Concreting in cold weather requires special knowledge and skills to ensure accelerated hardening and high quality in plain- and reinforced-concrete structures. Cold Weather Concreting familiarizes concrete specialists with the characteristic features of concrete in cold weather, including the effects of frost, methods for hardening in subzero temperatures, and other challenges in cold-weather concreting. Both practical techniques and their underlying theories are covered.
The book presents many methods for the thermal treatment of concrete by means of electric current--information previously available only in the Russian literature. It presents unique data in the form of diagrams, drawings, and tables, including a chart of the phase state of concretes of different strengths in the process of freezing at different temperatures, the variation of concrete strains in freezing and thawing, and a diagram of electric fields in concrete when electrodes are placed in front of stirrups.

Over the past 50 years, strain gradient material theories have been developed for the continuum modeling of size effects in materials and structures in terms of their elasticity, plasticity and fracturing. This book puts forward a unifying perspective to combine existing theories involving the higher order gradient of the strain tensor, or of plastic strain. It begins by reviewing experimental findings on the existence (or non-existence) of size effects on the mechanics of materials. In turn, the book devises first, second and higher order strain gradient theories from general principles, and presents constitutive frameworks that satisfy thermodynamic requirements. The special case of strain gradient plasticity is then developed and illustrated via computational analyses of size effects on the plasticity of metals at small scales. In closing, the book explains the origin of gradient effects in the case of lattice structures by drawing on homogenization theory.

This book discusses bulk solids that derive their mechanical properties not from those of their base materials, but from their designed microstructures. Focusing on the negative mechanical properties, it addresses topics that reveal the counter-intuitive nature of solids, specifically the negativity of properties that are commonly positive, such as negative bulk modulus, negative compressibility, negative hygroexpansion, negative thermal expansion, negative stiffness phase, and negative Poisson's ratio. These topics are significant not only due to the curiosity they have sparked, but also because of the possibility of designing materials and structures that can behave in ways that are not normally expected in conventional solids, and as such, of materials that can outperform solids and structures made from conventional materials. The book includes illustrations to facilitate learning, and, where appropriate, reference tables. The presentation is didactic, starting with simple cases, followed by increasingly complex ones. It provides a solid foundation for graduate students, and a valuable resource for practicing materials engineers seeking to develop novel materials through the judicious design of microstructures and their corresponding mechanisms.

This text provides a basis for a standardized approach to structural masonry, using an integration of experimental and computational techniques. Accurate displacement-controlled materials experiments have produced an extensive database of strength, stiffness and softening properties for tension, compression and shear, and this data has been transferred into numerical models for simulating the deformational behaviour of masonry structures. The models have been implemented into finite and distinct element codes and have subsequently been verified against shear wall experiments and analytical solutions for masonry parts.

This three-volume work presents the proceedings of the CIB Working Commission 65 - Organization and Management of Construction Symposium, in Glasgow, September 1996. Papers are presented from international researchers, leading industrialists and national political figures associated with the built environment, and cover organization and management issues in engineering, architecture, planning and building.

Independent, practical guidance on the structural design of polymer composites is provided for the first time in this book. Structural designers familiar with design of conventional structural materials such as steel and concrete will be able to use it to design a broad range of polymeric composites for structural applications, using glass fibre reinforced plastic materials, components, connections and assemblies.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203475135

Concrete structures can be designed for durability by applying the principles and procedures of reliability theory combined with traditional structural design. This work attempts to introduce into structural design a general theory of structural reliability and existing calculation models for common degradation processes. It covers both the theoretical background and practical design for service life, and includes worked examples which highlight the application of the design procedure and methods. The book introduces the statistical background and explains how models of deterioration processes can be used to predict durability characteristics of concrete structures. It should enable designers to design for the required life of a structure and should be valuable for structural designers, and for researchers in the field of civil and structural engineering.

