Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Chemistry: Applied Research and Interactions provides the background needed in biophysics and molecular chemistry and offers a great deal of advanced biophysical knowledge. It emphasizes the growing interrelatedness of molecular chemistry and biochemistry, and acquaints one with experimental methods of both disciplines. This book addresses some of the enormous advances in biochemistry, particularly in the areas of structural biology and bioinformatics, by providing a solid biochemical foundation that is rooted in chemistry. Topics include scientific integrity and ethics in the field; clinical translational research in cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease; emerging drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases; swine, avian, and human flu; the use of big data in artificial knowledge in the field; bioinformatic insights on molecular chemistry; and much more.

This book provides a comprehensive update on recent developments of Jasmonates (JAs) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in plant signalling and biotechnological applications. Over the last few decades, an enormous amount of research data has been generated on these two signalling molecules. This valuable compilation will enhance the basic understanding of JAs and BRs mechanism of actions ensuing tolerance mechanism of crops under climate changes for sustainable agriculture and human welfare. This book covers topics regarding the occurrence of JAs and BRs in plants, biosynthesis, role in plant growth and development, role of these PGRs during various abiotic stress tolerance in plants, crosstalk of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and plant stress mitigation, regulation of JAs and BRs signaling pathways by microRNA, along with physiological and anatomical roles of JAs and BRs as wound healing, regeneration and cell fate decisions. The cross talk of JAs and BRs with neurotransmitters in plant growth and development. Bio-fortification of crop plants with BRs in managing in human health issues chapter enlightened new role of BRs in human wellbeing. This book will be beneficial to scientists, researchers, agriculturists, horticulturists, industries related to the crop and food production KEY FEATURES Reviews the global scientific literature and experimental data of the authors on the occurrence of JAs and BRs in various plants Update information on recent developments of JAs and BRs signalling and biotechnological applications in plants Highlights the physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanism of JAs and BRs under variable climates Addresses the abiotic and biotic tolerance management by JAs and BRs Describes the role of JAs and BRs in sustainable agriculture and human welfare in eco-friendly manner

Richard P. Feynman made profoundly important and prescient contributions to the physics of computing, notably with his seminal articles ?There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom? and ?Simulating Physics with Computers.? These two provocative papers (both reprinted in this volume) anticipated, decades before their time, several breakthroughs that have s

The Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series treats ion exchange and solvent extraction both as discrete topics and as a unified, multidisciplinary study - presenting new insights for researchers in many chemical and related fields.;Volume 12 contains coverage of: the nature of metal-ion interaction with oppositely charged sites of ion exchangers; high-pressure ion exchange separation of rare earth elements; the commercial recovery of valuable minerals from seawater and brines by ion exchange and sorption; the kinetics of ion exchange in heterogenous systems; the ion-exchange equilibria of amino acids; and more.;The work is intended for analytical, co-ordination, process, separation, surface, organic, inorganic, physical and environmental chemists, geochemists, electrochemists, radiochemists, biochemists, biophysicists, hydrometallurgists, membrane researchers and chemical engineers.

Super-radiance: Multiatomic Coherent Emission provides a comprehensive, self-contained account of the theory and experiments of the quantum optic phenomenon of superradiance. Contributed by highly regarded researchers in the field, the book first presents the theory of superradiance at a level suitable for graduate physicists approaching the subject for the first time. This introduction is followed by a more rigorous treatment that is supported by the analysis of experiments dealing with superradiance and by a discussion on the possible uses of the effect in other areas of optics and electronics. The theoretical and experimental results presented in this book will introduce a wide audience to this important area of quantum optics.

Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials is the only single reference that discusses the connection between structure and mechanisms of atomic or molecular transport in different classes of materials, from metals and semiconductors to network glasses, polymers and supercooled liquids. Divided into four parts, Part I begins with a discussion the fundamentals of transport, wherein transport properties of a system of non-interacting particles are calculated and the phenomenon of Brownian motion introduced. The phenomenology of diffusion is also discussed wherein Fick's laws are introduced and solved for a range of practical cases involving mass transport. Elementary Statistical mechanics, involving Partition functions, probability distribution functions and correlation functions, is discussed to lay the foundation for the subsequent discussion of mechanisms of transport in different materials. Parts II and III focus on mechanisms of transport in crystalline materials and in structurally disordered materials. Chapters explain how the mechanism of diffusional transport of an atom or molecule is intimately connected to the spatial organization of neighboring structural elements and to its interactions with them. The book reviews factors that control temperature dependent long-range dynamics of glass-forming systems. Diffusion and viscoelasticity of polymer melts, transport (viscous flow and ionic diffusion) in inorganic network glasses, and dynamic heterogeneity in super cooled liquids are described. Part IV analyzes the development of instabilities, such as spinodal decomposition and Mullins-Sekerka instabilities, which lead to the morphological evolution of materials. Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials emphasizes interdisciplinary nature of transport in materials, presenting its material in a user-friendly format for students from any discipline with a foundation in elementary

Providing a significant cross-fertilization of ideas across several disciplines, Enhancement in Drug Delivery offers a unique comprehensive review of both theoretical and practical aspects of enhancement agents and techniques used for problematic administration routes. It presents an integrated evaluation of absorption enhancers and modes for promoting absorption that is especially valuable to those involved with the development of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, bioengineered, and medical products, as well as graduate students looking to study this intriguing field and those professionals involved with patents and regulatory issues. Organized by routes of administration, the book is divided into eight major sections: oral, rectal, buccal/sublingual, dermal/transdermal, nasal, vaginal/uterine, ocular, and brain. It offers fundamental as well specialized information including current findings on- * Surfactant use to accelerate macromolecule input * Targeted gastrointestinal delivery and enhanced absorption of lipophilic drugs * Permeation issues in rectal absorption * Chemical means of enhancement * Carriers for enhanced delivery to and across the skin * Methods associated with breaching the skin * Promoted buccal and sublingual absorption * Emerging ocular, nasal, vaginal, and uterine delivery systems * Carriers for overcoming the blood brain barrier Those investigators primarily involved with one specific route of delivery will be able to learn of helpful concepts and find additional stimulat

The demands of production, such as thin films in microelectronics, rely on consideration of factors influencing the interaction of dissimilar materials that make contact with their surfaces. Bond formation between surface layers of dissimilar condensed solids-termed adhesion-depends on the nature of the contacting bodies. Thus, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of adhesion interaction of different materials from both applied and fundamental perspectives of surface phenomena. Given the difficulty in obtaining reliable experimental values of the adhesion strength of coatings, the theoretical approach to determining adhesion characteristics becomes more important. Surface Physics: Theoretical Models and Experimental Methods presents straightforward and efficient approaches and methods developed by the authors that enable the calculation of surface and adhesion characteristics for a wide range of materials: metals, alloys, semiconductors, and complex compounds. The authors compare results from the proposed theories-developed within the framework of the electron density functional theory and dielectric formalism-to experimental data. The book begins with a discussion of the thermodynamics of surface phenomena and covers experimental and theoretical methods for studying surface characteristics of solids. Chapters describe calculations of surface and adhesion characteristics of metals using the density functional method. They also examine the calculation of adhesion characteristics of metals, semiconductors, and complex compounds based on dielectric formalism. In addition, the text covers dry friction, adsorption of metal atoms, and ferromagnetic films. The principles and methods presented in this book are useful in selecting optimum materials and coatings for various applications, including minimizing friction for increased efficiency of microelectronic components.

