This book presents photoelectron spectroscopy as a valuable method for studying the electronic structures of various solid materials in the bulk state, on surfaces, and at buried interfaces. This second edition introduces the advanced technique of high-resolution and high-efficiency spin- and momentum-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using a novel momentum microscope, enabling high-precision measurements down to a length scale of some tens of nanometers. The book also deals with fundamental concepts and approaches to applying this and other complementary techniques, such as inverse photoemission, photoelectron diffraction, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, as well as photon spectroscopy based on (soft) x-ray absorption and resonance inelastic (soft) x-ray scattering. This book is the ideal tool to expand readers' understanding of this marvelously versatile experimental method, as well as the electronic structures of metals and insulators.

Hot Topics in Crystal Engineering covers the design and synthesis of single crystalline solid-state materials, their properties and applications, focusing on the understanding and use of intermolecular interactions that constitute single crystalline materials. Many of the most modern materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) capable of gas storage and separation, and selective entrapment of harmful substances, are the result of the rational use of crystal engineering. Topics covered in this work highlight breakthroughs in this rapidly developing field. This work offers a carefully chosen cross-section of the latest developments, some in their early infancy and some covered for the first time.

The fifth edition of this widely acclaimed work has been reissued as part of the Oxford Classic Texts series. The book includes a clear exposition of general topics concerning the structures of solids, and a systematic description of the structural chemistry of elements and their compounds. The book is divided into two parts. Part I deals with a number of general topics, including the properties of polyhedra, the nature and symmetry of repeating patterns, and the ways in which spheres, of the same or different sizes, can be packed together. In Part II the structural chemistry of the elements is described systematically, arranged according to the groups of the Periodic Table.

This book provides an intuitive yet sound understanding of how structure and properties of solids may be related. The natural link is provided by the band theory approach to the electronic structure of solids. The chemically insightful concept of orbital interaction and the essential machinery of band theory are used throughout the book to build links between the crystal and electronic structure of periodic systems. In such a way, it is shown how important tools for understanding properties of solids like the density of states, the Fermi surface etc. can be qualitatively sketched and used to either understand the results of quantitative calculations or to rationalize experimental observations. Extensive use of the orbital interaction approach appears to be a very efficient way of building bridges between physically and chemically based notions to understand the structure and properties of solids.

There is a growing demand for strategies to address the impact of polymers and plastics in ecosystems. The principles of green chemistry offer a good source of such strategies. Ecofriendly Functional Polymers: An Approach from Application-Targeted Green Chemistry provides a holistic overview of polymer chemistry, development, and applications in the context of these sustainability-driven principles. It encourages researchers to consider the principles of green chemistry, environmental impacts, and end-user needs as integral aspects for consideration at the earliest stages of any design process, and draws together key aspects of polymer chemistry, organic synthesis, experimental design, and applications in a single volume. Beginning with an authoritative guide to fundamental polymer chemistry and its impact in the current environmental context, the book then discusses a range of key theoretical and experimental aspects of designing eco-friendly functional polymers. Applications of ecofriendly functional polymers across an entire range of fields are discussed, and a selection of case studies highlights the implementation of theoretical and experimental information to address a broad selection of issues.

This graduate-level textbook covers the major developments in surface sciences of recent decades, from experimental tricks and basic techniques to the latest experimental methods and theoretical understanding. It is unique in its attempt to treat the physics of surfaces, thin films and interfaces, surface chemistry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and the physics of the solid/electrolyte interface in an integral manner, rather than in separate compartments. It is designed as a handbook for the researcher as well as a study-text for graduate students. Written explanations are supported by 350 graphs and illustrations.

Green Chemistry for Sustainable Textiles: Modern Design and Approaches provides a comprehensive survey of the latest methods in green chemistry for the reduction of the textile industry's environmental impact. In recent years industrial R&D has been exploring more sustainable chemicals as well as eco-friendly technologies in the textile wet processing chain, leading to a range of new techniques for sustainable textile manufacture. This book discusses and explores basic principles of green chemistry and their implementation along with other aspects of cleaner production strategies, as well as new and emerging textile technologies, providing a comprehensive reference for readers at all levels. Potential benefits to industry from the techniques covered in this book include: Savings in water, energy and chemical consumption, waste minimization as well as disposal cost reduction, and production of high added value sustainable textile products to satisfy consumer demands for comfort, safety, aesthetic, and multi-functional performance properties.

