This book provides an overview of key current developments in the synthetic strategy of functional novel nanomaterials in various spectroscopic characterizations and evaluations and highlights possible future applications in nanotechnology and materials science. It illustrates the wide-ranging interest in these areas and provides a background to the later chapters, which address the novel synthesis of high-yield nanomaterials and their biomaterials, graphene, polymeric nanomaterials, green nanomaterials, green polyester, liquid crystal electro-optic switching applications, nanobiotechnology, transition metal oxides, response characteristics of exclusive spectroscopic investigation as well as electron microscopic study, flexible and transparent electrodes, optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, smart displays, switchable device modulation, health care, energy storage, solar/fuel cells, environmental and plant biology, social, ethical, and regulatory implications of various aspects of green nanotechnology, as well as significant foreseeable spectroscopic applications of key functional nanomaterials. Given appropriate regulation for and research on the topics covered, commercial production of manufactured novel composite materials can be realized. Furthermore, the many discoveries highlighted in the book can modulate spectroscopic performances with technical excellence in multidisciplinary research of high competence.

Renewable energies have become an attractive option to overcome the energy demands in sustainable and affordable ways. It has been estimated that one-third of the total renewable energies would be generated from photovoltaics (PVs). A solar or PV cell is a device that directly converts sunlight into electricity by taking benefit of the photoelectric effect. In the third-generation solar PVs, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are believed to be the most promising and have attracted wide attention. The optimization of a DSSC is focused on four main components: (i) metal oxide semiconductor, (ii) photosensitizer, (iii) redox couple electrolyte, and (iv) counter electrode. Among these, the counter electrode undertakes three functions: (i) as a catalyst, (ii) as a positive electrode of primary cells, and (iii) as a mirror. To obey these functions, the electrode material should have high catalytic activity, high conductivity, high reflectivity, high surface area, and electrochemical and mechanical stability. To improve the performance of DSSCs, many scientists have developed new counter electrodes made of platinum, carbon materials, transition metals, conductive polymers, and composites. This book converses the various aspects of materials for the fabrication of counter electrodes especially for the DSSCs.

Professionals and students who come from disciplines other than chemistry need a concise yet reliable guide that explains key concepts in environmental chemistry, from the fundamental science to the necessary calculations for applying them. Updated and reorganized, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Third Edition provides the essential background for understanding and solving the most frequent environmental chemistry problems. Diverse and self-contained chapters offer a centralized and easily navigable framework for finding useful data tables that are ordinarily scattered throughout the literature. Worked examples provide step-by-step details for frequently used calculations, drawing on case histories from real-world environmental applications. Chapters also offer tools for calculating quick estimates of important quantities and practice problems that apply the principles to different conditions. This practical guide provides an ideal basis for self-study, as well as short courses involving the movement and fate of contaminants in the environment. In addition to extensive reorganization and updating, the Third Edition includes a new chapter, Nutrients and Odors: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur, two new appendices, Solubility of Slightly Soluble Metal Salts and Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in this Book, and new material and case studies on remediation, stormwater management, algae growth and treatment, odor control, and radioisotopes.

This unique volume presents new understandings of the neurochemical nature of major depression, and how herbs and their constituent flavonoids and terpenes appear to address some of the mechanisms now thought to be involved. It explores how recent studies of the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine inform neuroscientists about deep intracellular mechanisms of antidepressant action that have little to do with simple enhancement of monoaminergic activity. These mechanisms include actions on PI3K, Akt, mTOR, GSK3, BDNF, and other intracellular pathways. New theories of the pathophysiology underlying major depression, such as oxidative damage, inflammation, stress and insulin resistance are then explored. Key Features: Focuses on oxidative damage, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Explains that a significant percentage of people treated for major depression obtain little if any relief from standard antidepressant medications. These facts lead to discussion of herbs that can be used to treat major depression, as well as consideration of the scientific basis for how these herbs act. The antidepressant properties of 66 herbs are discussed, along with dosing and safety information.

