Currently, the reliance on fossil fuels raises concerns on the increasing global energy demand, the rapid anthropogenic climate changes and growing environmental problems. The grand challenge is to search for viable carbon-neutral sources of renewable energy. Nanomaterials are arguably the base that integrates nanotechnology, information technology, and biotechnology; the major drivers of technological development today. Over the past decades, the understanding of form-function relations surrounding nanomaterials has significantly brightened the prospects of the transition from fossil fuels to solar fuels. This book introduces the latest developments in nanomaterials aimed at the applications in clean energy areas. It overviews the close link between nanomaterials development and energy applications from the experience and perspective of the authors. It discusses the bottom-up synthesis and interface engineering of new materials of different dimensions and describes their applications in future energy devices such as secondary batteries, novel solar cells, luminescent devices, and water splitting electrolyzers. .

This book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of novel technologies involved in advanced microfluidics based diagnosis via various types of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. This authors examine microfluidics based diagnosis in the biomedical field as an upcoming field with extensive applications. It provides a unique approach and comprehensive technology overview for diagnosis management towards early stages of various bioanalytes via cancer diagnostics diabetes, alzheimer disease, toxicity in food products, brain and retinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections etc. Thus, this book would encompass a combinatorial approach of medical science, engineering and biomedical technology. The authors provide a well-focused and comprehensive overview of novel technologies involved in advanced microfluidics based diagnosis via various types of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, this book contains detailed description on the diagnosis of novel techniques. This book would serve as a guide for students, scientists, researchers, and microfluidics based point of care technologies via smart diagnostics and to plan future research in this valuable field.

Generally, spontaneous pattern formation phenomena are random and repetitive, whereas elaborate devices are the deterministic product of human design.
Yet, biological organisms and collective insect constructions are exceptional examples of complex systems that are both self-organized and architectural.
This book is the first initiative of its kind toward establishing a new field of research, Morphogenetic Engineering, to explore the modeling and implementation of self-architecturing systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the programmability and computational abilities of self-organization, properties that are often underappreciated in complex systems science while, conversely, the benefits of self-organization are often underappreciated in engineering methodologies.
Altogether, the aim of this work is to provide a framework for and examples of a larger class of self-architecturing systems, while addressing fundamental questions such as
> How do biological organisms carry out morphogenetic tasks so reliably?
> Can we extrapolate their self-formation capabilities to engineered systems?
> Can physical systems be endowed with information (or informational systems be embedded in physics) so as to create autonomous morphologies and functions?
> What are the core principles and best practices for the design and engineering of such morphogenetic systems?
The intended audience consists of researchers and graduate students who are working on, starting to work on, or interested in programmable self-organizing systems in a wide range of scientific fields, including computer science, robotics, bioengineering, control engineering, physics, theoretical biology, mathematics, and many others.

Acclaimed biomedical scientist Charles DeLisi tells the story of the rewards and frustrations of a life in science. The memoir spans half a century beginning in grade school when we find a somewhat shy boy deeply affected by the profoundly saddening sight of trees and woods in his beloved Bronx neighborhood being displaced by tons of steel and concrete. The reader is taken inside the mind of a complex non-conformist as he struggles with personal tragedy and ambivalence and moves from physics to history back to physics, and eventually into a career as a biomedical scientist. Among the most important parts of the memoir are his personal recollections of the years as director of the Department of Energy's Health and Environmental Research Programs when he fought the mighty battles that would move two Federal Agencies and place the Human Genome Project, including a unique ethical component, on the National Agenda. We watch an uncannily successful strategist and leader; who sees himself as an ordinary person, distinguished only by an intense passion for science, as he and his colleagues successfully engage Congressmen, his superiors at the DOE, and scientists of different backgrounds. The story closes where it began, with environmental change dominating the emotional landscape, as he and his colleagues struggle to fight the battle against a changing climate.

