in the applica tions of the magnetic resonance spectroscopies, the organ1z1ng committee decided to arrange the meeting to be held in MENTON (France) in two parts, the first being a School and the second the Symposium proper. The former was' intended to review and to teach theoretical aspects as well as to discuss the experimental results derived from these advanced methods; the Symposium was to be for the discussion of the latest results at the highest level."

Published as a companion to Volume 12, the current volume presents the latest advances in electron paramagnetic resonance of iron proteins, metalloproteins, and free radicals. The book features a diskette containing programs for iron ERP spectral simulation and ENDOR analyses.

In vivo nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy is concerned, inter alia, with the noninvasive observation of metabolic changes in living systems, including animals and humans. Typically, the physiologi cal (or pathological) state of an organ or tissue is monitored. This multi faceted approach was developed during the 1980s. It is still a research technique, but will undoubtedly become a clinical tool. We are proud to present this volume (the eleventh of our series) in which some of the pioneers in this area summarize their contributions and review related literature. Bolinger and Lenkinski describe a variety of localization methods suitable for clinical applications of NMR spectroscopy. Schleich, Caines, and Rydzewski summarize their contributions to approaches involving off-resonance rotating frame relaxation and critically compare these with other NMR techniques that may yield similar information. Chang and James outline their approach and share their experience with the technical aspects 1 31 of H and P NMR spectroscopy and spatially localized spectroscopy in studies of brain ischemia. Sodium plays an important role in living systems, a key aspect being the large gradient between intra- and extracellular concentrations of sodium that is maintained by a variety of transport mechanisms. Miller and Elgavish give us a comprehensive review of an important research tool in this 23 area- Na NMR spectroscopy as aided by shift reagents.

The combination of solid materials of different structural dimensionality with atomic or molecular guest species via intercalation processes represents a unique and widely variable low temperature synthesis strategy for the design of solids with particular composition, structure and physical properties. In the last decade this field has experienced a rapid development and represents now an established specific domain of solid state research and materials science. Substantial progress has been made with respect to an understanding of the complex relationship between structure, bonding, physical properties and chemical reactivity since the first volume on the subject appeared in this series in 1979 (Intercalated Layered Materials, F. Levy, ed.). The purpose of this volume is to present a survey on progress and per spectives based on the treatment of a series of major areas of activities in this field. By the very nature of its subject this monograph has an interdisciplinary character and addresses itself to chemists, physicists and materials scien tists interested in intercalation research and related aspects such as design and characterization of complex materials, low temperature synthesis, solid state reaction mechanisms, electronic/ionic conductivity, control of electronic properties of solids with different structural dimensionality and application of intercalation systems. Several chapters have been devoted to specific groups of host lattices.

It is refreshing to find a book treating alkaloid analysis with all the latest techniques such as inverse-detected two dimensional NMR, GC/MS, and HPLC associated techniques. There have been many developments in the field of alkaloid analysis since the 1950s, not the least of which are the various powerful spectroscopic methods, which dominate this volume. Included also are the various aspects of tobacco alkaloids and analysis in various situations. The complexities of sampling and analysis in tobacco smoke is explained. Analysis of alkaloids produced by tobacco root cell cultures is included, while genetic and chemical analysis is described for "Papaver," a plant of considerable medicinal significance.

"Provides analytical chemists and biomedical scientists with an excellent summary of progress...This is a book that can be recommended to all analytical scientists interested in fluorimetry." (Analytical Chimica Acta) "This is a useful overview and gives the nonspecialist a feeling for the advantages and limitations of the methods. Overall this book is a worthwhile read and a good source of references." (TRAC)
The book is divided into chapters on new methods, new appli- cations, fluorescence immunoassays, fluorometric analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy in biomedical sciences. Specific topics are fluorescence spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence scattering by synthetic polymers, fluorescence immunoassays, fluorescence for environmental monitoring, fluorescence in flow injection analysis, hydro-geological studies, fluorescence of proteins, lipids and membranes, cell fluorescence, calcium transients.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which has evolved only within the last 20 years, has become one of the very important tools in chemistry and physics. The literature on its theory and application has grown immensely and a comprehensive and adequate treatment of all branches by one author, or even by several, becomes increasingly difficult. This series is planned to present articles written by experts working in various fields of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and will contain review articles as well as progress reports and original work. Its main aim, however, is to fill a gap, existing in literature, by publishing articles written by specialists, which take the reader from the introductory stage to the latest development in the field. The editors are grateful to the authors for the time and effort spent in writing the articles, and for their invaluable cooperation. The papers presented here are condensed versions of the main contributions to the 7th Colloquium on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, which was made possible by the generous support of the Freunde der Aachener Hoch schule (FAHO). The RWTH is indebted to the FAHO and to all the participants who contributed to the success of the Colloquium."