Handbook of Molecular Gastronomy: Scientific Foundations and Culinary Applications presents a unique overview of molecular gastronomy, the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of phenomena that occur during the preparation and consumption of dishes. It deals with the chemistry, biology and physics of food preparation, along with the physiology of food consumption. As such, it represents the first attempt at a comprehensive reference in molecular gastronomy, along with a practical guide, through selected examples, to molecular cuisine and the more recent applications named note by note cuisine. While several books already exist for a general audience, either addressing food science in general in a "light" way and/or dealing with modern cooking techniques and recipes, no book exists so far that encompasses the whole molecular gastronomy field, providing a strong interdisciplinary background in the physics, biology and chemistry of food and food preparation, along with good discussions on creativity and the art of cooking. Features: Gives A-Z coverage to the underlying science (physics, chemistry and biology) and technology, as well as all the key cooking issues (ingredients, tools and methods). Encompasses the science and practice of molecular gastronomy in the most accessible and up-to-date reference available. Contains a final section with unique recipes by famous chefs. The book is organized in three parts. The first and main part is about the scientific discipline of molecular and physical gastronomy; it is organized as an encyclopedia, with entries in alphabetical order, gathering the contributions of more than 100 authors, all leading scientists in food sciences, providing a broad overview of the most recent research in molecular gastronomy. The second part addresses educational applications of molecular gastronomy, from primary schools to universities. The third part provides some innovative recipes by chefs from various parts of the world. The authors have made a particular pedagogical effort in proposing several educational levels, from elementary introduction to deep scientific formalism, in order to satisfy the broadest possible audience (scientists and non-scientists). This new resource should be very useful to food scientists and chefs, as well as food and culinary science students and all lay people interested in gastronomy.

Textiles and Their Use in Microbial Protection: Focus on COVID-19 and Other Viruses provides readers with vital information about disinfection mechanisms used in textile applications in the fight against dangerous microbes and viruses. KEY FEATURES: Introduces the basics of textile materials used for medical applications Features key information on virology, characterization, indication, and passivation of COVID-19 Describes UV, photocatalysis, photooxidation, application of TiO2, copper-based viral inhibition, and activated carbon Discusses antiviral finishes for the protection against SARS-CoV-2, particle penetration in dense cotton fabrics under swollen state, and the impact of moisture on face masks and their designs Aimed at textile and materials engineers as well as readers in medical fields, this text offers a comprehensive view of fundamentals and solutions in the use of textiles for microbial protection.

The book Theory and Practice of Contrast completes, corrects and integrates the foundations of science and humanities, which include: theory of art, philosophy (aesthetics, epistemology, ontology, axiology), cognitive science, theory of information, theory of complexity and physics. Through the integration of these distant disciplines, many unresolved issues in contemporary science have been clarified or better understood, among others: defining impact (contrast) and using this definition in different fields of knowledge; understanding what beauty/art is and what our aesthetic preferences depend on; deeper understanding of what complexity and information are in essence, and providing their general definitions. Complexity means integration, value and goodness - concepts that seem to be neglected today. The book also has a high degree of integration/complexity, although each chapter introduces a new issue. The last chapter: "Binary Model of the Universe" draws attention to the need for including in physics the analysis of our mind and the resulting new possibilities, which include the mentioned (digital) model of the universe. Despite the difficult issues raised here, this study is written in accessible language and may be interesting not only for scientists and academics.

The development of nanomaterials plays a fundamental role in current and future technology applications, particularly nanomaterials that have multiple functionalities. This book provides a broad overview of the effect of nanostructuring in the multifunctionality of different widely studied nanomaterials. This book is divided into four sections constituting a road map that groups materials sharing certain types of nanostructuring, including nanoporous, nanoparticled, 2D laminar nanomaterials, and computational methods for characterizations of nanostructures. This structured approach in nanomaterials research will serve as a valuable reference material for chemists, (bio)engineers, physicists, nanotechnologists, undergraduates, and professors.