Many physiological conditions such as host defense or aging and pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes are associated with the accumulation of high levels of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. This generates a condition called oxidative stress. Low levels of reactive oxygen species, however, which are continuously produced during aerobic metabolism, function as important signaling molecules, setting the metabolic pace of cells and regulating processes ranging from gene expression to apoptosis. For this book we would like to recruit the experts in the field of redox chemistry, bioinformatics and proteomics, redox signaling and oxidative stress biology to discuss how organisms achieve the appropriate redox balance, the mechanisms that lead to oxidative stress conditions and the physiological consequences that contribute to aging and disease.

Waves and Oscillations in Plasmas addresses central issues in modern plasma sciences, within the context of general classical physics. The book is working gradually from an introductory to an advanced level. Addressing central issues in modern plasma sciences, including linear and nonlinear wave phenomena, this second edition has been fully updated and includes the latest developments in relevant fluid models as well as kinetic plasma models, including a detailed discussion of, for instance, collisionless Landau damping, linear as well as non-linear. The book is the result of many years of lecturing plasma sciences in Norway, Denmark, Germany, and also at the Unites States of America. Offering a clear separation of linear and nonlinear models, the book can be tailored for students of varying levels of expertise in plasma physics, in addition to areas as diverse as the space sciences, laboratory experiments, plasma processing, and more. Features: Presents a simple physical interpretation of basic problems is presented where possible Supplies a complete summary of classical papers and textbooks placed in the proper context Includes worked examples, exercises, and problems with general applicability

Because of unique water properties, humidity affects many living organisms, including humans and materials. Humidity control is important in various fields, from production management to creating a comfortable living environment. The second volume of The Handbook of Humidity Measurement is entirely devoted to the consideration of different types of solid-state devices developed for humidity measurement. This volume discusses the advantages and disadvantages about the capacitive, resistive, gravimetric, hygrometric, field ionization, microwave, Schottky barrier, Kelvin probe, field-effect transistor, solid-state electrochemical, and thermal conductivity-based humidity sensors. Additional features include: Provides a comprehensive analysis of the properties of humidity-sensitive materials, used for the development of such devices. Describes numerous strategies for the fabrication and characterization of humidity sensitive materials and sensing structures used in sensor applications. Explores new approaches proposed for the development of humidity sensors. Considers conventional devices such as phsychometers, gravimetric, mechanical (hair), electrolytic, child mirror hygrometers, etc., which were used for the measurement of humidity for several centuries. Handbook of Humidity Measurement, Volume 2: Electronic and Electrical Humidity Sensors provides valuable information for practicing engineers, measurement experts, laboratory technicians, project managers in industries and national laboratories, as well as university students and professors interested in solutions to humidity measurement tasks as well as in understanding fundamentals of any gas sensor operation and development.

Stresses the Potential Applications of Biosurfactants in Various Industries Environmental concerns and a demand for sustainable chemical production have become important issues in recent years. As a result, microbial biosurfactant-producing systems are gaining momentum as potential replacements for chemical surfactants. Biosurfactants: Production and Utilization-Processes, Technologies, and Economics explores the production, utilization, and industrial/economic use of biosurfactants in modern biotechnology. This book represents comprehensive material developed by contemporary experts in the field. Focusing on research and developments within the last 20 years, it highlights relevant changes in the industry. It provides a detailed account of the current applications of biosurfactants, considers the potential for further environmental, biological, and industrial applications, and concentrates on surfactants and organisms with possibilities for future use. Emphasizes Process Scale-Up and Commercialization Factoring in the industrial application of biosurfactant production based on renewable resources, the book determines how biosurfactants can enhance or replace the properties of chemically synthesized surface-active agents. It discusses moving beyond the laboratory scale of research and development and on to the industrial scale of commercial interest. The book consists of 17 chapters and features expert authors discussing topics that include: Understanding the regulatory processes controlling the production of biosurfactants Strategies for feasible commercial biosurfactant production Examples of cost analysis based on published information The viability of industrial applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals Patents for future trends Biosurfactants: Production and Utilization-Processes, Technologies, and Economics contains special sections devoted to the overview and evaluation of specific patents relating to biosurfactants, and methods for production of biosurfactants on a laboratory and industrial/commercial scale. It also presents novel and proven applications for biosurfactants from a number of biotechnology laboratories and research facilities around the world. In addition, it introduces the reader to a variety of real-world industry techniques readily applicable for practical use.

