This reference text discusses conduction mechanism, structure construction, operation, performance evaluation and applications of nanoscale semiconductor materials and devices in VLSI circuits design. The text explains nano materials, devices, analysis of its design parameters to meet the sub-nano-regime challenges for CMOS devices. It discusses important topics including memory design and testing, fin field-effect transistor (FinFET), tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) for sensors design, carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) for memory design, nanowire and nanoribbons, nano devices based low-power-circuit design, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) design. The book discusses nanoscale semiconductor materials, device models, and circuit design covers nanoscale semiconductor device structures and modeling discusses novel nano-semiconductor devices such as FinFET, CNTFET, and Nanowire covers power dissipation and reduction techniques Discussing innovative nanoscale semiconductor device structures and modeling, this text will be useful for graduate students, and academic researchers in diverse areas such as electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, nanoscience, and nanotechnology. It covers nano devices based low-power-circuit design, nanoscale devices based digital VLSI circuits, and novel devices based analog VLSI circuits design.

This book provides a multifaceted look into the world of stem cells and explains the similarities and differences between plant and human stem cells. It explores the intersection between animals and plants and explains their cooperative role in bioengineering studies. The book treats both theoretical and practical aspects of stem cell research. It covers the advantages and limitations of many common applications related to stem cells: their sources, categories, engineering of these cells, reprogramming of their functions, and their role as novel cellular therapeutic approach. Written by experts in the field, the book focuses on aspects of stem cells ranging from expansion-propagation to metabolic reprogramming. It introduces the emergence of cancer stem cells and different modalities in targeted cancer stem cell therapies. It is a valuable source of fresh information for academics and researchers, examining molecular mechanisms of animal and plant stem cell regulation and their usage for therapeutic applications. Students at all levels of medical or engineering backgrounds will enjoy the case studies that illustrate and explain mechanisms, interactions, targeted effects, and multimodal therapeutic approaches. Academics, researchers, and professionals who want to expand their knowledge in this field will find this book an exceptional resource.

This book bridges the gap between theoretical concepts and their implementations, especially for the high-performance structures/components related to advanced composite materials. This work focuses on the prediction of various structural responses such as deformations, natural frequencies etc. of advanced composites under complex environments and/or loading conditions. In addition, it discusses micro-mechanical material modeling of various advanced composite materials that involve different structures ranging from basic to advanced, such as beams, flat and curved panels, shells, skewed, corrugated, and other materials, as well as various solution techniques via analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical approaches. This book: Covers micro-mechanical material modeling of advanced composite materials Describes constitutive models of different composite materials and kinematic models of different structural configuration Discusses pertinent analytical, semi-analytical, and numerical techniques Focusses on structural responses relating to deformations, natural frequencies, and critical loads under complex environments Presents actual demonstrations of theoretical concepts as applied to real examples using Ansys APDL scripts This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in mechanical engineering, material science, material engineering, structural engineering, aerospace engineering, and composite materials.

What do bird flocks, bacterial swarms, cell tissues, and cytoskeletal fluids have in common? They are all examples of active matter. This book explores how scientists in various disciplines, from physics to biology, have collated a solid corpus of experimental designs and theories during the last two decades to decipher active systems. The book addresses, from a multidisciplinary viewpoint, the field of active matter at a colloidal scale. Concepts, experiments, and theoretical models are put side by side to fully illuminate the subtilities of active systems. A large variety of subjects, from microswimmers or driven colloids to self-organized active fluids, are analysed within a unified perspective. Generic collective effects of self-propelled or driven colloids, such as motility-induced flocking, and new paradigms, such as the celebrated concept of active nematics in reconstituted protein-based fluids, are discussed using well-known experimental scenarios and recognized theories. Topics are covered with rigor and in a self-consistent way, reaching both practitioners and newcomers to the field. The diversity of topics and conceptual challenges in active matter have long hampered the chance to explore the field with a general perspective. This monograph, the first single-authored title on active matter, is intended to fill this gap by bridging disparate experimental and theoretical interests from colloidal soft matter to cell biophysics.

Key features: Consolidates concepts and assists in the understanding and applications of theoretical concepts in medical physics Assists lecturers and instructors in setting assignments and tests Suitable as a revision tool for postgraduate students sitting medical physics, oncology, and radiology science examinations

Unique in scope and treatment, Theory of Atomic Nuclei, Quasi-particle and Phonons gives a microscopic description of the structure of complex nuclei at low and intermediate excitation energies in terms of quasi-particle and phonon operators. A substantial quantity of modern experimental data is collected together and incorporated into the book to complement the theoretical treatment. This source book is an extremely useful research reference of the results of experimental work in the area.