This book is a compilation of 17 information-packed chapters authored by working scientists in their respective discipline. In addition to the theoretical information, practical and applied aspects to boost the productivity and quality of crops are also given. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This title is co-published with NIPA.

Subcritical water is a green extraction solvent compared to conventional extraction solvents. While experimental results on subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology have been published piecemeal, there has been no comprehensive review of the state of the art. Green Extraction in Separation Technology fills that gap, serving to cover extracting with subcritical water as an environmentally friendly solvent. FEATURES Presents new technologies for extracting natural compounds from plants and compares the advantages and disadvantages versus SWE Explains research on SWE over the last 15 years Offers an overview of the solubility of different compounds in SWE and related theoretical content Discusses modeling of SWE and describes the development of a new model for this process This monograph is aimed at researchers and advanced students in chemical and biochemical engineering.

Emphasises a hands-on approach to modelling Strong emphasis on coding and software tools for systems biology Covers the entire spectrum of modelling, from static networks, to dynamic models Thoughtful exercises to test and enable student understanding of concepts Current chapters on exciting new developments like whole-cell modelling and community modelling

The primary goal of nanotechnology is to achieve nanoscale materials and devices with atomic precision. Toward this goal, breakthroughs have recently been made in the solution-phase synthesis and applications of atomically precise nanoclusters. This book presents the exciting progress in this new research field. The chapters are contributed by leading experts of the field and cover the synthetic methods, atomic structures, electronic and optical properties, and catalytic applications of noble metal nanoclusters. Such new nanocluster materials offer exciting opportunities for chemists and physicists to understand the fundamental science of nanoclusters, especially the atomic-level structure-property correlation and design of new materials, as well as for developing a range of applications including catalysis, biomedicine, sensing, imaging, optics, and energy conversion. The book will be of interest to readers and researchers in nanotechnology, nanochemistry, catalysis, and computational chemistry, as well as practitioners in industry R&D for new materials. It is written to be accessible to undergraduate and graduate students and, therefore, is an excellent teaching material.

A decade after publication of the first edition, Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles responds to extensive changes in the field of toxinology to endure as the most comprehensive review of reptile venoms on the market. The six sections of this new edition, which has nearly doubled in size, complement the original handbook by presenting current information from many of the leading researchers and physicians in toxinology, with topics ranging from functional morphology, evolution and ecology to crystallography, -omics technologies, drug discovery and more. With the recent recognition by the World Health Organization of snakebite as a neglected tropical disease, the section on snakebite has been expanded and includes several chapters dealing with the problem broadly and with new technologies and the promises these new approaches may hold to counter the deleterious effects of envenomation. This greatly expanded handbook offers a unique resource for biologists, biochemists, toxicologists, physicians, clinicians, and epidemiologists, as well as informed laypersons interested in the biology of venomous reptiles, the biochemistry and molecular biology of venoms, and the effects and treatment of human envenomation.

The usage of building energy accounts for 30-40% of total energy consumption in developed countries, exceeding the amount for industry or transportation. Around 50% energy for building services is contributed by heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. More importantly, both building and HVAC energy consumptions are predicted to increase in the next two decades. Windows are considered as the least energy-efficient components of buildings. Therefore, smart windows are becoming increasingly important as they are capable of reducing HVAC energy usage by tuning the transmitted sunlight in a smart and favoured way: blocking solar irradiation on hot days, while letting it pass through on cold days. Compared with other type of smart windows, thermochromic windows have the unique advantages of cost-effectiveness, rational stimulus, and passive response. This book covers fabrication of vanadium dioxide-based smart windows, discusses various strategies to enhance their performance, and shares perspectives from the top scientists in this particular field.