This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference, held at Guimaraes and hosted by the University of Minho, Portugal, on March 9-14, 2020. The theme of the Conference was "Ambitioning a Sustainable Future for Built Environment: comprehensive strategies for unprecedented challenges", which was aimed at discussing current challenges and impacts of the built environment on sustainability. The present volume is dedicated to the topic "Shift to a circular economy", which is focussed on sustainability and covers the research and recent technologies on the use and development of sustainable materials and structural systems, as well as on recycling and reusing. It also covers the implementation of industrial processes leading to minimized waste, including digital fabrication and deconstruction, as well as integrative approaches that lead to the achievement of the concept of circular economy. Additionally, this topic covers research on novel or existing construction materials and systems based on local resources and regional practices. The following subtopics are included: industrialized construction systems minimizing waste; recycling and reuse of materials and components; 4Ls: local constructions with local materials through local approaches for local development; Digital Manufacturing; design for deconstruction; smart demolition techniques; timber structures; Life-Cycle Assessment of construction materials and technologies; recycling of pavements and materials in roads.

The integration of photovoltaics (PV) into buildings goes beyond energy saving by providing a clean and elegant way of actually generating electricity. There are already numerous successful examples and rapid technological improvements promise expansion of PV's present niche market to that of a major energy provider of the 21st century. This handbook is the outcome of a five year programme which took place under the auspices of the International Energy Agency. Architects and solar experts from 13 countries addressed the wide range of engineering and architectural issues involved in the successful integration of PV into buildings. It demonstrates how to maximise the overall solar contribution to the building; integrate PV effectively with the building structure; clarify the relationship of PV with other elements of the building's energy system; optimise the system economics. It forms a thorough design guide that covers all aspects if the subject and will enable all building designers, engineers and property owners to make the integration of PV into buildings an architecturally appealing and energetically effective option.

Curing is one of those activities that every civil engineer and construction worker has heard of, but in reality does not worry about much. In practice, curing is often low on the list of priorities on the construction site, particularly when budgets and timelines are under pressure. Yet the increasing demands being placed on concrete mixtures also mean that they are less forgiving than in the past. Therefore, any activity that will help improve hydration and so performance, while reducing the risk of cracking, is becoming more important. Curing Concrete explains exactly why curing is so important and shows you how to best do it. The book covers: The fundamentals behind hydration How curing affects the properties of concrete, improving its long-term performance What curing technologies and techniques you can use for different applications How to effectively specify, provide, and measure curing in a project The author also gives numerous examples of how curing-or a lack of it-has affected concrete performance in real-world situations. These include examples from hot and cold climates, as well as examples related to high-performance concrete, performance parameters, and specifications and testing. Written for construction professionals who want to ensure the quality and longevity of their concrete structures, this book demonstrates that curing is well worth the effort and cost.

Wave Propagation Analysis of Smart Nanostructures presents a mathematical framework for the wave propagation problem of small-scale nanobeams and nanoplates manufactured from various materials, including functionally graded composites, smart piezoelectric materials, smart magneto-electro-elastic materials, smart magnetostrictive materials, and porous materials. In this book, both classical and refined higher-order shear deformation beam and plate hypotheses are employed to formulate the wave propagation problem using the well-known Hamilton's principle. Additionally, the influences of small-scale nanobeams on the mechanical behaviors of nanostructures are covered using both nonlocal elasticity and nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theories. Impacts of various terms, such as elastic springs of elastic foundation, damping coefficient of viscoelastic substrate, different types of temperature change, applied electric voltage and magnetic potential, and intensity of an external magnetic field on the dispersion curves of nanostructures, are included in the framework of numerous examples.

This volume contains 60 papres dealing with research results in the field of tubular structures. The following areas are covered: applications; static and fatigue behaviour of hollow section joints; beam-to-column connections; concrete-filled steel tubes; and optimum design.