Chitin is one of the most important biopolymers, synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms and is a promising bioactive polymer for food packaging applications due to its functional properties. This book focuses on composition, properties, characterization, and theoretical approach of chitin and chitosan bio-composites. It describes the most recent studies concerning chitin and chitosan-based films and gives an overview about future trends regarding the industrial applications of chitin and chitosan for food packaging purposes. This book is especially useful for researchers in the fields of bionanocomposites, especially those with an interest in packaging applications.

Recent regulations on heavy metal testing have required the pharmaceutical industry to monitor a suite of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical raw materials, drug products and dietary supplements. These new directives s are described in the new United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapters <232>, <233>, and <2232>, together with Q3D, Step 4 guidelines for elemental impurities, drafted by the ICH (International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use), a consortium of global pharmaceutical associations, including the European Pharmacopeia (Ph.Eur.), the Japanese Pharmacopeia (JP) and the USP. This book provides a complete guide to the analytical methodology, instrumental techniques and sample preparation procedures used for measuring elemental impurities in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical materials. It offers readers the tools to better understand plasma spectrochemistry to optimize detection capability for the full suite of elemental PDE (Permitted Daily Exposure) levels in the various drug delivery categories. Other relevant information covered in the book includes: The complete guide to measuring elemental impurities in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical materials. Covers heavy metals testing in the pharmaceutical industry from an historical perspective. Gives an overview of current USP Chapters <232> <233> and <2232> and ICH Q3D Step 4 Guidelines. Explains the purpose of validation protocols used in Chapter <233>, including how J-values are calculated Describes fundamental principles and practical capabilities of ICP-MS and ICP-OES. Offers guidelines about the optimum strategy for risk assessment Provides tips on how best to prepare and present your data for regulatory inspection. An indispensable resource, the fundamental principles and practical benefits of ICP-OES and ICP-MS are covered in a reader-friendly format that a novice, who is carrying out elemental impurities testing in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical communities, will find easy to understand.

Oxide-based materials and structures are becoming increasingly important in a wide range of practical fields including microelectronics, photonics, spintronics, power harvesting, and energy storage in addition to having environmental applications. This book provides readers with a review of the latest research and an overview of cutting-edge patents received in the field. It covers a wide range of materials, techniques, and approaches that will be of interest to both established and early-career scientists in nanoscience and nanotechnology, surface and material science, and bioscience and bioengineering in addition to graduate students in these areas. Features: Contains the latest research and developments in this exciting and emerging field Explores both the fundamentals and applications of the research Covers a wide range of materials, techniques, and approaches

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world after cellulose, mainly derived from the food waste of shrimp and crabs. Chitosan is the most important derivative of chitin. Thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and versatile chemical and physical properties, chitin and chitosan derivatives are used in a wide variety of applications, including water treatment, cosmetics and toiletries, food and beverages, healthcare/medical, and agrochemicals. Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy covers all major aspects of chitin and chitosan, including structure, biosynthesis, biodegradation, properties of chitin and derivatives, applications, and market. It offers a special focus on the bioeconomy, which is the renewable segment of the circular economy. Describes the structure, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of chitin and chitosan Covers chitin- and chitosan-based products Details valorization of these materials Presents information on shell biorefineries Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy serves as a reference for polymer scientists and engineers and is also accessible to economists and advanced students.

