Is designed to serve as a comprehensive and up-to-date manual for process, device, layout, and design engineers Covers topics that designers as well as layout and process engineers deal with every day, such as front-end-of-line (FEOL) and back-end-of-line BEOL DRs, coverage DRs, stressors DRs, and modeling, foundry reliability, and advance (20 nm) step-by-step process flow Can be used by those studying semiconductors and microelectronics as well as students and researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, physics, materials engineering, and chemical engineering

This book describes the basic physical principles of techniques to generate and ultrashort pulse lasers and applications to ultrafast spectroscopy of various materials covering chemical molecular compounds, solid-state materials, exotic novel materials including topological materials, biological molecules and bio- and synthetic polymers. It introduces non-linear optics which provides the basics of generation and measurement of pulses and application examples of ultrafast spectroscopy to solid state physics. Also it provide not only material properties but also material processing procedures. The book describes also details of the world shortest visible laser and DUV lasers developed by the author's group. It is composed of the following 12 Sections: The special features of this book is that it is written by a single author with a few collaborators in a systematic way. Hence it provides a comprehensive and systematic description of the research field of ultrashort pulse lasers and ultrafast spectroscopy. Generation of ultrashort pulses in deep ultraviolet to near infrared Generation of ultrashort pulses in terahertz Carrier envelope phase (CEP) Simple NLO processes with a few colors Multi-color involved NLO processes Multi-color ultrashort pulse generation NLO materials NLO processes in time-resolved spectroscopy Low dimension materials Conductors and superconductors Chemical reactions and material processing Photobiological reactions

The book sets out to inform a broad range of professionals working in medicine and healthcare about how creative thinking and design concepts can be used to innovate in providing an enhanced patient experience. It outlines these concepts as a primary means to identify, clarify and resolve some of the process improvement and enhancement challenges in healthcare delivery. It demonstrates by example how such challenges can be addressed, drawing on case examples from healthcare and other industries, and from the authors’ own experiences as innovators and educators. It emphasizes the value of learning in action. For the reader who already has a leaning towards novel approaches to addressing healthcare delivery challenges, it provides guidance on harnessing team inputs and engaging with a network of contributors. It is an ideal resource for all working in medicine and healthcare, from managers, nurses, doctors, administrators, executives, and allied health professionals to medical engineers, medical physicists, medical scientists and medical product developers. Features Provides a unique framework to conceptualise innovation in healthcare and medicine. Authored by an award-winning medical scientist and an established business school Professor who have proven track-records with innovation, in education settings and as entrepreneurs. Presents a clear interdisciplinary approach, complemented with practical case studies set in the context of the challenges facing healthcare delivery in the 21st century. Dr. Barry McMahon has a national and international reputation as an Academic Medical Physicist in the fields of novel physiological measurement and medical device innovation and design. He is the co- inventor of the Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (FLIP) technique later commercialised as EndoFLIP™. He was the Director of the Innovation Academy at Trinity College Dublin from 2012 to 2017. Since 2020 he is advising Children’s Health Ireland on innovation practice. In 2021, he retired as Chief Physicist/Clinical Engineer at Tallaght Hospital, Ireland and currently runs his own innovation-consulting group Electric Mindset Ltd. Dr. Paul Coughlan is Professor in Operations Management and Co-Director of Faculty at Trinity Business School, Trinity College Dublin. His research explores collaborative strategic improvement of operations through network action learning. He was the Director of the Innovation Academy at Trinity College Dublin from 2010 to 2012. He is a founding director of a research-based spin-out venture, Easy Hydro Ltd.

