Because of their complexity and scale, metro structures capture all the essential aspects of a cut-and-cover structure, and so are given primary focus in this book. The design of a metro construction is outlined coherently and in detail; and the reader is shown how to apply this design process equally well to other, relatively simple, cut-and-cover structures. Geotechnical and structural engineering principles are combined with both design and construction practice to make this book a unique guide for engineers. See www.cutandcoverstructures.com/ for further information.

Independent, practical guidance on the structural design of polymer composites is provided for the first time in this book. Structural designers familiar with design of conventional structural materials such as steel and concrete will be able to use it to design a broad range of polymeric composites for structural applications, using glass fibre reinforced plastic materials, components, connections and assemblies.

Today's biggest structural engineering challenge is to design better structures, and a key issue is the need to take an integrated approach which balances control of costs with the requirement for handling earthquakes and other dynamic forces. Structural optimization is based on rigorous mathematical formulation and requires computation algorithms for sizing structural elements and synthesizing systems. Now that the right software and enough computing power are readily available, professionals can now develop a suite of alternative designs and a select suitable one. A thoroughly-written and practical book on structural optimization is long overdue. This solid book comprehensively presents current optimization strategies, illustrated with sufficient examples of the design of elements and systems and presenting descriptions of the process and results. Emphasis is given to dynamic loading, in particular to seismic forces. Researchers and practising engineers will find this book an excellent reference, and advanced undergraduates or graduate students can use it as a resource for structural optimization design.

Serviceability failures of concrete structures involving excessive cracking or deflection are relatively common, even in structures that comply with code requirements. This is often as a result of a failure to adequately account for the time-dependent deformations of concrete in the design of the structure. The serviceability provisions embodied in codes of practice are relatively crude and, in some situations, unreliable and do not adequately model the in-service behaviour of structures. In particular, they fail to adequately account for the effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete. Design for serviceability is complicated by the non-linear and inelastic behaviour of concrete at service loads. Providing detailed information, this book helps engineers to rationally predict the time-varying deformation of concrete structures under typical in-service conditions. It gives analytical methods to help anticipate time-dependent cracking, the gradual change in tension stiffening with time, creep induced deformations and the load independent strains caused by shrinkage and temperature changes. The calculation procedures are illustrated with many worked examples. A vital guide for practising engineers and advanced students of structural engineering on the design of concrete structures for serviceability and provides a penetrating insight into the time-dependent behaviour of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.routledge.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license. Motion structures are simply assemblies of resistant bodies connected by movable joints. Unlike conventional structures, they allow large shape transformations to satisfy practical requirements and they can be used in: shelters, emergency structures and exhibition stands aircraft morphing wings satellite solar panels and space antennas morphing core materials for composites medical implants for minimum invasive surgery. Though traditionally the subject falls within structural engineering, motion structures are more closely related to other mechanisms, and they draw on the principles of kinematic and geometrical analysis in their design. Indeed their design and analysis can be viewed as an extension of the theory of mechanisms, such as rigid origami, and can make effective use of a wealth of mathematical principles. This book outlines the relevant underlying theory of motion structural concepts, and uses a number of innovative but simple structures as examples.

Take a Detailed Look at the Practice of Drystone Retaining Wall Construction Drystone retaining walls make very efficient use of local materials, and sit comfortably in their environment. They make an important contribution to heritage and to the character of the landscape, and are loved by many people who value the skill and ingenuity that has gone into their construction, as well as simply how they look. And yet, in engineering terms, they are complex. They can deform significantly as their loading changes and their constituent stones weather. This gives them ductility-they deal with changes by adapting to them. In some ways, they behave like conventional concrete retaining walls, but in many ways they are better. They cannot be designed or assessed correctly unless these differences are understood. Implementing concepts that require no prior knowledge of civil engineering, the authors: Explain the behavior of earth retaining structures Provide a theoretical framework for modeling the mechanical stability of a drystone retaining wall Outline reliable rules for constructing a drystone retaining wall Include charts to support the preliminary sizing of drystone retaining walls Examine the relevance of drystone in terms of sustainability Describe more advanced methods of analysis Drystone Retaining Walls: Design, Construction and Assessment draws on theoretical work and full-scale practical testing to explain how these structures work, without presuming that the reader has received an engineering education. The book goes on to give enough detail to give the professional engineer confidence in the methods used in design and assessment, and insight into what matters most in the way in which drystone retaining walls are built. It shows how to design ne