"Evolutionary Topology Optimization of Continuum Structures" treads new ground with a comprehensive study on the techniques and applications of evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) and its later version bi-directional ESO (BESO) methods. Since the ESO method was first introduced by Xie and Steven in 1992 and the publication of their well-known book "Evolutionary Structural Optimization" in 1997, there have been significant improvements in the techniques as well as important practical applications. The authors present these developments, illustrated by numerous interesting and detailed examples. They clearly demonstrate that the evolutionary structural optimization method is an effective approach capable of solving a wide range of topology optimization problems, including structures with geometrical and material nonlinearities, energy absorbing devices, periodical structures, bridges and buildings.Presents latest developments and applications in this increasingly popular & maturing optimization approach for engineers and architects; Authored by leading researchers in the field who have been working in the area of ESO and BESO developments since their conception; Includes a number of test problems for students as well as a chapter of case studies that includes several recent practical projects in which the authors have been involved; Accompanied by a website housing ESO/BESO computer programs at http: //www.wiley.com/go/huang and test examples, as well as a chapter within the book giving a description and step-by-step instruction on how to use the software package BESO2D.

"Evolutionary Topology Optimization of Continuum Structures" will appeal to researchers and graduate students working in structural design and optimization, and will also be of interest to civil and structural engineers, architects and mechanical engineers involved in creating innovative and efficient structures.

This text deals with the estimation, prediction and improvement of the durability of building structures and constructions from composite materials with inorganic, organic and mixed binders. It describes a method for improving the durability of structures and constructions.

This book presents a selection of recent research works that provide best practice solutions, case studies and practical advice on the implementation of sustainable construction techniques. The topics covered include innovations in building sustainability assessment, sustainable construction and materials, service-life prediction, construction 4.0, digitalization of the construction process, and circular economy. Reviewing the current state of knowledge, the book will benefit scientists, students, practitioners, lecturers and other interested parties in a range of scientific and engineering disciplines, e.g. civil, materials and mechanical engineering.

This book is a specially published section of the larger work ICE Manual of Construction Materials. ICE Manual of Construction Materials is an invaluable resource for practising civil and structural engineers in consulting firms, government agencies, research institutes, universities and colleges. Its highly practical approach will guide and train readers towards achieving expertise in the use of major and emerging construction materials. The Polymers and Polymer Fibre Composite section of the two-volume manual is edited by Christopher Hall, Jian-Fei Chen and Len Hollaway.

This book is organized around the various sensing techniques used to achieve structural health monitoring. Its main focus is on sensors, signal and data reduction methods and inverse techniques, which enable the identification of the physical parameters, affected by the presence of the damage, on which a diagnostic is established.

"Structural Health Monitoring" is not oriented by the type of applications or linked to special classes of problems, but rather presents broader families of techniques: vibration and modal analysis; optical fibre sensing; acousto-ultrasonics, using piezoelectric transducers; and electric and electromagnetic techniques.

Each chapter has been written by specialists in the subject area who possess a broad range of practical experience. The book will be accessible to students and those new to the field, but the exhaustive overview of present research and development, as well as the numerous references provided, also make it required reading for experienced researchers and engineers.

Elevated temperatures have significant effects on the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. They can make construction difficult and reduce the long-term durability of structures. The effects of high temperatures must therefore always be taken into account in the design and construction of concrete structures in hot environments. This book describes these effects in detail and explains the mechanisms involved with particular reference to their practical aspects. The subjects of concrete and concreting in hot environments have been dealt with in many scientific papers and in a few symposia. This book, however, is the first to present a unified and comprehensive treatment of the subject. The main topics covered are: Portland cement; setting and hardening; mineral admixtures and blended cements; workability; early volume changes and cracking; strength; drying shrinkage; creep; durability of concrete; and corrosion of reinforcement. Concrete in Hot Environments will be of great value to engineers and scientists involved in modern concrete technology both in civil and structural engineering projects and in research and development.

This open access book introduces the magnesium resources in the world and the layout of this industry, the harmless handling/recycling of magnesium slag, and the process of magnesium silicothermic reduction (Pidgeon process) to produce the slag. Examples and experimental data in this book are from the author group's research programs, as well as the recent researches in China. The book could provide precious reference to scientists and engineers in the field of recycling and environment friendly use of the industrial solid wastes. It could also be used for researchers and students who are interested in relevant field.

