The unique properties and applications of transition metal compounds have long fascinated both physicists and chemists. This volume presents theoretical and experimental studies for a deeper understanding of the electronic and vibronic properties of these compounds. In particular, an introduction into properties of spin sublevels of dd*, dA*, and AA* states is given, and a modern ligand field theory based on the Angular Overlap Model is presented. In experimental case studies it is shown how to characterize different types of electronic transitions using modern methods of laser spectroscopy. Consequences of spin-orbit coupling, zero-field splittings, spin-lattice relaxations, chromophore-matrix interactions, Herzberg-Teller/Franck-Condon activities, and localization/delocalization properties are treated.

This book is a guide to kinetic studies of reaction mechanisms. It reviews conventional reactor types and data collection methods, and introduces a new methodology for data collection using Temperature Scanning Reactors (TSR). It provides a theoretical and practical approach to temperature scanning (TS) methodology and supports a revival of kinetic studies as a useful approach to the fundamental understanding of chemical reaction mechanisms and the consequential reaction kinetics.
.Describes a new patented technology
.Of interest to industrial and academic researchers in the fields of kinetics and catalysis
.No existing competitor for this title

Chain Mobility and Progress in Medicine, Pharmaceuticals, and Polymer Science and Technology covers the core fundamentals and applications of chain movement, chain mobility, segmental mobility, segmental dynamics, and chain orientation in polymer science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and other disciplines. The book starts by defining principal terms, then looks at the work of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes and his 1991 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on polymer-chain motion. From there the book discusses the different mechanisms of chain motion of macromolecular substances, the conditions under which chains move, and the effects of these movements on properties of materials, such as chain alignment, chain orientation, creation of free volume, dimensional stability, and more. The final chapters provide insight on analytical methods of chain movement, chain movement phenomena in different polymers, and various fields of application. All concepts, findings, and applications are discussed in easy-to-understand language stripped of disciplinary slang, making the book accessible to researchers and practitioners across a variety of scientific fields.

Over the past few years there has been a significant growth in the commercial application of a variety of processes which are all essentially based upon the very rapid heat treatment of powdered solid material in dilute gas suspensions. The objective of flash heating is usually to create a desirable product by means of physical and/or chemical transformations in the solid phase, usually with a high degree of control and with lower specific energy consumption than dense phase systems. Examples of successful flash reaction processing are to be found in the areas ofpyrometallurgy, mineral processing, plasma processing and, most recently, rapid prototyping. These developments have been based on, and have inspired, an expansion in fundamental research activities. As our understanding of flash reaction technology improves so does the need increase for the review of progress and the dissemination of accumulated knowl edge. Previous stocktaking on selected areas of flash reaction technology occurred in 1988 and can be found in the proceedings of three conferences held in that year: Flash Reaction Processes, Eds. D.G.C.Robertson, H.y'Sohn and N.J.Themelis, published by the Center for Pyrometallurgy, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401-0249; Production and Processing of Fine Particles, Ed. A.J .Plumpton, Pergamon Press, LeN 88-22755; High Temperature Dust-Laden Jets in Plasma Technology, Eds. O.P.Solonenko and A.I.Fedorchenko, VSP, Utrecht, ISBN 90- 6764-120-0."

The conventional solvents used in chemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical and separation processes represent a great challenge to green chemistry because of their toxicity and flammability. Since the beginning of "the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry" in 1998, a general effort has been made to replace conventional solvents with environmentally benign substitutes. Water has been the most popular choice so far, followed by ionic liquids, surfactant, supercritical fluids, fluorous solvents, liquid polymers, bio-solvents and switchable solvent systems. Green Solvents Volume I and II provides a throughout overview of the different types of solvents and discusses their extensive applications in fields such as extraction, organic synthesis, biocatalytic processes, production of fine chemicals, removal of hydrogen sulphide, biochemical transformations, composite material, energy storage devices and polymers. These volumes are written by leading international experts and cover all possible aspects of green solvents' properties and applications available in today's literature. Green Solvents Volume I and II is an invaluable guide to scientists, R&D industrial specialists, researchers, upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, Ph.D. scholars, college and university professors working in the field of chemistry and biochemistry.