This text provides a concise and practical guide to timber design, using both the Allowable Stress Design and the Load and Resistance Factor Design methods. It suits students in civil, structural, and construction engineering programs as well as engineering technology and architecture programs, and also serves as a valuable resource for the practicing engineer. The examples based on real-world design problems reflect a holistic view of the design process that better equip the reader for timber design in practice. This new edition now includes the LRFD method with some design examples using LRFD for joists, girders and axially load members. is based on the 2015 NDS and 2015 IBC model code. includes a more in-depth discussion of framing and framing systems commonly used in practice, such as, metal plate connected trusses, rafter and collar tie framing, and pre-engineered framing. includes sample drawings, drawing notes and specifications that might typically be used in practice. includes updated floor joist span charts that are more practical and are easy to use. includes a chapter on practical considerations covering topics like flitch beams, wood poles used for footings, reinforcement of existing structures, and historical data on wood properties. includes a section on long span and high rise wood structures includes an enhanced student design project

This text presents the most effective analysis for predicting the true stresses and deflections of concrete structures, accounting for creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestressed reinforcement. Sustainability has become a major requirement in modern structures, which need to sustain satisfactory service over a longer life. It is not rare to specify a life span of 100 years for infrastructure such as bridges. This complete and wide-ranging study of stresses and deformations of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures focuses on design methods for avoiding the deflections and cracking that diminish serviceability. This fourth edition has a new emphasis on designing for serviceability. It has been comprehensively updated. It now includes 65 solved examples and more than 45 instructive problems with answers given at the end of the book. An accompanying website contains design calculation programs, which allow interactive data input. Independent of codes of practice, the book is universally applicable, and is especially suitable for practising engineers and graduate students.

Piled foundations are generally designed using empirical methods, in particular the traditional capacity based approach on which the majority of codes of practice are based. However in recent years the analysis of pile groups and piled rafts has undergone substantial development in the light of new research and the mechanisms for the interactions between piles, soil and rafts or caps have been largely clarified. Paradoxically, with relatively large piled rafts it has been found that a design based on the criterion of serviceability, with the limitation of absolute and/or differential settlement, not only allows a more rational and economical design, but is also simpler and more reliable than one based on the traditional approach. This book provides an overview of present design practice of piled foundations, under both vertical and horizontal loads, and then a presentation of recent advances in the analysis and design of piled rafts. Altogether it forms a thorough guide to the design and analysis of efficient and effective piled rafts, and it also serves as a useful design handbook for traditional pile foundations.

Increases in computer power have now enabled engineers to combine materials science with structural mechanics in the design and the assessment of concrete structures. The techniques developed have become especially useful for the performance assessment of such structures under coupled mechanistic and environmental actions. This allows effective management of infrastructure over a much longer life cycle, thus satisfying the requirements for durability and sustainability. This ground-breaking new book draws on the fields of materials and structural mechanics in an integrated way to address the questions of management and maintenance. It proposes a realistic way of simulating both constituent materials and structural responses under external loading and under ambient conditions. Where the research literature discusses component or element technology related to performance assessment, this book uniquely covers the subject at the level of the whole system including soil foundation, showing engineers how to model changes in concrete structures over time and how to use this for decision making in infrastructure maintenance and asset management.

This book introduces the fundamental design concepts of Eurocode 3 for steel structures in building construction, and their practical application. Following a discussion of the basis of design, above all the principles of the limit state approach, the material standards and their use are detailed. The fundamentals of structural analysis and modeling are presented, followed by the design criteria and approaches for various types of structural members. The following chapters expand on the principles and applications of elastic and plastic design, each exemplified by the step-by-step design calculation of a braced steel-framed building and an industrial building, respectively. Besides providing the necessary theoretical concepts for a good understanding, this manual intends to be a supporting tool for practicing engineers. To that end, numerous worked examples are provided throughout the book, concerning the analysis of steel structures and the design of elements under several types of actions. These examples facilitate the application of Eurocode regulations in practice. The second edition contains more worked examples and extended explications on issues like torsion.