The book draws on Prof. Perkowitz's career as successful researcher, teacher, and writer and his broad interests to give him unique insights into how science and scientists connect with general culture and society. The book is especially strong in its coverage of science and art, and science in film. Illustrations from Hollywood films and independent and experimental films increase the book's appeal. The book's mix of varied topics in science and technology, and of short and long pieces written in accessible style, will appeal to general readers.

This book is dedicated to the fundamental physical aspects of stability, the influence of structural defects on the properties and structural phase transformations of BCC alloys. The authors present patterns that occur in the structural-phase states of functional alloys with low stability or instability under thermal cycling effects. Structural-phase transformations and the physical laws governing the influence of the thermomechanical effect on the properties of alloys are examined to advance development of technological processes for processing functional materials. Features: Studies the correlation between structural phase states and changes in the physico-mechanical properties of intermetallic compounds Explores the influence of thermomechanical cycling on the properties of functional alloys Details low-stability pretransition states in alloys

Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Particles discusses fundamental magnetic nanoparticle physics and chemistry and explores important biomedical applications and future challenges. The first section presents the fundamentals of the field by explaining the theory of magnetism, describing techniques to synthesize magnetic particles, detailing methods to characterize magnetic particles, and quantitatively describing the applied magnetic forces, torques, and the resultant particle motions. The second section describes the wide range of biomedical applications, including chemical sensors, cellular actuators, drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement, and toxicity. Additional key features include: Covers both introduction to physics and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and the state of the art in biomedical applications Authoritative reference for scientists and engineers for all new or old to the field Describes how the size of magnetic nanoparticles affects their magnetic properties, colloidal properties, and biological properties. Written by a team of internationally respected experts, this book provides an up-to-date authoritative reference for scientists and engineers.

This book provides an interdisciplinary guide to quasicrystals, the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning topic, by presenting an up-to-date and detailed introduction to the many fundamental aspects and applications of quasicrystals science. It reviews the most characteristic features of the peculiar geometric order underlying their structure and their reported intrinsic physical properties, along with their potential for specific applications. The role of quasiperiodic order in science and technology is also examined by focusing on the new design capabilities provided by this novel ordering of matter. This book is specifically devoted to promoting the very notion of quasiperiodic order, and to spur its physical implications and technological capabilities. It, therefore, explores the fundamental aspects of intermetallic, photonic, and phononic quasicrystals, as well as soft-matter quasicrystals, including their intrinsic physical and structural properties. In addition, it thoroughly discusses experimental data and related theoretical approaches to explain them, extending the standard treatment given in most current solid state physics literature. It also explores exciting applications in new technological devices of quasiperiodically ordered systems, including multilayered quasiperiodic systems, along with 2D and 3D designs, whilst outlining new frontiers in quasicrystals research. This book can be used as a reader-friendly introductory text for graduate students, in addition to senior scientists and researchers coming from the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Key features: * Provides an updated and detailed introduction to the interdisciplinary field of quasicrystals in a tutorial style, considering both fundamental aspects and additional freedom degrees provided by designs based on quasiperiodically ordered materials. * Includes 50 fully worked out exercises with detailed solutions, motivating, and illustrating the different concepts and notions to provide readers with further learning opportunities. * Presents a complete compendium of the current state of the art knowledge of quasicrystalline matter, and outlines future next generation materials based on quasiperiodically ordered designs for their potential use in useful technological devices. Dr. Enrique Macia-Barber is Professor of condensed matter physics at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. His research interests include the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals and DNA biophysics. In 2010 he received the RSEF- BBVA Foundation Excellence Physics Teaching Award. His book Aperiodic Structures in Condensed Matter: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boca-Raton, 2009) is one of the Top Selling Physics Books according to YBP Library Services.

In the manufacturing sector, nanomaterials offer promising outcomes for cost reduction in production, quality improvement, and minimization of environmental hazards. This book focuses on the application of nanomaterials across a wide range of manufacturing areas, including in paint and coatings, petroleum refining, textile and leather industries, electronics, energy storage devices, electrochemical sensors, as well as in industrial waste treatment. This book: Examines nanofluids and nanocoatings in manufacturing and their characterization. Discusses nanomaterial applications in fabricating lightweight structural components, oil refining, smart leather processing and textile industries, and the construction industry. Highlights the role of 3D printing in realizing the full potential of nanotechnology. Considers synthetic strategies with a focus on greener protocols for the fabrication of nanostructured materials with enhanced properties and better control, including these materials' characterization and significant properties for ensuring smart outputs. Offers a unique perspective on applications in industrial waste recycling and treatment, along with challenges in terms of safety, economics, and sustainability in industrial processes. This work is written for researchers and industry professionals across a variety of engineering disciplines, including materials, manufacturing, process, and industrial engineering.