This book presents a theoretical analysis of the modern methods used for modeling various chemical engineering processes. Currently, the two primary problems in the chemical industry are the optimal design of new devices and the optimal control of active processes. Both of these problems are often solved by developing new methods of modeling. These methods for modeling specific processes may be different, but in all cases, they bring the mathematical description closer to the real processes by using appropriate experimental data. In this book, the authors detail a new approach for the modeling of chemical processes in column apparatuses. Further, they describe the types of neural networks that have been shown to be effective in solving important chemical engineering problems. Readers are also presented with mathematical models of integrated bioethanol supply chains (IBSC) that achieve improved economic and environmental sustainability. The integration of energy and mass processes is one of the most powerful tools for creating sustainable and energy efficient production systems. This book defines the main approaches for the thermal integration of periodic processes, direct and indirect, and the recent integration of small-scale solar thermal dryers with phase change materials as energy accumulators. An exciting overview of new approaches for the modeling of chemical engineering processes, this book serves as a guide for the important innovations being made in theoretical chemical engineering.

This was the third meeting in the series of special topical conferences on Non-Metallic materials at low temperatures. The first meeting was in Munich in 1978, the second in Geneva (1980) and so Heidelberg 1984 seemed an obvious time to review some of the hopes and objectives of the earlier meetings. It is also appropriate to consider the changing needs of the cryogenic community and how best the theory and practice of Non-metallic materials can be applied to suit this dynamic young science. The aims and objectives of the International Cryogenic Materials Board in sponsoring this meeting remain the same. Namely, to provide a forum where practicing Engineers can meet with materials suppliers and researchers in an attempt to ensure that a real understanding exists between the two sides of the Cryogenic Materials Community. In this atmosphere, real problems can be addressed together with full discussions of tried and tested practical solutions. It is in this way that knowledge and confidence may grow hand in hand with the logical growth of the industry.

The octanol-water partition coefficient is a laboratory-measured property of a substance. It provides a thermodynamic measure of the tendency of the substance to prefer a non-aqueous or oily milieu rather than water (i.e. its hydrophilic/lipophilic balance). Partition coefficients are used extensively in medicinal chemistry, drug design, ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry. The partition coefficient is recognized by governmental and international agencies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OECD) as a physical property of organic pollutants equal in importance to vapour pressure, water solubility and toxicity. Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients is a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the thermodynamics of partitioning and of the octanol-water pair. In addition, all current methods of measurement are reviewed, strengths and weaknesses are noted and recommendations for particular applications are given. Current methods of calculation of partition coefficients are similarly surveyed and described. Five of the most popular computerized methods are tested for predictive accuracy for drugs, pollutants, aminoacids, etc. The book will be of interest not only to solution chemists, but to any chemists who use partition coefficients. It provides a thorough understanding of the fundamentals and offers clear guidance on the choice of methods of measurement and calculation. Contents: Introduction, Thermodynamics and Extrathermodynamics of Partitioning, Experimental Methods of Measurement, Discussion of Measurement Methods, Methods of Calculating Partitioning Coefficients, Discussion of LogKow Predictive Methods The Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry fills the increasing need to present authoritative, comprehensive and fully up-to-date accounts of the many aspects of solution chemistry. Internationally recognized experts from research or teaching institutions in various countries are invited to contribute to the series.

This book provides details of the basic frameworks and characteristics of processes occurring in electronically excited states of small molecules, complexes, and clusters. It discusses the perturbations in electronically excited valence states of molecules induced by intramolecular interaction and intermolecular interactions, which occur in collisions and optically populated, weakly bound complexes. Further, it describes the kinetics and mechanisms of photoprocesses in simple molecules and recombination accompanied by radiation. The book also offers information on general kinetics for gas-phase processes and basic theoretical frameworks for elementary processes. It features many useful problems, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers in molecular spectroscopy/molecular physics and chemical physics/physical chemistry.

Microwaves in Chemistry Applications: Fundamentals, Methods and Future Trends offers a number of benefits over conventional heating technologies, including acceleration of reaction rates, milder reaction conditions, higher chemical yields, lower energy usage and different reaction selectivity, all of which can improve the sustainability of processes. The book provides valuable insights into the underlying chemistry at play in microwave-assisted processes, introducing fundamental concepts, discussing the modeling of reactions in such processes, and also highlighting a range of key methods and applications of microwaves in chemistry for improved sustainability. Beginning with an introduction to microwave chemistry, Part One discusses foundational principles, equipment and approaches for modeling reactions and assessing the outputs of those models. Methods in microwave chemistry are then the focus of Part Two, with microwave-assisted synthesis, catalysis, reduction and reactions all explored in detail. Part Three reflects on the practical usage of these methods to address specific issues, covering a number of interesting applications.