The use of modern composite materials in construction offers the structural engineer and designer exciting opportunities for all types of buildings and structures. By far the most commonly used and longest established composite material is the combined use of steel and concrete in the form known in most parts of the world as 'composite construction'. Composite Construction takes a comprehensive look at recent developments in this fast growing area. With each chapter written by an acknowledged expert in the field, this book aims to link physical behaviour, engineering approximation, appropriately applied theoretical concepts and design approaches. Composite Construction is not simply a code commentary, nor does it deal with topics purely in terms of developing theory from first principles. Rather, the emphasis is strongly placed on providing both the practising engineer and the student with an understanding of physical behaviour, and the intelligent application of this knowledge in practice

Thin-walled metal shell structures are highly efficient in their use of material, but they are particularly sensitive to failure by buckiling. Many different forms of buckling can occur for different geometries and different loading conditions. Because this field of knowledge is both complex and industrially important, it is of great interest and concern in a wide range of industries. This book presents a compilation and synthesis of a wealth of research, experience and knowledge of the subject. Information that was previously widely scattered throughout the literature is assembled in a concise and convenient form that is easy to understand, and state-of-the-art research findings are thoroughly examined. This book is useful for those involved in the structural design of silos, tanks, pipelines, biodigestors, chimneys, towers, offshore platforms, aircraft and spacecraft. Buckling of Thin Metal Shells is essential reading for designers, researchers and code writers involved with thin-walled metal shell structures.

The complexity of specifications and the number of materials options available today for concrete production mean that the traditional procedure of making trial mixes is now unnecessary, expensive and time consuming. Using J.D Dewar's research, this book shows how a small amount of materials data can be used confidently to predict the composition of the ideal product.

Poor durability of concrete is a continuing concern to owners of structures and their professional advisors. Advances in methods of assessing and predicting durability are being made in many areas, and this book provides a state of art review of the current situation. Contributions from leading researchers and consultants make it a valuable guide for all those responsible for concrete buildings and structures.

A wide ranging and up-to-date review of experience of tunnelling contracts, particularly those for sewerage and drainage tunnels. The review is based on the 6th edition of the ICE Conditions of Contract, but it takes note of new forms of contract which are leading towards less adversarial contractual relations.^

Dealing with a wide range of non-metallic materials, this book opens up possibilities of lighter, more durable structures. With contributions from leading international researchers and design engineers, it provides a complete overview of current knowledge on the subject.

This book brings together up to date information from research and practice about the interaction between moisture changes and mechanical loading, which may lead to excessive deflections or joint movements in timber structures. It has important applications in timber engineering, and consequences for national and international structural codes of practice.

An unexpected brittle failure of connections and of members occurred during the last earthquakes of Northridge and Kobe. For this reason a heightened awareness developed in the international scientific community, particularly in the earthquake prone countries of the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe, of the urgent need to investigate this topic. The contents of this volume result from a European project dealing with the 'Reliability of moment resistant connections of steel frames in seismic areas' (RECOS), developed between 1997 and 1999 within the INCO-Copernicus joint research projects of the 4th Framework Program. The 30 month project focused on five key areas: *Analysis and syntheses of research results, including code provisos, in relation with the evidence of the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes; *Identification and evaluation through experimental means of the structural performance of beam-to-column connections under cyclic loading; *Setting up of sophisticated models for interpreting the connection response; *Numerical study on the connection influence on the seismic response of steel buildings; *Assessment of new criteria for selecting the behaviour factor for different structural schemes and definition of the corresponding range of validity in relation of the connection typologies.

An Engineering Companion to Mechanics of Materials is the first volume in the Momentum Press collection The Modern Engineering Companions: A Systems Approach to the Study of Engineering. In Mechanics of Materials, we apply the intuitive "systems approach" to learning, the advantages of which are several. The student first gets a broad overview of the entire subject rather than the narrow piecemeal vision afforded by the traditional "component approach" common to most engineering texts. Mechanics of Materials comes with additional features to improve student learning, including Common Confusing Concepts (C3) noted and clarii ed, indication of key concepts, side bar discussions, worked examples, and exercises for developing engineering intuition. The Companions are intended as a supplementary resource to help both undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate students better learn and understand engineering concepts.