Exhaustively covers nanotechnology, metal oxide- carbon nanocomposites and their application in soil, water, and air treatments Explores pollutants Nano-sensing and their Remediation towards Environmental Safety Includes economics analysis and environmental aspects of metal oxide materials Describes why properties of oxide-carbon based nanomaterials useful for environmental applications Discusses current cases studies of remediation technologies

This volume provides computational methods and reviews various aspects of computational studies of protein aggregation. Chapters discuss the relationship between protein misfolding and protein aggregation, methods of prediction of aggregation propensities of protein, peptides, protein structure, results of computer simulations of aggregation, and computational simulations focused on specific diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and preeclampsia. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Computer Simulations of Aggregation of Proteins and Peptides aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

This book presents a range of current research topics in biological network modeling, as well as its application in studies on human hosts, pathogens, and diseases. Systems biology is a rapidly expanding field that involves the study of biological systems through the mathematical modeling and analysis of large volumes of biological data. Gathering contributions from renowned experts in the field, some of the topics discussed in depth here include networks in systems biology, the computational modeling of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and systems biology of cancer. Given its scope, the book is intended for researchers, advanced students, and practitioners of systems biology. The chapters are research-oriented, and present some of the latest findings on their respective topics.

Data fusion problems arise frequently in many different fields. This book provides a specific introduction to data fusion problems using support vector machines. In the first part, this book begins with a brief survey of additive models and Rayleigh quotient objectives in machine learning, and then introduces kernel fusion as the additive expansion of support vector machines in the dual problem. The second part presents several novel kernel fusion algorithms and some real applications in supervised and unsupervised learning. The last part of the book substantiates the value of the proposed theories and algorithms in MerKator, an open software to identify disease relevant genes based on the integration of heterogeneous genomic data sources in multiple species. The topics presented in this book are meant for researchers or students who use support vector machines. Several topics addressed in the book may also be interesting to computational biologists who want to tackle data fusion challenges in real applications. The background required of the reader is a good knowledge of data mining, machine learning and linear algebra.

The Theory of Endobiogeny Volume 4: Bedside Handbook concisely presents core elements of the theory and practice of clinical Endobiogeny. It is an essential reference for Endobiogenists and for integrative medicine practitioners looking to expand their practice. Signs, symptoms and biology of function indexes are correlated to each other according to principles of integrative endocrinology and physiology. Over 20 common illnesses are succinctly summarized to be read in under 10 minutes conveying the essence of neuroendocrine causes, mechanisms and effects, followed by prioritization of Endobiogenic treatments based on 40+ years of clinical experience. Finally, for exemplary prescriptions, alternate plants are proposed based on the context of the specific illness. A succinct materia medica summarizes the essence and key role of nearly 80 medicinal plants used in clinical Endobiogeny, offering new insights for experienced prescribers and clear guidance for those new to the usage of medicinal plants. The Theory of Endobiogeny Volume 4 provides clinicians and researchers with a concise handbook covering the application of Endobiogeny in current clinical practice.

Students will appreciate the voice and approach of the text (like the author is speaking with them during office hours), but most importantly the focus on metacognition and learning science will help them improve as students, both within the A&P classroom and beyond. Track your scores and stay motivated to achieve your goals. MindTap helps you identify areas in need of improvement and where you need to focus your efforts. Highlight key text, add notes and create custom flashcards. When it's time to study, you can easily gather everything you've flagged or noted into an organized, effective study guide.

Covers materials, chemistry, and technologies for nanowires. Covers the state-of-the-art progress and challenges in nanowires. Provides fundamentals of the electrochemical behavior of various electrochemical devices and sensors. Offers insights on tuning the properties of nanowires for many emerging applications. Provides new direction and understanding to scientists, researchers, and students.

Features • Provides a cutting edge review of the latest emerging science, technology and applications in the field. • Tackles a topic with fast growing interest in USA, Europe and China. • Explores the simple and cheap design and tests of lasers, and outline the feasible applications.

1) Aids professionals in meeting an increasing demand for more cost effective materials that still provide high performance 2) Monitors the impact of inorganic nanofillers in promoting polymer circular economy 3) Discusses metallic foams and high entropy inorganic nanofillers 4) Features cutting edge research on nanocomposite derived anisotropy hydrogels and their multifunctional applications, with emphasis on wound dressing properties.