Volume 4 of the Handbook of Colloid and Interface Science is a survey into the applications of colloids in a variety of fields, based on theories presented in Volumes 1 and 2. The Handbook provides a complete understanding of how colloids and interfaces can be applied in materials science, chemical engineering, and colloidal science. It is ideally suited as reference work for research scientists, universities, and industries.

Neutron Protein Crystallography is one of the first books dedicated to the emerging field of neutron protein crystallography (NPC). The text covers all of the practical aspects of NPC, from the basic background of neutron scattering and diffraction, to the technical details of neutron facilities, growth of high-quality crystals, and data analysis. The final chapter is devoted to providing many examples of using NPC to investigate a wide range of different proteins. It demonstrates how NPC can explore hydrogen bonds, protonation and deprotonation of amino acid residues, hydration structures, and hydrogen-to-deuterium exchange ratios.
To avoid redundancy with other textbooks on X-ray protein crystallography (XPC), this book assumes a familiarity with the basics of XPC and strives to highlight and explain the differences between XPC and NPC. It is therefore especially useful for X-ray protein crystallographers who are eager to have a sound, scientific basis for judging if NPC is the right technique for furthering their experimental programs.

Modern techniques to produce nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites are based on approaches that frequently involve high costs, inefficiencies, and negative environmental impacts. As such, there has been a real drive to develop and apply approaches that are more efficient and benign. The Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds provides a comprehensive review of developments in this field, combining foundational green and nano-chemistry with the key information researchers need to assess, select and apply the most appropriate green synthesis approaches to their own work. Volume 1: Fundamental Principles and Methods provides a clear introduction to the fundamentals of green synthesis that places synthesis in the context of green chemistry. Beginning with a discussion of key greener physical and chemical methods for synthesis, including ultrasound, microwave and mechanochemistry methods, the book goes on to explore biological methods, including biosynthesis, green nanoformation, and virus-assisted methods.

Tire Waste and Recycling takes a methodical approach to the recycling of tires, providing a detailed understanding on how to manage, process, and turn waste tires into valuable materials and industrial applications. Sections cover fundamental aspects such as tire use, composition, trends, legislation, the current global situation, the possibilities for moving towards a circular economy, lifecycle options, treatment methods, and opportunities for re-use, recycling and recovery. Subsequent sections of the book focus on specific technologies that enable the utilization of waste tires in the development of high value materials and advanced applications. Finally, the future of tire recycling is considered. This is an essential resource for scientists, R&D professionals, engineers and manufacturers working in the tire, rubber, waste, recycling, automotive and aerospace industries. In academia, the book will be of interest to researchers and advanced scientists across rubber science, polymer science, materials engineering, environmental science, chemistry and chemical engineering.

All materials have voids in them, at some scale. Sometimes the voids are ignored, sometimes they are taken into account, and other times they are the focal point of the research. Voids in Materials: From Unavoidable Defects to Designed Cellular Materials takes due notice of all these occurrences, whether designed or unavoidable defects. We define, categorize, and characterize the voids (or empty spaces in materials) and we analyze the effects they have on material properties. This second edition is an updated and expanded central reference for voids in materials and covers all types of voids, intrinsic and intentional, and stochastic and nonstochastic, and the processes and conditions that are needed to create them and is a valuable resource to students in the areas of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, physics, and chemistry, as well as scientists, researchers, and engineers in industry.

The book reviews photosynthetic water oxidation and proton-coupled electron transfer in photosystem, focusing on the molecular vibrations of amino acid residues and water molecules. Photosynthetic water oxidation performed by plants and cyanobacteria is essential for the sustenance of life on Earth, not only as an electron source for synthesizing sugars from CO2, but also as an O2 source in the atmosphere. Water oxidation takes place at the Mn4CaO5 cluster in photosystem II, where a series of electron transfer reactions coupled with proton transfer occur using light energy. The author addresses the unresolved mechanisms of photosynthetic water oxidation and relevant proton-coupled electron transfer reactions using a combined approach of experimental and computational methods such as Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The results show that protonation and hydrogen-bond structures of water molecules and amino acid residues in the protein play important roles in regulation of the electron and proton transfer reactions. These findings and the methodology make a significant contribution to our understanding the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation.

Molecular Characterization of Polymers presents a range of advanced and cutting-edge methods for the characterization of polymers at the molecular level, guiding the reader through theory, fundamentals, instrumentation, and applications, and supporting the end goal of efficient material selection and improved material performance. Each chapter focuses on a specific technique or family of techniques, including the different areas of chromatography, field flow fractionation, long chain branching, static and dynamic light scattering, mass spectrometry, NMR, X-Ray and neutron scattering, polymer dilute solution viscometry, microscopy, and vibrational spectroscopy. In each case, in-depth coverage explains how to successfully implement and utilize the technique. This practical resource is highly valuable to researchers and advanced students in polymer science, materials science, and engineering, and to those from other disciplines and industries who are unfamiliar with polymer characterization techniques.