Post-tensioning is the most versatile form of pre-stressing, a technique which enables engineers to make the most effective use of the material properties of concrete, and so to design structural elements which are strong, slender and efficient. Design in post-tensioned concrete is not difficult and, if done properly, can contribute significantly to the economy and the aesthetic qualities of a building. Post-tensioned floors have found widespread use in office buildings and car park structures, and are also frequently employed in warehouses and public buildings. However, in spite of this, most prestressed concrete texts devote comparatively little attention to floors, concentrating instead on beam elements. This book answers the need for a comprehensive treatment of post-tensioned floor design.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) uses one or more in situ sensing systems placed in or around a structure, providing real-time evaluation of its performance and ultimately preventing structural failure. Although most commonly used in civil engineering, such as in roads, bridges, and dams, SHM is now finding applications in other engineering environments, such as naval and aerospace engineering. Written by a highly respected expert in the field, Structural Sensing, Health Monitoring, and Performance Evaluation provides the first comprehensive coverage of SHM. The text begins with a review of the various types of sensors currently used in SHM, including point sensors and noncontact systems. Subsequent chapters explain the processing and interpretation of data from a number of sensors working in parallel. After considering issues related to the structures themselves, the author surveys the design of a tailor-made SHM system. He also presents a collection of case studies, many of which are drawn from his own experiences. Exploring the power of sensors, this book shows how SHM technologies can be applied to a variety of structures and systems, including multistory buildings, offshore wind energy plants, and ecological systems.

Explicitly reintroducing the idea of modeling to the analysis of structures, Analytical Estimates of Structural Behavior presents an integrated approach to modeling and estimating the behavior of structures. With the increasing reliance on computer-based approaches in structural analysis, it is becoming even more important for structural engineers to recognize that they are dealing with models of structures, not with the actual structures. As tempting as it is to run innumerable simulations, closed-form estimates can be effectively used to guide and check numerical results, and to confirm physical insights and intuitions. Spend Less Time Generating Numbers, and More Time Understanding What They Mean This book encourages readers to think about structures and their models in a way that is rooted in classic elementary elasticity-depending less on advanced mathematical techniques and more on the dimensions and magnitudes of the underlying physics. The authors stretch the mold, emphasizing and more explicitly describing the modeling process. The focus is on learning which calculations to perform and how to validate and interpret the results-skills that will be increasingly useful for professional engineers. Chapters cover: Key principles and techniques of mathematical modeling, including dimensional analysis, scaling, linearity, and balance and conservation laws Basic structural models How to develop and express physical intuition How to track the behavior of arches under lateral load Two methods of analyzing coupled discrete systems-Castigliano's theorems and Rayleigh's quotient-to lay a foundation for their application to continuous systems How to derive simple, accurate estimates of the transverse displacements of structures modeled in terms of coupled Timoshenko beams How to

Structural vibrations have become the critical factor limiting the performance of many engineering systems, typical amplitudes ranging from meters to a few nanometers. Many acoustic nuisances in transportation systems and residential and office buildings are also related to structural vibrations. The active control of such vibrations involves nine orders of magnitude of vibration amplitude, which exerts a profound influence on the technology. Active vibration control is highly multidisciplinary, involving structural vibration, acoustics, signal processing, materials science, and actuator and sensor technology. Chapters 1-3 of this book provide a state-of-the-art introduction to active vibration control, active sound control, and active vibroacoustic control, respectively. Chapter 4 discusses actuator/sensor placement, Chapter 5 deals with robust control of vibrating structures, Chapter 6 discusses finite element modelling of piezoelectric continua and Chapter 7 addresses the latest trends in piezoelectric multiple-degree-of-freedom actuators/sensors. Chapters 8-12 deal with example applications, including semi-active joints, active isolation and health monitoring. Chapter 13 addresses MEMS technology, while Chapter 14 discusses the design of power amplifiers for piezoelectric actuators.

The engineering community generally accepts that there exists only a small set of closed-form solutions for simple cases of bars, beams, columns, and plates. Despite the advances in powerful computing and advanced numerical techniques, closed-form solutions remain important for engineering; these include uses for preliminary design, for evaluation of the accuracy of approximate and numerical solutions, and for evaluating the role played by various geometric and loading parameters. Eigenvalues of Inhomogeneous Structures: Unusual Closed-Form Solutions offers the first new treatment of closed-form solutions since the works of Leonhard Euler over two centuries ago. It presents simple solutions for vibrating bars, beams, and plates, as well as solutions that can be used to verify finite element solutions. The closed solutions in this book not only have applications that allow for the design of tailored structures, but also transcend mechanical engineering to generalize into other fields of engineering. Also included are polynomial solutions, non-polynomial solutions, and discussions on axial variability of stiffness that offer the possibility of incorporating axial grading into functionally graded materials. This single-package treatment of inhomogeneous structures presents the tools for optimization in many applications. Mechanical, aerospace, civil, and marine engineers will find this to be the most comprehensive book on the subject. In addition, senior undergraduate and graduate students and professors will find this to be a good supplement to other structural design texts, as it can be easily incorporated into the classroom.