This book provides a powerful diagnosis of why the global governance of science struggles in the face of emerging powers. Through unpacking critical events in China and India over the past twenty years, it demonstrates that the 'subversiveness' assumed in the two countries' rise in the life sciences reflects many of the regulatory challenges that are shared worldwide. It points to a decolonial imperative for science governance to be responsive and effective in a cosmopolitan world. By highlighting epistemic injustice within contemporary science, the book extends theories of decolonisation. -- .

Provides theories and principles of ironmaking and a novel ironmaking technology. Includes laboratory experiments to establish the kinetic feasibility of flash ironmaking. Covers the design and operation of a prototype flash reactor as well as the design of industrial-size flash ironmaking reactors. Describes various cases of flow sheet development, which forms the basis for process analysis and simulation Presents economic analysis case studies.

Materials and manufacturing techniques are a few of the vital processes in production industries. Most of the materials processing and manufacturing techniques currently used in industries are a major cause of environmental pollution and are hence unsustainable. This book provides in-depth knowledge about challenges faced during the processing of advanced materials and discusses possible ways to achieve sustainability in manufacturing. This book: Covers advances in cryogenic machining, optimization, and economical and energy assessment of machining; Provides case studies and numerical design with analysis using computational fluid dynamics of minimum quantity lubrication mist droplets; Reviews metalworking fluids, laser micro-texturing, materials and manufacturing in sustainability, biofuels additives, nano-materials, and additive manufacturing of waste plastic; Explores the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based manufacturing techniques; and Covers the latest challenges and future trends in sustainable manufacturing. Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing Technologies is primarily written for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers in mechanical, manufacturing, industrial, and production engineering, and material science.

Provides understanding of the device architecture, electrode design, and pros-cons of classical supercapacitors Explains material design in the context of electrochemical energy storage Covers state-of-the-art quantum supercapacitor and technological challenges Describes advanced version of supercapacitor devices describing macro-to-micro scale devices and applications at different scales Include details of challenges and outline of future designs

This book covers a comprehensive range of topics on the physical mechanisms of LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes), scattering effects, challenges in fabrication and efficient enhancement techniques in organic and inorganic LEDs. It deals with various reliability issues in organic/inorganic LEDs like trapping and scattering effects, packaging failures, efficiency droops, irradiation effects, thermal degradation mechanisms etc. Features: Provides insights into the improvement of performance and reliability of LEDs Highlights the optical power improvement mechanisms in LEDs Covers the challenges in fabrication and packaging of LEDs Discusses pertinent failures and degradation mechanisms Includes droop minimization techniques This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in LEDs, illumination engineering, optoelectronics, and polymer/organic materials.

This is the first all-encompassing textbook designed to support trainee clinical scientists in medical physics as they start work in a hospital setting whilst undertaking an academic master's course. Developed by practising physicists and experienced academics using their experience of teaching trainee medical physicists, this book provides an accessible introduction to the daily tasks that clinical scientists perform in the course of their work. It bridges the gap between theory and practice, making the book also suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in other disciplines studying modules on medical physics, including those who are considering a career in medical physics through applying to the NHS Scientist Training Programme (STP). Features: Provides an accessible introduction to practical medical physics within a hospital environment Maps to the course content of the Scientist Training Programme in the NHS Acts as a complement to the academic books often recommended for medical physics courses

This book offers a historical account of the development of the On-X carbon mechanical heart valve, discussing the steps involved in developing the materials, and describes how the design of the valve has evolved over the years. It explores both the scientific and corporate problems researchers have encountered over the years in the journey of making a mechanical heart valve. The chapters provide a detailed description of the design of the mechanical leaflet-based prosthetic valve, with a particular focus on blood flow characteristics. This book includes an overview of the state-of-the-art in the chemistry and physics of carbon, and compiles the advances in carbon-based technology and its applications in cardiac and thoracic surgery. This is an ideal book for bioengineers working on the chemistry and physics of carbon, and other professionals involved with cardiac and thoracic surgery.

Key features: Organizes a difficult subject into short and clearly written sections. Can be used alongside any introductory physics textbook. Presents clear examples for every problem type discussed in the textbook.