This book gives a summary of the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology and includes materials and technologies that help in developing particles of various sizes, which can be utilized in different areas of research. It discusses the role of nanotechnology in different aspects, such as healthcare, especially in target-specific drug therapy for managing a number of medical disorders; agriculture, for developing smart field systems; and food industry, for improving and stabilizing the quality, healthiness, and shelf life of food. Being multidisciplinary, this book brings together the principles, theory, practices, and applications of not only nanotechnology but also those of nanobiotechnology, pharmaceuticals, food packaging, biosensors, and electronic devices. The book will be an exhilarating read for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, general readers interested in nanotechnology, and researchers in chemistry, biology, and engineering. The scope of the book extends from basic research in physics, chemistry, and biology, including computational work and simulations, through to the development of new devices and technologies for applications in a wide range of industrial sectors (including information technology, medicine, manufacturing, high-performance materials, and energy and environmental technologies). It covers organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials and is an interdisciplinary book.

By incorporating biologically-inspired functions into ICT, various types of new-generation information and communication systems can be created. Just some example of areas already benefiting from such design inspiration are network architectures, information processing, molecular communication, and complex network modeling for solving real world-problems. This book provides the theoretical basis for understanding these developments and explains their practical applications. Highlighted inserts appears throughout to help readers to understand the very latest topics in these emerging research fields. The book ends with a more philosophical discussion on how new ICT solutions can be found by looking at analogous systems in biology. This new way of thinking may help researchers and practitioners to apply innovative ideas in developing next-generation technologies.

This book covers all important nomenclature, theories of bonding and stereochemistry of coordination complexes. The authors have made an effort to inscribe the ideas knowledge, clearly and in an interesting way to benefit the readers. The complexities of Molecular Orbital theory have been explained in a very simple and easy manner. It also deals with transition and inner transition metals. Conceptually, all transition and inner transition elements form complexes which have definite geometry and show interesting properties. General and specific methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties of each element has been discussed at length. Group wise study of elements in d-block series have been explained. Important compounds, complexes and organometallic compounds of metals in different oxidation states have been given explicitly. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Functionalized polymers are macromolecules to which chemically bound functional groups are attached which can be used as catalysts, reagents, protective groups, etc. Functionalized polymers have low cost, ease of processing and attractive features for functional organic molecules. Chemical reactions for the introduction of functional groups in polymers and the conversion of functional groups in polymers depend on different properties. Such properties are of great importance for functionalization reactions for possible applications of reactive polymers. This book deals with the synthesis and design of various functional polymers, the modification of preformed polymer backbones and their various applications.

This volume elaborates on mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and intelligent computer control in the design and manufacturing of industrial products and processes. It considers the integration of mechanical systems (mechanical elements, components, machines), electronic systems (microelectronics, sensor and actuator technology), and information technology. The book's chapters present the principles of mechatronic systems design and solid materials in small elementary steps, provide an abundance of examples, and feature problems that are as practical as possible without becoming too involved with many extraneous details.

Renewable Materials and Green Technology Products: Environmental and Safety Aspects looks at the design, manufacture, and use of efficient, effective, safe, and more environmentally benign chemical products and processes. It includes a broad range of application-based solutions to the development of renewable materials and green technology. The latest trends in the green synthesis and properties of CNs are presented in the first chapter of this book for generating social awareness about sustainable developments. The book goes on to highlight the naissance and progressive trail of microwave-assisted synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, for a clean and green technology tool. Chapters discuss green technological alternatives for the global abatement of air pollution, effective use and treatment of water and wastewater, renewable power generation from solar PV cells, carbon-based nanomaterials synthesized using green protocol for sustainable development, green technologies that help to achieve economic development without harming the environment, technical solutions to cut down the quantum of N losses, conventional processing techniques in developing the bionanocomposites as the biocatalyst, and more.