Computational Studies of Crystal Structure and Bonding, by Angelo Gavezzotti Cryo-Crystallography: Diffraction at Low Temperature and More, by Piero Macchi High-Pressure Crystallography, by Malcolm I. McMahon Chemical X-Ray Photodiffraction: Principles, Examples, and Perspectives, by Pance Naumov Powder Diffraction Crystallography of Molecular Solids, by Kenneth D. M. Harris

Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-Air Batteries is a comprehensive book summarizing the recent overview of these new materials developed to date. The book is motivated by research that focuses on the reduction of noble metal content in catalysts to reduce the cost associated to the entire system. Metal oxides gained significant interest in heterogeneous catalysis for basic research and industrial deployment. Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-Air Batteries puts these opportunities and challenges into a broad context, discusses the recent researches and technological advances, and finally provides several pathways and guidelines that could inspire the development of ground-breaking electrochemical devices for energy production or storage. Its primary focus is how materials development is an important approach to produce electricity for key applications such as automotive and industrial. The book is appropriate for those working in academia and R&D in the disciplines of materials science, chemistry, electrochemistry, and engineering.

A systematic exploration of the fascinating area of CH/p interaction-from the frontier of chemical research
The CH/p bond may be the weakest of the hydrogen bonds, but it has been found to play important roles in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a variety of substances. This book offers a complete overview of the experimental basis, theoretical background, and nature of the CH/p interaction to facilitate a clearer common understanding of the interaction between CH bonds and p-systems. Featured topics include:
* Evidence and methods of detection
* Quantum chemical treatment of CH/p interaction
* Comparison with other types of weak molecular interactions
* Conformational consequences
* Chiroptical properties
* Selectivity in organic reactions
* Crystal structures of clathrates
* Inclusion compounds
* Interligand interactions in coordination chemistry
* Specific interactions in protein structures
* Prospects and possibilities for use in biochemistry and materials science
The CH/p Interaction makes an important contribution to the understanding of weak intermolecular forces and their potential value to the biochemical and pharmaceutical sciences. It will be welcomed by physical and synthetic organic chemists; structural chemists; and pharmaceutical and biochemists.

Self-Healing Polymer-Based Systems presents all aspects of self-healing polymeric materials, offering detailed information on fundamentals, preparation methods, technology, and applications, and drawing on the latest state-of-the-art research. The book begins by introducing self-healing polymeric systems, with a thorough explanation of underlying concepts, challenges, mechanisms, kinetic and thermodynamics, and types of chemistry involved. The second part of the book studies the main categories of self-healing polymeric material, examining elastomer-based, thermoplastic-based, and thermoset-based materials in turn. This is followed by a series of chapters that examine the very latest advances, including nanoparticles, coatings, shape memory, self-healing biomaterials, ionomers, supramolecular polymers, photoinduced and thermally induced self-healing, healing efficiency, life cycle analysis, and characterization. Finally, novel applications are presented and explained. This book serves as an essential resource for academic researchers, scientists, and graduate students in the areas of polymer properties, self-healing materials, polymer science, polymer chemistry, and materials science. In industry, this book contains highly valuable information for R&D professionals, designers, and engineers, who are looking to incorporate self-healing properties in their materials, products, or components.

The main motivation for the organization of the Advanced Research Workshop in Belgirate was the promotion of discussions on the most recent issues and the future perspectives in the field of Solid State lonics. The location was chosen on purpose since Belgirate was the place were twenty years ago, also then under the sponsorship of NATO, the very first international meeting on this important and interdisciplinary field took place. That meeting was named "Fast Ion Transport in Solids" and gathered virtually everybody at that time having been active in any aspect of motion of ions in solids. The original Belgirate Meeting made for the first time visible the technological potential related to the phenomenon of the fast ionic transport in solids and, accordingly, the field was given the name "Solid State lonics." This field is now expanded to cover a wide range of technologies which includes chemical sensors for environmental and process control, electrochromic windows, mirrors and displays, fuel cells, high performance rechargeable batteries for stationary applications and electrotraction, chemotronics, semiconductor ionics, water electrolysis cells for hydrogen economy and other applications. The main idea for holding an anniversary meeting was that of discussing the most recent issues and the future perspectives of Solid State lonics just twenty years after it has started at the same location on the lake Maggiore in North Italy.