The text explores the development, use, and effect of additive manufacturing and digital manufacturing technologies for diverse applications. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in diverse engineering fields including industrial, manufacturing, and materials science. This book: Discusses the application of 3D virtual models to lasers, electron beams, and computer-controlled additive manufacturing machines Covers applications of additive manufacturing in diverse areas including healthcare, electronics engineering, and production engineering Explains the use of additive manufacturing for biocomposites and functionally graded materials Highlights rapid manufacturing of metallic components using 3D printing Illustrates production and optimization of dental crowns using additive manufacturing This book covers recent developments in manufacturing technology, such as additive manufacturing, 3D printing, rapid prototyping, production process operations, and manufacturing sustainability. The text further emphasizes the use of additive manufacturing for biocomposites and functionally graded materials. It will serve as an ideal reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, automotive engineering, aerospace engineering, and materials science.

Bioimaging is a sophisticated non-invasive and non-destructive technique for direct visualization of biological processes. Highly luminescent quantum dots combined with magnetic nanoparticles or ions form an exciting class of new materials for bioimaging. These materials can be prepared in cost-effective ways and show unique optical behaviours. Magnetic Quantum Dots for Bioimaging explores leading research in the fabrication, characterization, properties, and application of magnetic quantum dots in bioimaging. * Covers synthesis, properties, and bioimaging techniques. * Discusses modern manufacturing technologies and purification of magnetic quantum dots. * Explores thoroughly the properties and extent of magnetization to various imaging techniques. * Describes the biocompatibility, suitability, and toxic effects of magnetic quantum dots. * Reviews recent innovations, applications, opportunities, and future directions in magnetic quantum dots and their surface decorated nanomaterials. This comprehensive reference offers a roadmap of the use of these innovative materials for researchers, academics, technologists, and advanced students working in materials engineering and sensor technology.

Discusses digital fashion design and e-prototyping, including 2D/3D CAD, fashion simulation, fit analysis, digital pattern cutting, marker making, and the zero-waste concept Covers digital human modelling and VR/AR technology Details digital fashion business and promotion, including application of e-tools for supply chain, e-commerce, block chain technologies, big data, and AI

A guide to understanding the formation of life in the Universe The revised and updated second edition of Astrobiology offers an introductory text that explores the structure of living things, the formation of the elements required for life in the Universe, the biological and geological history of the Earth, and the habitability of other planets. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the book examines many of the major conceptual foundations in astrobiology, which cover a diversity of traditional fields including chemistry, biology, geosciences, physics, and astronomy. The book explores many profound questions such as: How did life originate on Earth? How has life persisted on Earth for over three billion years? Is there life elsewhere in the Universe? What is the future of life on Earth? Astrobiology is centered on investigating the past and future of life on Earth by looking beyond Earth to get the answers. Astrobiology links the diverse scientific fields needed to understand life on our own planet and, potentially, life beyond. This new second edition: Expands on information about the nature of astrobiology and why it is useful Contains a new chapter "What is Life?" that explores the history of attempts to understand life Contains 20% more material on the astrobiology of Mars, icy moons, the structure of life, and the habitability of planets New 'Discussion Boxes' to stimulate debate and thought about key questions in astrobiology New review and reflection questions for each chapter to aid learning New boxes describing the careers of astrobiologists and how they got into the subject Offers revised and updated information throughout to reflect the latest advances in the field Written for students of life sciences, physics, astronomy and related disciplines, the updated edition of Astrobiology is an essential introductory text that includes recent advances to this dynamic field.

This comprehensive volume provides current, state-of-the-art information on specialty polymers that can be used for many advanced applications. The book covers the fundamentals of specialty polymers, synthetic approaches, and chemistries to modify their properties to meet the requirements for special applications, along with current challenges and prospects. Chapters are written by global experts, making this a suitable textbook for students and a one-stop resource for researchers and industry professionals. Key Features: - Presents synthesis, characterization, and applications of specialty polymers for advanced applications. - Provides fundamentals and requirements for polymers to be used in many advanced and emerging areas. - Details novel methods and advanced technologies used in polymer industries. - Covers the state-of-the-art progress on specialty polymers for a range of advanced applications.