This book presents an overview of the current status of translating the RNAi cancer therapeutics in the clinic, a brief description of the biological barriers in drug delivery, and the roles of imaging in aspects of administration route, systemic circulation, and cellular barriers for the clinical translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics, and with partial content for discussing the safety concerns. It then focuses on imaging-guided delivery of RNAi therapeutics in preclinical development, including the basic principles of different imaging modalities, and their advantages and limitations for biological imaging. With growing number of RNAi therapeutics entering the clinic, various imaging methods will play an important role in facilitating the translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside. RNAi technique has become a powerful tool for basic research to selectively knock down gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Our scientific and industrial communities have started to develop RNAi therapeutics as the next class of drugs for treating a variety of genetic disorders, such as cancer and other diseases that are particularly hard to address with current treatment strategies. Key Features Provides insight into the current advances and hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. Accelerates RNAi, miRNAs, and siRNA drug development for cancer therapy from bench to bedside. Addresses various modifications and novel delivery strategies for miRNAs, piRNAs and siRNA delivery in anticancer therapeutics. Explores the need for the interaction of hematologists,cell biologists, immunologists, and material scientists in the development of novel cancer therapies. Describes the current status of clinical trials related to miRNA and siRNA-based cancer therapy Presents remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish successful therapies.

Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications offers a comprehensive review of the latest advances in nanomaterials-based technologies for the treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater. It describes the latest developments in the synthesis protocols, including the synthesis of different kinds of nanostructure materials using various physical and chemical methods. Features Discusses the synthesis and characterization of important nanomaterials such as carbon nanostructures, metal and metal oxide nanostructures, polymer nanostructures, and smart 1D--3D nanomaterials Presents the latest techniques used in the characterization of nanomaterials Covers environmental applications including the remediation of pollutants in wastewater and water purification and disinfection Examines the sources, fate, transport, and ecotoxicology of nanomaterials in the environment. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals, this work will be of interest to chemical, environmental, and materials engineers concerned with the application of advanced materials for environmental and water remediation. Mohamed Abou El-Fetouh Barakat is a Professor of Environmental Sciences at both King Abdulaziz University (KAU)- Saudi Arabia, and Central Metallurgical R&D Institute (CMRDI)- Egypt. He is highly qualified in the fields of industrial waste management and pollution control as well as catalysis and nanotechnology. His experience includes academic research works in Japan, Germany, the United States and Saudi Arabia, as well as initiating and leading industrial research projects in Egypt jointly with the United States. Rajeev Kumar is an Associate Professor in the Environmental Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. His research activities are in the areas of wastewater treatment and materials science. He studies the adsorption and photocatalytic properties of nanomaterials for the removal of contaminants from wastewater.

This book describes in a comprehensive manner latest studies conducted by various research groups worldwide focusing on carbon and related nanomaterials. Fourteen chapters of this book deal with a number of key research topics and applications of pure and functionalized carbon nanomaterials and their hybrid nanocomposites. Specifically, the authors have presented interdisciplinary investigations including: (i) carbon nanoparticles and layers synthesis, (ii) analytical aspects of carbon nanomaterials and their characterisation under different conditions as well as (iii) various applications of carbon nanoparticles. They have reported and summarised key applications of carbon particles or nanoobjects in pharmacy, biomedicine, agriculture and food industry, water treatment, physicochemical analysis, optoelectronics, electronic and magnetic materials for supercapacitors or radar adsorbing materials, tribology, chromatography, electrophoresis, bioanalysis, nanobiocatalysis, biofuels production as well as environmental remediation.

Finite Element Analysis of Weld Thermal Cycles Using ANSYS aims at educating a young researcher on the transient analysis of welding thermal cycles using ANSYS. It essentially deals with the methods of calculation of the arc heat in a welded component when the analysis is simplified into either a cross sectional analysis or an in-plane analysis. The book covers five different cases involving different welding processes, component geometry, size of the element and dissimilar material properties. A detailed step by step calculation is presented followed by APDL program listing and output charts from ANSYS. Features: Provides useful background information on welding processes, thermal cycles and finite element method Presents calculation procedure for determining the arc heat input in a cross sectional analysis and an in-plane analysis Enables visualization of the arc heat in a FEM model for various positions of the arc Discusses analysis of advanced cases like dissimilar welding and circumferential welding Includes step by step procedure for running the analysis with typical input APDL program listing and output charts from ANSYS.