This timely and unique publication is designed for graduate students and researchers in inorganic and materials chemistry and covers bonding models and applications of symmetry concepts to chemical systems. The book discusses the quantum mechanical basis for molecular orbital concepts, the connections between molecular orbitals and localized views of bonding, group theory, bonding models for a variety of compounds, and the extension of these ideas to solid state materials in band theory. Unlike other books, the concepts are made tangible to the readers by guiding them through their implementation in MATLAB functions. No background in MATLAB or computer programming is needed; the book will provide the necessary skills. Key Features Visualization of the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics to build conceptual understanding MATLAB functions for rendering molecular geometries and orbitals Do-it-yourself approach to building a molecular orbital and band theory program Introduction to Group Theory harnessing the 3D graphing capabilities of MATLAB Online access to a growing collection of applications of the core material and other appendices Bonding through Code is ideal for first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in chemistry, materials science, and physics. Researchers wishing to gain new tools for theoretical analysis or deepen their understanding of bonding phenomena can also benefit from this text. About the Author Daniel Fredrickson is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where his research group focuses on understanding and harnessing the structural chemistry of intermetallic phases using a combination of theory and experiment. His interests in crystals, structure, and bonding can be traced to his undergraduate research at the University of Washington (B.S. in Biochemistry, 2000) with Prof. Bart Kahr, his Ph.D. studies at Cornell University (2000-2005) with Profs. Stephen Lee and Roald Hoffmann, and his post-doctoral work with Prof. Sven Lidin at Stockholm University (2005-2008). As part of his teaching at UW-Madison since 2009, he has worked to enhance his department's graduate course, Physical Inorganic Chemistry I: Symmetry and Bonding, through the incorporation of new material and the development of computer-based exercises.

Lithium-ion batteries are the most promising among the secondary battery technologies, for providing high energy and high power required for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Lithium-ion batteries consist of conventional graphite or lithium titanate as anode and lithium transition metal-oxides as cathode. A lithium salt dissolved in an aprotic solvent such as ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate is used as electrolyte. This rechargeable battery operates based on the principle of electrochemical lithium insertion/re-insertion or intercalation/de-intercalation during charging/discharging of the battery. It is essential that both electrodes have layered structure which should accept and release the lithium-ion. In advanced lithium-ion battery technologies, other than layered anodes are also considered. High cell voltage, high capacity as well as energy density, high Columbic efficiency, long cycle life, and convenient to fabricate any size or shape of the battery, are the vital features of this battery technology. Lithium-ion batteries are already being used widely in most of the consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, PDAs etc. and are in early stages of application in HEV and EV, which will have far and wide implications and benefits to society. The book contains ten chapters, each focusing on a specific topic pertaining to the application of lithium-ion batteries in Electric Vehicles. Basic principles, electrode materials, electrolytes, high voltage cathodes, recycling spent Li-ion batteries and battery charge controller are addressed. This book is unique among the countable books focusing on the lithium-ion battery technologies for vehicular applications. It provides fundamentals and practical knowledge on the lithium-ion battery for vehicular application. Students, scholars, academicians, and battery and automobile industries will find this volume useful.

Researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, pharmaceutical science, forensics, and environmental science make routine use of chemical analysis, but the information these researchers need is often scattered in different sources and difficult to access. The CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis: Data-Driven Methods and Interpretation, Fourth Edition is a one-stop reference that presents updated data in a handy format specifically designed for use when reaching a decision point in designing an analysis or interpreting results. This new edition offers expanded coverage of calibration and uncertainty, and continues to include the critical information scientists rely on to perform accurate analysis. Enhancements to the Fourth Edition: Compiles a huge array of useful and important data into a single, convenient source Explanatory text provides context for data and guidelines on applications Coalesces information from several different fields Provides information on the most useful "wet" chemistry methods as well as instrumental techniques, with an expanded discussion of laboratory safety Contains information of historical importance necessary to interpret the literature and understand current methodology. Unmatched in its coverage of the range of information scientists need in the lab, this resource will be referred to again and again by practitioners who need quick, easy access to the data that forms the basis for experimentation and analysis.

Planning a Career in Biomedical and Life Sciences presents useful information, insights, and tips to those pursuing a career in the biomedical and life sciences. The book focuses on making educated choices during schooling, training, and job searching in both the academic and non-academic sectors. The premise of Planning a Career in Biomedical and Life Sciences is that by understanding the full path of a career in either the biomedical or life science fields, you can proactively plan your career, recognize any opportunities that present themselves, and be well prepared to address important aspects of your own professional development. Topics include choosing your training path, selecting the best supervisor/mentor, and negotiating a job offer.