Polymer translocation occurs in many biological and biotechnological phenomena where electrically charged polymer molecules move through narrow spaces in crowded environments. Unraveling the rich phenomenology of polymer translocation requires a grasp of modern concepts of polymer physics and polyelectrolyte behavior. Polymer Translocation discusses universal features of polymer translocations and summarizes the key concepts of polyelectrolyte structures, electrolyte solutions, ionic flow, mobility of charged macromolecules, polymer capture by pores, and threading of macromolecules through pores. With approximately 150 illustrations and 850 equations, the book: Avoids heavy mathematics Uses examples to illustrate the richness of the phenomenon Introduces the entropic barrier idea behind polymer translocation Outlines conceptual components necessary for a molecular understanding of polymer translocation Provides mathematical formulas for the various quantities pertinent to polymer translocation The challenge in understanding the complex behavior of translocation of polyelectrolyte molecules arises from three long-range forces due to chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and hydrodynamic interactions. Polymer Translocation provides an overview of fundamentals, established experimental facts, and important concepts necessary to understand polymer translocation. Readers will gain detailed strategies for applying these concepts and formulas to the design of new experiments.

Touted as the new darling of the chemical industry, alkyl polyglycosides are gaining in popularity due to the fact that they are readily biodegradable, low-toxic, and made from renewable resources. Sugar-Based Surfactants compiles the most recent and relevant aspects of sugar-based surfactants, including self-association, phase behavior, and interfacial properties. Focusing on both colloidal and interfacial science, the book deals with the adsorption of surfactants in both the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces. It also covers new advances in surfactant science, such as the development of a family of potent surface active agents that are non-toxic, and thus usable in ubiquitous consumer products

Interfacial phenomena driven by heat or mass transfer are widespread in science and various branches of engineering. Research in this area has become quite active in recent years, attributable in part, at least, to the entry of physicists and their sophisticated experimental techniques into the field. Until now, however, the field has lacked a readable account of the recent developments. Interfacial Phenomena and Convection remedies this problem by furnishing a self-contained monograph that examines a rich variety of phenomena in which interfaces pay a crucial role. From a unified perspective that embraces physical chemistry, fluid mechanics, and applied mathematics, the authors study recent developments related to the Marangoni effect, including patterned convection and instabilities, oscillatory/wavy phenomena, and turbulent phenomena. They examine Benard layers subjected to transverse and longitudinal thermal gradients and phenomena involving surface tension gradients as the driving forces, including falling films, drops, and liquid bridges. It is only in the past two or three decades that researchers have performed suitable, clear-cut experiments involving interfacial phenomena, and the stage is now set for a virtual explosion of the field. Interfacial Phenomena and Convection will bring you quickly up to date on the advances realized and prepare you to both use the results and to make further advances.

Remarkable developments in the spectroscopy field regarding ultrashort pulse generation have led to the possibility of producing light pulses ranging from 50 to5 fs and frequency tunable from the near infrared to the ultraviolet range. Such pulses enable us to follow the coupling of vibrational motion to the electronic transitions in molecules and solids in real time. Detailing these advanced developments, as well as the fundamental methods and tools of vibrational spectroscopy, Coherent Vibrational Dynamics providesresearchers and students with a uniquely comprehensive resource. With the contributions of pioneering scientists, this seminal volume - * Outlines the principles and tools used on time-domain vibrational spectroscopy and provides a general introduction to the subject of coherent phonons * Describes the modern methods for tunable ultrashort pulse generation from infrared to visible-UV * Reviews coherent vibrational dynamics in small molecules in liquids (hydrogen bonds), and in carbon based conjugated materials (polyenes, carotenoids, and semiconducting polymers) * Explores phonon dynamics in semiconductors (bulk and heterostructures) and in quasi-one-dimensional systems Supplemented with a great number of references, and covering fundamental as well advanced topics, this text provides a valuable reference for both graduate students and senior researchers investigating materials in physics, chemistry, and biology. It is also an excellent starting point for those who want to pursue research in the field of ultrafast optics and spectroscopy.