Physical-Chemical Mechanics of Disperse Systems and Materials is a novel interdisciplinary area in the science of the disperse state of matter. It covers the broad spectrum of objects and systems with dimensions ranging from nanometers to millimeters and establishes a fundamental basis for controlling and tuning the properties of these systems as well as the processes taking place in them. Physical-chemical mechanics focuses on the analysis of the complex physical-chemical interfacial phenomena taking place both in the transition of a dispersed system into a material, such as in the course of pressing, sintering, hydration hardening, and sol-gel transitions, and in the course of the dispersion of bulk materials taking place in milling, mechanical treatment, friction and wear, and fracturing. These studies are based on thorough experimental investigation of contact interactions between particles in these processes. The book is divided into two sections. The first section covers basic principles of the formation, stability and rupture of contacts between particles in different media and in surfactant solutions, as well as the properties of coagulation structures and their rheology. The second section covers surface phenomena taking place in solid-like structures with phase contacts and in compact bodies with an emphasis on several applications and processes as well as the special role of the Rehbinder effect. Where appropriate and relevant, the book presents essays on specific significant and principal studies, such as the damageability of crystal and glass surfaces, the strength of industrial catalysts, the nano-mechanisms of cement hardening, the role of the structure-mechanical barrier in the stabilization of fluorinated systems, and contact interactions in papermaking. It also devotes attention to experimental methods used in physical-chemical mechanics, the direct measurement of contact strength, and relevant instrumentations. The book utilizes the content used over many years in lecture courses and includes fundamental material on colloid and surface chemistry, the strength of materials, rheology, and tensors, which makes it well suited for novices and experts in the field.

Optical and Molecular Physics: Theoretical Principles and Experimental Methods addresses many important applications and advances in the field. This book is divided into 5 sections: Plasmonics and carbon dots physics with applications Optical films, fibers, and materials Optical properties of advanced materials Molecular physics and diffusion Macromolecular physics Weaving together science and engineering, this new volume addresses important applications and advances in optical and molecular physics. It covers plasmonics and carbon dots physics with applications; optical films, fibers, and materials; optical properties of advanced materials; molecular physics and diffusion; and macromolecular physics. This book looks at optical materials in the development of composite materials for the functionalization of glass, ceramic, and polymeric substrates to interact with electromagnetic radiation and presents state-of-the-art research in preparation methods, optical characterization, and usage of optical materials and devices in various photonic fields. The authors discuss devices and technologies used by the electronics, magnetics, and photonics industries and offer perspectives on the manufacturing technologies used in device fabrication.

A composite sandwich panel is a hybrid material made up of constituents such as a face sheet, a core, and adhesive film for bonding the face sheet and core together. Advances in materials have provided designers with several choices for developing sandwich structures with advanced functionalities. The selection of a material in the sandwich construction is based on the cost, availability, strength requirements, ease of manufacturing, machinability, and post-manufacturing process requirements. Sandwich Composites: Fabrication and Characterization provides insights into composite sandwich panels based on the material aspects, mechanical properties, defect characterization, and secondary processes after the fabrication, such as drilling and repair. FEATURES Outlines existing fabrication methods and various materials aspects Examines composite sandwich panels made of different face sheets and core materials Covers the response of composite sandwich panels to static and dynamic loads Describes parameters governing the drilling process and repair procedures Discusses the applications of composite sandwich panels in various fields Explores the role of 3D printing in the fabrication of composite sandwich panels Due to the wide scope of the topics covered, this book is suitable for researchers and scholars in the research and development of composite sandwich panels. This book can also be used as a reference by professionals and engineers interested in understanding the factors governing the material properties, material response, and the failure behavior under various mechanical loads.

Discusses the concepts of mechanical, thermal, and thermodynamic equilibrium and their applications. Covers the molecular basis for internal energy, entropy, thermodynamic equilibrium, and reversibility. Enables the reader to model irreversibility and determine the net loss in performance of a thermal system compared to an idealized system and approach an ideal one. Demonstrates entropy as a path independent property by use of reversible heat engines and reversible heat pumps interacting with a process between two states, the environment and the reservoir. Covers the role of reversibility from a thermodynamics standpoint and relates it to other areas, such as gas dynamics, combustion, propulsion, power plant engineering, and engines.