Updating Neanderthals: Understanding Behavioral Complexity in the Late Middle Paleolithic provides comprehensive knowledge on Neanderthals who lived throughout the European and Asian continents. The book synthesizes historical information about the study of Middle Paleolithic populations and presents current debates about their genetics, subsistence, technology, social and cognitive behaviors. It focuses on the last phase of Neanderthal settlements and presents the main patterns of modern humans across Europe. Written by international experts on the Middle Paleolithic who have conducted innovative studies in the last three decades, this book explores the implications of interactions between different human species, including Neanderthals, Denisovans and Sapiens. In addition, the book discusses the diversity and variability of human adaptations and behaviors in the changing climate and environment of the Late Pleistocene, and the relationship between these behaviors, demography and cognitive capabilities.

Data Mining for Bioinformatics Applications provides valuable information on the data mining methods have been widely used for solving real bioinformatics problems, including problem definition, data collection, data preprocessing, modeling, and validation. The text uses an example-based method to illustrate how to apply data mining techniques to solve real bioinformatics problems, containing 45 bioinformatics problems that have been investigated in recent research. For each example, the entire data mining process is described, ranging from data preprocessing to modeling and result validation.

Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with about 300 figures

This book examines the synthesis of graphene obtained from different natural raw materials and waste products as a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative that delivers a quality final product. Expert researchers review potential sources of natural raw materials and waste products, methods or characterization, graphene synthesis considerations, and important applications. FEATURES Explores the different approaches to the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from natural and industrial carbonaceous wastes Outlines the modification and characterization methods of GO and rGO Addresses the characterization methods of GO and rGO Details applications of GO and rGO created from natural sources Graphene is a multidisciplinary material with applications in almost every sector of science and engineering. Graphene from Natural Sources: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications is a noteworthy reference for material scientists and engineers in academia and industry interested in reducing costs and employing green synthesis methods in their work.

This book provides an in-depth review of the history, fundamental theory, design strategies, and applications of nanogenerators. Working principles, device mechanisms, material characteristics, types of nanogenerators, and their different uses are fully explored. Top researchers in the field of sustainable technology from different backgrounds and fields contribute their expertise to deliver a must-have practical resource for students, academic researchers, and industry professionals. FEATURES Describes the fundamental aspects and theory of nanogenerators Explores design strategies including material assessment based upon planned application Tailors the introduction and essential concept discussion for the industrial and research community Explores current applications, existing challenges, and the future outlook for the field

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

Include advance knowledge and detailed developments in natural product science Discusses about the most important phytopharmaceuticals used in pharmaceutical industries Explores the analysis and classification of novel plant-based medicinal compounds Includes standardization, quality control, global trade of natural products Gives a deep understanding related to recent advances in the herbal medicines to treat various ailments Discusses about national and WHO regulations and policies related to herbal medicine Covers the complete profile of some important traditional medicinal plants especially their historical background, biology and chemistry

"Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications" describes design, processing, and manufacturing of advanced biodegradable composites in packaging industry applications. It covers fundamentals of biodegradable polymers followed by introduction to biodegradable materials for food packaging industry and its processing mechanisms. Pertinent applications are explained across different chapters including intelligent packaging, applied technologies, degradation problems and its impact on environment and associated challenges. Features Covers biodegradable composites and targeted applications in packaging for industrial applications. Includes exhaustive processing and characterizations of biodegradable composites. Discusses innovative commodities packaging applications. Reviews advanced integrated design and fabrication problems for conductive and sensors applications. Explores various properties and functionalities through extensive theoretical and experimental modeling. This volume is aimed at researchers and graduate students in sustainable materials, composite technology, biodegradable plastics, and food technology and engineering.

By incorporating biologically-inspired functions into ICT, various types of new-generation information and communication systems can be created. Just some example of areas already benefiting from such design inspiration are network architectures, information processing, molecular communication, and complex network modeling for solving real world-problems. This book provides the theoretical basis for understanding these developments and explains their practical applications. Highlighted inserts appears throughout to help readers to understand the very latest topics in these emerging research fields. The book ends with a more philosophical discussion on how new ICT solutions can be found by looking at analogous systems in biology. This new way of thinking may help researchers and practitioners to apply innovative ideas in developing next-generation technologies.

This new volume presents various research studies that focus on the development of advanced nanomaterials and their composites and blends for different applications in sensing, electrical, biomedical, coating, industrial applications, etc. This book includes detailed discussions on the synthesis, properties, processing, and potential applications of nanomaterials and their blends and composites. Some chapters also explain the basic theoretical aspects of these nanostructured materials and systems, which help readers to develop a better understanding various application areas, including construction. Nanostructured Smart Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Applications responds to the need for advanced polymeric materials and nanostructured materials with ultimate performance and enhanced qualities and properties for varied applications. The chapters highlight information and research that will be valuable for development of new smart materials. This book will be a useful reference source for universities, colleges, researchers from R&D groups, scientists, postdoctoral fellows, industrialists, graduate and postgraduate students, and faculty.