A clear, comprehensive treatment of the subject, Environmental Statistics with S-PLUS surveys the vast array of statistical methods used to collect and analyze environmental data. The book explains what these methods are, how to use them, and where to find references to them. In addition, it provides insight into what to think about before you collect environmental data, how to collect the data, and how to make sense of it after collection. A unique and powerful feature of the book is its integration with the commercially available software package S-Plus and the add-on modules EnvironmentalStats for S-PLUS, S+SpatialStats, and S-PLUS for ArcView. The book presents data sets to explain statistical methods, and then shows how to implement these methods by providing the commands for and the results from the software. This survey of statistical methods, definitions, and concepts helps you collect and effectively analyze data for environmental pollution problems. Using the S-PLUS software in conjunction with this text will no doubt increase understanding of the methods.

FROM THE INTRODUCTION Vehicle crashworthiness has been improving in recent years with attention mainly directed towards reducing the impact of the crash on the passengers. Effort has been spent in experimental research and in establishing safe theoretical design criteria on the mechanics of crumpling, providing to the engineers the ability to design vehicle structures so that the maximum amount of energy will dissipate while the material surrounding the passenger compartment is deformed, thus protecting the people inside. During the last decade the attention given to crashworthiness and crash energy management has been centered on composite structures. The main advantages of fibre reinforced composite materials over more conventional isotropic materials, are the very high specific strengths and specific stiffness which can be achieved. Moreover, with composites, the designer can vary the type of fibre, matrix and fibre orientation to produce composites with proved material properties. Besides the perspective of reduced weight, design flexibility and low fabrication costs, composite materials offer a considerable potential for lightweight energy absorbing structures; these facts attract the attention of the automotive and aircraft industry owing to the increased use of composite materials in various applications, such as frame rails used in the apron construction of a car body and the subfloor of an aircraft, replacing the conventional materials used. Our monograph is intended to provide an introduction to this relatively new topic of structural crashworthiness for professional engineers. It will introduce them to terms and concepts of it and acquaint them with some sources of literature about it. We believe that our survey constitutes a reasonably well-balanced synopsis of the topic.

Macromolecules in the body form noncovalent associations, such as DNA-protein or protein-protein complexes, that control and regulate numerous cellular functions. Understanding how changes in the concentration and conformation of these macromolecules can trigger physiological responses is essential for researchers developing drug therapies to treat diseases affected by these imbalances. Introduction to Macromolecular Binding Equilibria gives students in medicinal chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and bioengineering the necessary background in biophysical chemistry for research applications in drug discovery and development. Building upon a fundamental knowledge of calculus and physical chemistry, this compact, graduate-level text prepares students for advanced work in solution thermodynamics and binding phenomena and applying methods in this book to their own research. This book describes the underlying theory of binding phenomena and explains how to apply the binding polynomial approach for building models and interpreting data. It also covers practical considerations for setting up binding experiments and describes how to obtain true thermodynamic isotherms unbiased by model assumption via model-free analysis of binding data.

Many believe that the silicon/information age is heading to the Age of Biology and that the next frontier in ceramics will most likely require molecular level or nanoscale control. What, then, is the role of ceramics in the age of biology? As we change from an energy-rich society to an energy-declining society, how can ceramic materials appease the problem? This new edition of Chemical Processing of Ceramics offers a scientific and technological framework for achieving creative solutions to these questions. Edited by experts and containing chapters by leading researchers in the field, the book uses an interdisciplinary approach to cover topics ranging from starting materials to device applications. The book begins with a discussion of starting material, highlighting how to prepare and modify them in the nanoscale range. The chapter authors discuss the synthesis, characterization, and behavior of ceramic powders, the processing of ceramic films via sol-gel technique, and the fabrication of nonoxide ceramics. They also present coverage of several specific thin films, membranes, ferroelectrics, bioceramics, dieletrics, batteries, and superconductors. Although the book is edited, it is organized to reflect the chemical sequence of ceramic processing and the coherent theme of chemical processing for advanced ceramic materials. The coverage of molecular/nanoprocessing techniques that result in new materials will enable researchers and engineers to meet the challenge of producing inorganic materials for use in the applications of the future.