This book is devoted to research in the actual field of mathematical modeling in modern problems of plasma physics associated with vibrations and wake waves excited by a short high-power laser pulse. The author explores the hydrodynamic model of the wake wave in detail and from different points of view, within the framework of its regular propagation, a development suitable for accelerating electrons, and the final tipping effect resulting in unregulated energy transfer to plasma particles. Key selling features: Presents research directly related to the propagation of super-power short laser pulses (subject of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics). Presents mathematical modeling of plasma physics associated with vibrations and wake waves excited by a short high-power laser pulse. Includes studies of large-amplitude plasma oscillations. Most of the presented results are of original nature and have not appeared in the domestic and foreign scientific literature Written at a level accessible for researchers, academia, and engineers.

- Presents a practical and accessible journey from application requirements to technical solutions - Provides a pedagogic treatment of the underlying technology - Describes how safety is to be considered in the application of this technology and how safety and quality can be factored into the overall system.

Explores how antiviral nanomaterials can be used in developing targeted drug delivery practices and enable pharmaceutical industries to reformulate available drugs on market Covers immunization, imaging, and drug delivery and features various case studies on managing viral diseases Addresses synthesis protocols and recent developments by performing physicochemistry on virion substrate, hybrid viral networks, and multilayered arrays thus enabling R&D experts to study and successfully instigate cutting-edge technologies unique to viruses Discusses current and near future applications of antiviral nanomaterials and their activity in drug delivery systems Describes the role of nanotechnology in prevention, detection, and treatment of COVID-19 Investigates the role of antiviral nanodrugs play in human and animal body systems and in major viral disease types.

After the drug discovery and development process, designing suitable formulations to safely deliver the optimum dose, while avoiding side effects, has been a constant challenge, especially when drugs are very toxic and have poor solubility and undesirable clearance profiles. With recent advances in synthetic technologies, nanoparticles can be custom-made from a variety of advanced materials to mimic the bioenvironment and can be equipped with various targeting and imaging moieties for site-specific delivery and real-time imaging. Drug Delivery Using Nanomaterials covers advancements in the field of nanoparticle-based drug-delivery systems, along with all the aspects needed for a successful and marketable nanoformulation. FEATURES Offers a general overview of the entire process involved in the synthesis and characterization of pharmaceutical nanoparticles Covers a broad range of synthetic materials for developing nanoformulations customized for specific disease states, target organs, and drugs Every chapter sequentially builds, providing a progressive pathway from classical nanoparticles to the more advanced to be used as a full drug product by consumers Provides information in a bottom-up manner in that definitions and explanations of relevant background information serve as a framework for understanding advanced concepts This user-friendly reference is aimed at materials engineers, chemical engineers, biomedical engineers, pharmaceutical scientists, chemists, and others working on advanced drug delivery, from academia as well as industry.

The polyurethane industry is among the fastest growing, with polyurethanes used in consumer as well as industrial sectors. Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) exhibit many advantages over conventional volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based polyurethanes and have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative. WPUs offer an opportunity to use sustainable raw materials to produce environmentally sustainable polymers, particularly, polyols derived from vegetable oils. Eco-Friendly Waterborne Polyurethanes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications provides state-of-the-art knowledge of the synthesis, application, and property enhancement of WPUs. Covers various types of eco-friendly materials and technologies used to synthesize WPUs Presents an overview and applications of WPUs in several advanced research areas Provides fundamentals of synthetic processes and their chemistries for specific applications Elaborates on advanced approaches used to convert renewable resources into polymers Offers new direction to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the chemistry, technologies, and applications Written for polymer chemists, materials scientists, and other researchers and industry, this book serves as a comprehensive reference for readers interested in the development and application of sustainable polymers.