This book provides practicing engineers with a step by step approach for making durable concrete with optimum use of the local materials available within the various regions of the United States. It further includes actual concrete mixture proportions for high performance concrete for strength and durability under various aggressive environments based on the author's experience in the field, and support this with illustrative case studies. Examples for concrete mixture proportions, based on the current industry practice and standards, are highlighted to assist engineers in meeting the intended performance requirements (for specific environment conditions) for durable concrete. Covering an important topic for the construction and building materials industries, this book delivers the most up-to-date industry practices and advances in concrete construction from the perspective of a practicing engineer with over 40 year experience. Maximizes practicing engineers' understanding of best design and construction practices in fabricating, delivery, and installation of concrete, consistent with current knowledge on concrete durability Discusses quality control and testing requirements during design and construction, including mixing, production, and placement of concrete and tolerances for slump and air content Emphasizes real-world examples of optimal concrete mixtures, suitable for selected service conditions and applications, based on prior successful records of projects within the US Addresses the role of innovative admixtures in concrete placement in cold weather conditions below 32F and meeting the strength and durability requirements Serves as a valuable resource for students in graduate programs

In the rapid expansion of the construction industry during the 1960s basic advice regarding cover to reinforcement and impermeability of concrete to moisture for subsequent durability often went unheeded. Today the UK is seeing the result and similar effects are being observed worldwide. The book draws together experts from the fields of concrete durability, repair and protection to provide a state-of-the-art review on current thinking, materials and techniques. The basic deterioration mechanisms and methods for the site investigation of distressed concrete structures are initially considered. Materials and techniques for repair are critically reviewed and relatively novel ideas for protection are discussed. The second part of the book is presented as a series of case studies for various structure types. They are written by those who have immediate experience of both the technical and financial difficulties of concrete repair and maintenance programmes. This book should be of interest to civil and structural engineers in consulting engineering firms, contractors and local authorities, repair materials suppliers and technologists, building surveyors and architects, lecturers and stu

A text/reference on analysis of structures that deform in use. Presents a new, integrated approach to analytical dynamics, structural dynamics and control theory and goes beyond classical dynamics of rigid bodies to incorporate analysis of flexibility of structures. Includes real--world examples of applications such as robotics, precision machinery and aircraft structures.

'...His ambition and desire to experiment are without parallel in the last 40 years of structural engineering...Within the pages of this book you'll find yourself enthralled by the effectiveness and originality of his work. Time and again he has brought structures of astounding ingenuity to life. Structural engineers that dream on the scale of Tony Hunt are few and far between'. Extract from Foreword by Sir James Dyson Tony Hunt spent the six decades of his professional and personal life interacting with the elite in the fields of engineering, architecture and industrial design - this is his story. His life and career are described, showing how he formed lasting relationships with architects, patrons, artists, photographers, industrial designers, writers, critics and with his own staff. Connexions demonstrates the way in which he was able to adapt his engineering solutions in collaboration with architects in the formative stages of the design process to find structural solutions sympathetic to their architectural aspirations.It examines the quest for technological advance and Hunt's passion for industrial and product design which led him to favour an industrialized component-based approach to engineering in architecture. He showed an unerring ability to identify and express key components within a design, concentrating on the way they connected together, and demonstrated a practical knowledge and experience of the technology required for their manufacture. The results of Hunt's contribution, and the many prestigious commissions he received, when working with the generation of acclaimed architects emerging from the Architectural Association, the Royal College of Art and from Yale University scholarships in the early period of his career, are well-documented and publicised. Direct comparisons with the great European and American architect engineers such as Richard Buckminster Fuller, Charles Eames, Fritz Haller and Jean Prouve are justifiably made. Connexions also concentrates on the personal and professional relationships that Hunt formed during his career and, by reference to past and contemporary architects, engineers, industrial designers, artists, etc., the place that Tony Hunt occupies in the history of UK design.

It is the responsibility of the architect to consult the structural engineer about virtually all aspects of strength and stability in buildings. It is therefore essential, if that advice is to be understood and interpreted critically, for the architect to be aware of the language and concepts underlying structural form. This book aims to provide a key to the basic principles and natural laws governing structure.