The dielectric properties especially of glassy materials are nowadays explored at widely varying temperatures and pressures without any gap in the spectral range from Hz up to the Infrared, thus covering typically 20 decades or more. This extraordinary span enables to trace the scaling and the mutual interactions of relaxation processes in detail, e.g. the dynamic glass transition and secondary relaxations, but as well far infrared vibrations, like the Boson peak. Additionally the evolution of intra-molecular interactions in the course of the dynamic glass transition is also well explored by (Fourier Transform) Infrared Spectroscopy. This volume within 'Advances in Dielectrics' summarizes this knowledge and discusses it with respect to the existing and often competing theoretical concepts.

"Physical Chemistry in Depth" is not a stand-alone text, but complements the text of any standard textbook on "Physical Chemistry" into depth having in mind to provide profound understanding of some of the topics presented in these textbooks. Standard textbooks in Physical Chemistry start with thermodynamics, deal with kinetics, structure of matter, etc. The "Physical Chemistry in Depth" follows this adjustment, but adds chapters that are treated traditionally in ordinary textbooks inadequately, e.g., general scaling laws, the graphlike structure of matter, and cross connections between the individual disciplines of Physical Chemistry. Admittedly, the text is loaded with some mathematics, which is a prerequisite to thoroughly understand the topics presented here. However, the mathematics needed is explained at a really low level so that no additional mathematical textbook is needed.

Except for digressions in Chapters 8 and 17, this book is a highly unified treatment of simple oscillations and waves. The phenomena treated are "simple" in that they are de scribable by linear equations, almost all occur in one dimension, and the dependent variables are scalars instead of vectors or something else (such as electromagnetic waves) with geometric complications. The book omits such complicated cases in order to deal thoroughly with properties shared by all linear os cillations and waves. The first seven chapters are a sequential treatment of electrical and mechanical oscillating systems, starting with the simplest and proceeding to systems of coupled oscillators subjected to ar bitrary driving forces. Then, after a brief discussion of nonlinear oscillations in Chapter 8, the concept of normal modes of motion is introduced and used to show the relationship between os cillations and waves. After Chapter 12, properties of waves are explored by whatever mathematical techniques are applicable. The book ends with a short discussion of three-dimensional vii viii Preface problems (in Chapter 16), and a study of a few aspects of non linear waves (in Chapter 17)."

This volume presents the proceedings of the 1990 Advanced Study Institute entitled "Fundamentals of Gas Phase Ion Chemistry" held at Mont Ste. Odile , Alsace, France, 25th June -6th July, 1990. The Institute brought together over 100 physicists, physical and organic chemists working on a wide variety of topics with gas-phase ion chemistry as the common theme. Many different viewpoints, making use of very different experimental and theoretical approaches, were brought to bear on the subject and provided a stimulating and up-to-date account of the subject. Although the Institute was built around the invited lectures, many specific points were addressed in workshops which consisted of informal discussion groups which were organised by participants during the Institute. This volume therefore contains not only chapters based on the lectures but summaries of many of the workshops which adds considerably to the diversity of information presented. This Advanced Study Institute was the fifth in a series of NATO-sponsored institutes devoted to various aspects of the physics and chemistry of gas phase ions. These meetings have been held every four years since the first, held in Biarritz in 1974, considered "Interactions between Ions and Molecules". The five volumes which comprise the proceedings of these meetings illustrate very clearly the many advances in theory and experiment which have taken place over the last 20 years.

- Microporous Organic Polymers: Design, Synthesis, and Function By J.-X. Jiang and A. I. Cooper - Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption in Metal-Organic Framework Materials By X. Lin, N. R. Champness, and M. Schroeder -Doping of Metal-Organic Frameworks with Functional Guest Molecules and Nanoparticles By F. Schroeder and R. A. Fischer -Chiral Metal-Organic Porous Materials: Synthetic Strategies and Applications in Chiral Separation and Catalysis By K. Kim, M. Banerjee, M. Yoon, and S. Das -Controlled Polymerization by Incarceration of Monomers in Nanochannels By T. Uemura and S. Kitagawa -Designing Metal-Organic Frameworks for Catalytic Applications L. Ma and W. Lin -Magnetic and Porous Molecule-Based Materials By N. Roques, V. Mugnaini, and J. Veciana

Wetting and Spreading Dynamics explains how surface forces acting at the three-phase contact line determine equilibrium, hysteresis contact angles, and other equilibrium and kinetics features of liquids when in contact with solids or with other immiscible liquids. It examines the interaction of surface forces, capillary forces, and properties of the transition zone between the bulk liquid and solid substrate. Significantly revised and updated, the Second Edition features new chapters that cover spreading of non-Newtonian liquids over porous substrates, hysteresis of contact angles on smooth homogeneous substrates, equilibrium and hysteresis contact angles on deformable substrates, and kinetics of simultaneous spreading and evaporation. Drawing together theory and experimental data while presenting over 150 figures to illustrate the concepts, Wetting and Spreading Dynamics, Second Edition is a valuable resource written for both newcomers and experienced researchers.