Focusing on layered compounds at the core of materials intercalation chemistry, this reference comprehensively explores clays and other classes of materials exhibiting the ability to pillar, or establish permanent intracrystalline porosity within layers. It offers an authoritative presentation of their fundamental properties as well as summaries of cutting-edge research results. Outlines modern usages of clays and other layered materials, including catalytic and photocatalytic applications. With chapters that explain basic concepts first before delving into more scientifically complex topics, the Handbook of Layered Materials Examines chemistry of clays, pillared clays, and pillared clay heterostructures Scrutinizes layered zirconium phosphates and phosphonates, double hydroxides, manganese oxides, metal chalcogenides, and polysilicates Offers clear descriptions of clay-organic interactions and devotes one chapter specifically to nitroaromatic compound sorption Covers findings in photochemistry and the molecular modeling of surface chemistry Reports recent developments in synthesis, characterization, and host-guest chemistry Contains over 2300 current references, formatting many into expedient tables The companion publication to the lauded Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology (Marcel Dekker, Inc.) from the same expert editors, this reference is ideal for materials chemists and engineers; chemical engineers; and graduate-level students in these disciplines.

Presenting the end-use and application technologies of pressure-sensitive adhesives and products, Volume Three of the Handbook of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Products discusses the build up and classes of pressure-sensitive products, the main representatives of pressure-sensitive products, and their application domains. It divides the main product classes of solvent-based, water-based, and hot-melt-based formulations by their debonding characteristics and water and temperature resistance, and illustrates build-up by adhesive-coated, adhesiveless, carrierless, and linerless pressure-sensitive products. It presents application technology, equipment, and novel products such as RFID, medical, and labels, as well as the self-adhesive competitors of pressure-sensitive products. It also lists professional organizations and suppliers, along with the main literature sources.

A teaching tool intended to complement existing books on the theory of materials science, metallurgy, and electron microscopy, this text focuses on metals and alloys. It visualizes key structural elements common to crystalline materials, including crystal lattice imperfections, along with the principles and steps involved in the microstructure development in metallic materials under external influences. Designed as an atlas, Microstructure of Metals and Alloys contains a collection of carefully selected original transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs taken by the authors. These images demonstrate typical crystal lattice defects, elements of the microstructure of metals and alloys, and the basic processes occurring to the crystal structure during plastic deformation, polygonization, recrystallization, and rapid solidification. The book is organized into six chapters. Each deals with a particular problem in the field of physical metallurgy, and begins with a description of the basic concept and terms. These descriptions enable readers to achieve a better understanding of the essential issues relevant to specific challenges. Providing comprehensive, illustrative coverage of the basic topics in materials science, this important work emphasizes fundamental principles over specific materials, in a manner that is fully consistent with the contemporary tendency in materials science teaching.

Pharmaceutical Isothermal Calorimetry discusses the application of isothermal calorimetric techniques to challenges encountered during the rational design and development of novel drugs and drug delivery systems. Providing a comprehensive review of recent research and trends, this book contains an expert discussion of research and applications to pharmaceutical characterization and formulation.

In this day of digitalization, you can work within the technology of optics without having to fully understand the science behind it. However, for those who wish to master the science, rather than merely be its servant, it's essential to learn the nuances, such as those involved with studying fringe patterns produced by optical testing interferometers. When Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing originally came to print, it filled the need for an authoritative reference on this aspect of fringe analysis. That it was also exceptionally current and highly accessible made its arrival even more relevant. Of course, any book on something as cutting edge as interferogram analysis, no matter how insightful, isn't going to stay relevant forever. The second edition of Interferogram Analysis for Optical Testing is designed to meet the needs of all those involved or wanting to become involved in this area of advanced optical engineering. For those new to the science, it provides the necessary fundamentals, including basic computational methods for studying fringe patterns. For those with deeper experience, it fills in the gaps and adds the information necessary to complete and update one's education. Written by the most experienced researchers in optical testing, this text discusses classical and innovative fringe analysis, principles of Fourier theory, digital image filtering, phase detection algorithms, and aspheric wavelength testing. It also explains how to assess wavefront deformation by calculating slope and local average curvature.