Industrial Biotechnology offers a comprehensive overview of biochemical processes, technologies, and practical applications of industrial biotechnology. The work comprises of chapters that discuss medium preparation, inoculum preparation using industrial strain and upstream processing, various fermentation processes, and physico-chemical separation processes for the purification of products and packaging. Analyzes problems within biochemical processes Discusses stoichiometry of bioprocesses Covers upstream and downstream processing Offers a wealth of case studies of different biochemical production processes, including those in development of food products, vaccines and medicines, single cell proteins, amino acids, cheese, biodiesel, biopesticides, and more This book is aimed at advanced students, industrial practitioners, and researchers in biotechnology, food engineering, chemical engineering, and environmental engineering.

Many new drugs on the market are chiral compounds, that is, they can exist in two non-superimposable mirror-image forms. Asymmetric catalysis encompasses a large variety of processes for obtaining such compounds. The performance of the catalyst in those processes largely depends on the ligand that makes up the catalyst. This book describes the most relevant ligand libraries for some key processes, including an overview of the state of art and the key mechanistic aspects that favor a high catalytic performance. Key Features: The book presents historical content from the time of discovery for each family of ligands. Provides a description of the synthetic route and the ligand library's application in various catalytic asymmetric reactions Suitable as supplementary reading for courses targeting the design, synthesis and application of chiral catalysts, asymmetric catalysis and sustainable production Edited by a distinguished scientist in the field, the book has a diverse audience including research groups in homogeneous catalysis, particularly asymmetric transformations

This book informs the reader about a fascinating class of materials referred to as skutterudites, the atomic lattice of which has large structural voids that can be filled by a variety of foreign species, spanning from alkali to alkaline to rare earth ions. The fillers, in their unique way, drastically modify the physical properties of the parent structure, giving rise to outstanding thermoelectric properties. This exciting material is of growing importance and is finding applications in a variety of different fields. This book will be of interest to researchers working in materials science, physics, and chemistry in addition to graduate students in these subjects. Features: * Gives a comprehensive account of all fundamental physical properties of skutterudites * Each major topic is accompanied by introductory sections and a further detailed theoretical treatment is provided in Appendices * Supported by many figures and a vast number of relevant references

Aluminum is increasingly replacing steel in automotive applications due to its superior strength-to-weight ratio, equal or better stiffness and toughness properties, durability, and manufacturability considerations. Primer on Automotive Lightweighting Technologies introduces basic ideas and principles of designing and engineering automotive components with aluminum. Topics include application of the knowledge to understand how automotive body and structures are designed, as well as other major and smaller automotive components, such as engine blocks and their components, chassis systems, and wheels. Features Discusses material considerations in engineering design Describes mechanical and physical properties of aluminum Covers manufacturing methods and automotive and industrial applications of aluminum products Offers information on design for functional performance and cost optimization Includes coverage of extruded and rolled products and car body structure This practical book is aimed at professionals in the fields of materials and mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, and metals and alloys, as well as advanced students and researchers.

If observed from an objective, epistemological standpoint, medicine is not a science, at least not in its own right. The most important, key feature missing is repeatability, which makes the doctor's job extremely difficult. Doctors are not scientists but are called upon to use the results of scientific research every day. Therefore, they must keep themselves updated, distinguish what is worth extricating from a huge amount of literature and use the data exclusively in the patients' interest. To be effective, medicine must start from a correct, full understanding of problems, but particulate pollution leads to too many wrong diagnoses. This book, written by the discoverers of nanopathology, is the most advanced in the field. It focuses on how natural, occasionally generated, engineered particles interfere with living organisms, food, drugs and the environment. It represents a bridge between environmental pollution and its impact on human/animal/plant health. Also unique is its new bioengineering-interdisciplinary approach to medicine and solving pathologies of unknown aetiology. It is a valuable aid for medical doctors in their diagnoses of pathologies triggered by nanoparticles internalized in the human/animal/plant body. They will find solutions to some hardly understandable symptoms which some patients report.