This book presents an important technique to process organic photovoltaic devices. The basics, materials aspects and manufacturing of photovoltaic devices with solution processing are explained. Solution processable organic solar cells - polymer or solution processable small molecules - have the potential to significantly reduce the costs for solar electricity and energy payback time due to the low material costs for the cells, low cost and fast fabrication processes (ambient, roll-to-roll), high material utilization etc. In addition, organic photovoltaics (OPV) also provides attractive properties like flexibility, colorful displays and transparency which could open new market opportunities. The material and device innovations lead to improved efficiency by 8% for organic photovoltaic solar cells, compared to 4% in 2005. Both academic and industry research have significant interest in the development of this technology. This book gives an overview of the booming technology, focusing on the solution process for organic solar cells and provides a state-of-the-art report of the latest developments. World class experts cover fundamental, materials, devices and manufacturing technology of OPV technology.

This book focuses on the latest developments in detonation engines for aerospace propulsion, with a focus on the rotating detonation engine (RDE). State-of-the-art research contributions are collected from international leading researchers devoted to the pursuit of controllable detonations for practical detonation propulsion. A system-level design of novel detonation engines, performance analysis, and advanced experimental and numerical methods are covered. In addition, the world's first successful sled demonstration of a rocket rotating detonation engine system and innovations in the development of a kilohertz pulse detonation engine (PDE) system are reported. Readers will obtain, in a straightforward manner, an understanding of the RDE & PDE design, operation and testing approaches, and further specific integration schemes for diverse applications such as rockets for space propulsion and turbojet/ramjet engines for air-breathing propulsion. Detonation Control for Propulsion: Pulse Detonation and Rotating Detonation Engines provides, with its comprehensive coverage from fundamental detonation science to practical research engineering techniques, a wealth of information for scientists in the field of combustion and propulsion. The volume can also serve as a reference text for faculty and graduate students and interested in shock waves, combustion and propulsion.

Developing microscale chemistry experiments, using small quantities of chemicals and simple equipment, has been a recent initiative in the UK. Microscale chemistry experiments have several advantages over conventional experiments: They use small quantities of chemicals and simple equipment which reduces costs; The disposal of chemicals is easier due to the small quantities; Safety hazards are often reduced and many experiments can be done quickly; Using plastic apparatus means glassware breakages are minimised; Practical work is possible outside a laboratory. Microscale Chemistry is a book of such experiments designed for use in schools and colleges, and the ideas behind the experiments in it come from many sources, including chemistry teachers from all around the world. Current trends indicate that with the likelihood of further environmental legislation, the need for microscale chemistry teaching techniques and experiments is likely to grow. This book should serve as a guide in this process.

Surfactants are often completely invisible to us and yet they are present in almost every chemical that we use in our daily life. They are found in toothpastes, cosmetics, sunscreens, mayonnaise, detergents, and an array of cleaning products. Traditional surfactants are known to have adverse environmental impacts spurring research into eco-friendly and cost-effective surfactants from renewable resources. Surfactants from Renewable Raw Materials examines the class of surfactants synthesized using plant-based raw materials detailing their properties, applications, bioavailability, and biodegradability. The concluding chapter reviews patent activity over the last decade. Additional features include: Addresses the tremendous variation found in the raw materials used to synthesize commercially available surfactants. Explores the selection of raw materials based upon the desired hydrophobic group or hydrophilic group to be incorporated into the product. Examines the characteristics and medicinal applications of pulmonary surfactants in preterm babies as well as their probable contribution in COVID-19 Discusses the biodegradability of surfactants to assist with the determination of truly green surfactants. This comprehensive reference will prove indispensable for professional and academic researchers creating or working with bio-based surfactants.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Reviews in Fluorescence 2015, the eighth volume of the book serial from Springer, serves as a comprehensive collection of current trends and emerging hot topics in the field of fluorescence and closely related disciplines. It summarizes the year's progress in fluorescence and its applications, with authoritative reviews specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet also appealing to the wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of fluorescence. Reviews in Fluorescence offers an essential reference material for any research lab or company working in the fluorescence field and related areas. All academics, bench scientists, and industry professionals wishing to take advantage of the latest and greatest in the continuously emerging field of fluorescence will find it an invaluable resource.

