Every bit of information that circulates the internet across the globe is a pulse of light, that at some point will need to be converted to an electric signal in order to be processed by the electronic circuitry in our data centers, computers, and cell phones. Photodetectors (PD's) perform this conversion with ultra high speed and efficiency, in addition to being ubiquitously present in many other devices ranging from the mundane TV remote controls, to ultra high resolution instrumentation used in Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that reach the edge of the universe and measure gravitational waves. The second edition of "Photodetectors" fully updates the popular first edition with updated information covering the state-of-the-art in modern photodetectors. The 2nd edition starts with basic metrology of photodetectors and common figures-of-merit to compare various devices. It follows with chapters that discuss single-photon detection with Avalanche Photodiodes; organic photodetectors that can be inkjet printed; and silicon-germanium PDs popular in burgeoning field of Silicon Photonics. Internationally recognized experts contribute chapters on one-dimensional, nanowire, PDs as well as high speed zero-dimensional, quantum dot, versions that increase the spectral span as well as speed and sensitivity of PDs and can be produced on various substrates. Solar-blind PDs that operate in harsh environments such as deep space, or rocket engines, are reviewed and new devices in GaN technology . Novel Plasmonic PDs, as well as devices which employ micro-plasma of confined charge in order to make devices that overcome speed limitation of transfer of electronic charge, are covered in other chapters. Using different, novel technologies, CMOS compatible devices are described in two chapters, and ultra high speed PDs that use low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) to detect fast THz signals are reviewed in another chapter. Photodetectors used in application areas of Silicon-Photonics and Microwave-Photonics are reviewed in final chapters of this book. All chapters are of a review nature, providing a perspective of the field before concentrating on particular advancements. As such, the book should appeal to a wide audience that ranges from those with general interest in the topic, to practitioners, graduate students and experts who are interested in the state-of-the-art in photodetection.

Brillouin Scattering, Volume 109 in the Semiconductors and Semimetal series, marks the centenary of Leon Brillouin's seminal 1922 paper which provided a detailed theory of the effect that now bears his name. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is the strongest third order optical nonlinearity and plays an important role in contemporary science and applications, particularly lasers, communications, and fibre optics, as well as playing a new role in experimental physics and the life sciences. This volume provides a foundational perspective on Brillouin scattering, starting with a historical review of Brillouin scattering, the theory of SBS and the convergence between SBS and Optomechanics. We then consider SBS in several different waveguide geometries, including photonic crystal fibres, integrated optics and superfluids.

Most modern systems involve various engineering disciplines. Mechatronic systems are designed to be dependable and efficient; however, mechatronics engineering faces multiple challenges at the design and exploitation stages. It is essential for engineers to be aware of these challenges and remain up to date with the emerging research in the mechatronics engineering field. Trends, Paradigms, and Advances in Mechatronics Engineering presents the latest advances and applications of mechatronics. It highlights the recent challenges in the field and facilitates understanding of the subject. Covering topics such as the construction industry, design optimization, and low-cost fabrication, this premier reference source is a crucial resource for engineers, computer scientists, construction managers, students and educators of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.

PEDOT is currently the most widely used polymeric material in research and development. Over the past 10 years, PEDOT has been investigated for potential organic thermoelectric applications because of its superior thermoelectric and mechanical properties compared with other conductive polymers. However, many challenges remain to be solved before it is translated into key technologies. Advanced PEDOT Thermoelectric Materials summarizes current progress and the challenges of PEDOT thermoelectric materials, while clarifying directions for future development. This book provides a comprehensive overview of chemical, physical, and technical information about this organic thermoelectric polymer. The authors also give details about the theoretical basis of PEDOT, including preparation and characterization, and its development as a high-performance thermoelectric material.

Ultrawide Bandgap Semiconductors, Volume 107 in the Semiconductors and Semimetals series, highlights the latest breakthrough in fundamental science and technology development of ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor materials and devices based on gallium oxide, aluminium nitride, boron nitride, and diamond. It includes important topics on the materials growth, characterization, and device applications of UWBG materials, where electronic, photonic, thermal and quantum properties are all thoroughly explored.

MicroLEDs', Volume 106 is currently recognized as the ultimate display technology and one of the fastest-growing technologies in the world as technology giants utilize it on a wide-ranging set of products. This volume combines contributions from MicroLED pioneers and world's leading experts in the field who focus on the MicroLED development, current cutting-edge technologies of pursuing for realizing MicroLED large flat panel displays and televisions, virtual reality and 3D displays, light source for LI-FI data communications, neural interface and optogenetics, and future MicroLED technology trends.

Imaging sensors are crucial for electronic imaging systems, including digital cameras, camera modules, medical imaging equipment, night vision equipment, radar and sonar, drones, and many others. This contributed book covers a wide range of frequency, sensing modalities and applications, including x-ray beam imaging sensors, optical scattering sensors, smart visual sensors in robotic systems, tuneable diode Laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, microwave imaging sensors, electro-magnetic imaging with ultra-wideband (UWB) sensors, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), electrical resistance tomography (ERT) sensors, electrical tomography for medical applications, electro-magnetic tomography (EMT) sensors, micro sensors for cell and blood imaging, and ultrasound imaging sensors. Bringing together information on state-of-the-art research in the field, this book is a valuable resource for engineers, researchers, designers and developers, and advanced students and lecturers working on sensing, imaging, optics, photonics, medical imaging, instrumentation, measurement and electronics.

Reliability has always been a major concern in designing computing systems. However, the increasing complexity of such systems has led to a situation where efforts for assuring reliability have become extremely costly, both for the design of solutions for the mitigation of possible faults, and for the reliability assessment of such techniques. Cross-layer reliability is fast becoming the preferred solution. In a cross-layer resilient system, physical and circuit level techniques can mitigate low-level faults. Hardware redundancy can be used to manage errors at the hardware architecture layer. Eventually, software implemented error detection and correction mechanisms can manage those errors that escaped the lower layers of the stack. This book presents state-of-the-art solutions for increasing the resilience of computing systems, both at single levels of abstraction and multi-layers. The book begins by addressing design techniques to improve the resilience of computing systems, covering the logic layer, the architectural layer and the software layer. The second part of the book focuses on cross-layer resilience, including coverage of physical stress, reliability assessment approaches, fault injection at the ISA level, analytical modelling for cross-later resiliency, and stochastic methods. Cross-Layer Reliability of Computing Systems is a valuable resource for researchers, postgraduate students and professional computer architects focusing on the dependability of computing systems.

Simulation of Software Tools for Electrical Systems: Theory and Practice offers engineers and students what they need to update their understanding of software tools for electric systems, along with guidance on a variety of tools on which to model electrical systems-from device level to system level. The book uses MATLAB, PSIM, Pspice and PSCAD to discuss how to build simulation models of electrical systems that assist in the practice or implementation of simulation software tools in switches, circuits, controllers, instruments and automation system design. In addition, the book covers power electronic switches and FACTS controller device simulation model building with the use of Labview and PLC for industrial automation, process control, monitoring and measurement in electrical systems and hybrid optimization software HOMER is presented for researchers in renewable energy systems.