During the past 10 years a large variety of new multiphase polymer-based materials have been studied from a morphological point of view. Simultaneously, huge progress has been achieved in microscopy. These circumstances underline the need for a reference that delineates the differences of various types of nanostructures in multiphase polymer-based materials. Multiphase Polymer-Based Materials: An Atlas of Phase Morphology at the Nano and Micro Scale presents up-to-date coverage of developments in this field in a practical and easy to use format. Illustrates Microscopic Tools for Phase Morphology Investigation The author sifted through an encyclopedic amount of information to provide a selection of more than 550 microscopy pictures resulting from the observation of multiphase polymer-based materials. These illustrations include micro and nanopolymer blends, micro and nanocomposites, micro and nano phases in copolymers, thermosets, and thermoplastic blends that were intensively developed over the past decade. Each picture includes a detailed explanation of how to attain these materials, how the samples were prepared, and how the observations were conducted. A Practical Straightforward Approach to Microscopic Observation The book examines the various microscopic tools employed for the investigation of the phase morphology, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides a practical, straightforward approach for dealing with the microscopic observation of phase morphology in multicomponent polymer blends and nanocomposites.

One of two self-contained volumes belonging to the newly revised Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, Second Edition, this book focuses on process design, equipment, and testing used in steel heat treatment. Steel Heat Treatment: Equipment and Process Design presents the classical perspectives that form the basis of heat treatment processes while incorporating detailed descriptions of the latest advances since the 1997 publication of the first edition. This book covers the basic principles of heat treatment and the equipment used in modern industrial settings. It also offers detailed coverage of induction heat treatment as well as important types of furnaces, heat transfer, cooling processes, computation, power supplies, laser treatments, residual stress and loading, microstructural analysis, and quality control. The book features thoroughly updated and new information, most notably in the chapters on vacuum heat processing, designing quench processes, laser hardening, and metallurgical property testing. Steel Heat Treatment: Equipment and Process Design provides a focused resource for everyday use by advanced students and practitioners in metallurgy, process design, heat treatment, and mechanical and materials engineering.

"Examines all known industrial processes using shape selective zeolites. Second Edition contains new, up-to-date information on the specific features that make zeolites shape selective, the role shape selective catalysis can play providing environmentally clean fuels, 12-membered oxygen ring systems, mesopore systems, and more."

This practical reference/text provides a thorough overview of cost estimating as applied to various manufacturing industries, with special emphasis on metal manufacturing concerns. It presents examples and study problems illustrating potential applications and the techniques involved in estimating costs.;Containing both US and metric units for easy conversion of world-wide manufacturing data, Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries: outlines professional societies and publications dealing with cost estimating and cost analysis; details the four basic metalworking processes - machining, casting, forming, and joining; reveals five techniques for capital cost estimating, including the new AACE International's Recommended Practice 16R-90 and the new knowledge and experience method; discusses the effect of scrap rates and operation costs upon unit costs; offers four formula methods for conceptual cost estimating and examines material-design-cost relationships; describes cost indexes, cost capacity factors, multiple-improvement curves, and facility cost estimation techniques; offers a generalized metal cutting economics model for comparison with traditional economic models; and more.;Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries serves as an on-the-job, single-source reference for cost, manufacturing, and industrial engineers and as a text for upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students in cost estimating, engineering economics, and production operations courses.;A Solutions manual to the end-of-chapter problems is available free of charge to instructors only. Requests for the manual must be made on official school stationery.