Over the past two decades, two-phase flow and heat transfer problems associated with two-phase phenomena have been a challenge to many investigators. Two-phase flow applications are found in a wide range of engineering systems, such as nuclear and conventional power plants, evaporators of refrigeration systems and a wide vari ety of evaporative and condensive heat exchangers in the chemical industry. This publication is based on the invited lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Advances in Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer. The Horkshop was attended by more than 50 leading scientists and practicing engineers who work actively on two-phase flow and heat transfer research and applications in dif ferent sectors (academia, government, industry) of member countries of NATO. Some scientific leaders and experts on the subject matter from the non-NATO countries were also invited. They convened to discuss the state-of-the-art in two-phase flow and heat transfer and formulated recommendations for future research directions. To achieve these goals, invited key papers and a limited number of contributions were presented and discussed. The specific aspects of the subject were treated in depth in the panel sessions, and the unresolved problems identified. Suitable as a practical reference, these volumes incorporate a systematic approach to two-phase flow analysis."

The main objective of this volume is to demonstrate the importance of the fundamental aspects of interfacial phenomena in various industrial applications. The text provides the reader with the knowledge that is essential for the composition of the complex multi-phase systems used in the above mentioned areas of application. It should enable the physical and formulation chemist as well as the chemical engineer in designing the formulation on the basis of a rational approach. It will also enable the formulation scientist to better understanding the factors responsible for producing a stable product with optimum application conditions. The book should also be very useful for teaching the subject of formulation at academic institutions.

Atlas of Material Damage, Third Edition provides a systematic analysis of modes of damage and morphology of damaged material and compares the experiences of different industries to provide insights into the most frequently encountered failures, reasons for these failures, and potential improvements to prevent future failure. The book covers defect formation, material damage, and how structure of materials impacts designed function. The effects of composition, processing conditions, and singular and combined actions of different degradants on industrial products are discussed at length. Technological steps required to obtain specifically designed morphology for specific performance are outlined, and numerous examples of how this special morphology can be achieved and deployed in electronics, plastics, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, automotive, medical, dental and a range of other fields and applications is also covered.

Pierre Duhem (1861 1916) held the chair of theoretical physics at Bordeaux from 1894 to his death. He established a reputation in both the history and philosophy of science as well as in science itself (physics and physical chemistry). Much of his work in the first two areas has been translated into English, but little of his technical scientific work. The present volume contains early work of Duhem s illustrating his interest in the rigorous development of physical theory for which he is famous. It opens with what was the first critical discussion of Gibbs groundbreaking "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" (1876-8), where Duhem addressed the problem that, as he put it, "Mathematicians regret that the principles of Thermodynamics should have been developed in general with so little precision that the same proposition can be regarded by some as a consequence, and by others as a negation, of these principles." The other papers, forming a three-part series, pursue this project of putting the foundations of thermodynamics on a clearer and more secure basis. This book will be of interest to scholars in history and philosophy of science, especially those interested in the development of physical chemistry and the work of Pierre Duhem."

"Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids" is the first non-edited book on the subject of metal catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids to cover the literature from its origins until early 2005.
Following a general introduction to the field of biphasic/multiphasic catalysis, the book moves on to describe the synthesis, the functionalisation, and fundamental properties of ionic liquids relevant to catalysis. It then analyses the catalysed reactions according to their type, encompassing hydrogenation, hydroformylation, oxidation, C-C coupling reactions, metathesis, dimerisation, polymerisation and more. Trends, generalisations, advantages and disadvantages of ionic liquids for specific reaction types are also examined as well as specific processes such as supported ionic liquid phase catalysis, continuous processes using CO2 extraction and nanoparticle catalysis.
"Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids" is of interest to those working in catalysis/green chemistry, in particular to advanced level undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in bi- or multiphasic catalysis using ionic liquids.
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