This text describes the underlying behaviour of steel and concrete bridge decks. It shows how complex structures can be analyzed with physical reasoning and relatively simple computer models, and without complicated mathematics. In recent years the computer methods of grillage and space frame have become very popular and accessible as microcomputers and software have developed rapidly. In this second edition, the intrinsic safety of these methods when used in a systematic manner is explained. New chapters have been included on the analysis of distortion of box girder bridges, on the stiffnesses of supports and foundations, and on integral bridges. The chapter on beam decks and frames now includes demonstrations of the influence of foundation stiffnesses on the frame behaviour of a portal bridge and an arching structure. Coverage of beam-and-slab bridges has been enlarged to explain "torsionless design" which simplifies the design of some bridges. New examples illustrate the grillage analysis of a composite bridge using AASHTO type prestressed concrete girders, and of a composite steel deck. Additional comparisons between grillage and finite strip analyses of cellular structures are

The 1990s will be a challenging decade for the surveying profession. Increased competition from new sources, a wide range of technological changes, new developments in the market place present a challenge to the profession. In order to meet these challenges, surveyors must keep up to date with the state of the art. By presenting a broad view of both good practice and research at the forefront of construction investment, procurement and performance, this book addresses recent techniques and technology which enable property to be valued and managed and buildings to be built as effectively and efficiently as possible. With over 25 contributions from both the academic world and from professional practices, it presents insights from people throughout the profession in the key areas of valuation, finance and risk; information technology management and the valuation; and technology.

The third International Symposium on Materials and Sustainable Development ISMSD2017 (CIMDD2017) will include a 2-day Conferences (07 & 08 November). Organized by the Research Unit: Materials, Processes and Environment and University M'hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, this symposium follows the success of CIMDD 2013-2015 and continues the traditions of the highly successful series of International Conferences on the materials, processes and Environment. The Symposium will provide a unique topical forum to share the latest results of the materials and sustainable development research in Algeria and worldwide.

Concrete is one of the principal construction materials used world-wide. Although developments in materials and performance have widened the scope for the use of concrete, they have also affected its properties, particularly in the long term. From this it becomes clear that quality control, which is of vital importance for the building industry in general, needs special attention in its application to concrete structures. The importance of establishing comprehensive quality assurance systems both nationally and internationally is becoming increasingly recognized. Such systems need to take account of the contractual relationships in the industry in order to function effectively. International harmonization of standards and regulations is also putting greater emphasis on such systems. This book forms the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Quality Control of Concrete Structures which was held in Ghent, Belgium, in June 1991. The volume brings together new information on technical developments, research and practical experience on the following topics: quality management, early age properties of concrete, durability, quality assessment, statistical approaches.

The book focuses on low carbon construction materials such as stabilised compressed earth blocks (CEB's) and rammed earth (RE). The content has been divided into four broad themes which includes an introduction to earth construction & stabilised earth, stabilised compressed earth blocks and masonry, stabilised rammed earth, and energy, carbon emissions, sustainability and case studies. It provides basic introduction to earthen materials and earthen structures, particularly with reference to the contemporary work on stabilised earth products for structural applications in buildings. The illustrations in the form of graphs, tables and photographs help the reader to get a grip over the CEB and RE construction. The book illustrates many case studies and examples of CEB and RE buildings. The knowledge on structural characteristics of CEB and RE especially with reference to the durability of such earthen products, and the structural design aspects is uniquely dealt. The embodied energy, embodied carbon, and the impact on construction sector touching upon sustainability of buildings is another unique feature of the book. This volume will be a useful guide for the research community, teachers, engineers, architects, building professionals, practicing engineers, students and individuals aspiring to build low carbon and sustainable buildings.

This work reviews methods for the experimental determination of concrete toughness and presents theories and models suitable for describing cracking and fracturing phenomena in plain and reinforced concrete. Test methods based on classsical linear fracture mechanics cannot be applied to laboratory sized concrete specimens. The book compares the currently used methods and presents recommended test procedures for mode I fracture/toughness using notched beam and other specimens. Crack propagation under mixed-mode loading (Mode II) is discussed and current test methods are extensively reviewed. Effects of loading rate, temperature and humidity effects are treated in a separate chapter. The book concludes with descriptions and recommendations of techniques for detecting the fracture process zone in concrete, in particular, pulse velocity and laser interferometry techniques. The introduction of the concepts of fracture toughness and fracture energy into structural concrete design codes means that the experimental determination of fracture porperties is ceasing to be an academic exercise and is becoming a technical need. This book has been prepared by RILEM Technical committee 89-FMT and

This volume sets out to present recent research findings on the applications of fracture mechanics to concrete structures. Papers from international contributors describe existing and new modelling techniques in the analysis of concrete materials and structures. Topics discussed include structural modelling, bending, shear, bond and anchorage. The book forms the proceedings of a RILEM workshop held in Sweden in 1989. It is dedicated to Professor Arne Hillerborg, whose contribution to fracture mechanics is also reviewed.

The production of concrete has in recent years shifted from the site to central production plants. This has improved efficiency but has also given rise to new problems, such as the influence of temperature and time on consistency of fresh concrete. The separation of mixing and transportation from on-site placing and curing requires better means of measuring and defining the state of the concrete at the time of delivery. In addition, new types of cements and admixtures are being widely used. This book forms the Proceedings of the RILEM Colloquium held in Hanover, Germany in October 1990 to review the state-of-the-art of the properties of fresh concrete. Papers from 18 countries in Europe, North America and the Far East are included. This book should be of interest to cement and concrete technologists and researchers, civil engineers, manufacturers and suppliers of cement, concrete and admixtures, research institutes, test houses and rheologists.

Testing of materials and manufactured items is a key element in the process from standard specification through control and verification during manufacture to trade in actual products. In particular, the validity, reliability and economic aspects of testing are of importance. This process is becoming more urgent with the development of the European market and other developments in international trade. Considerable progress is being made in setting up cooperative agreements and networks both bilaterally and multilaterally between countries, covering reference materials, and calibration, accreditation and quality assurance of laboratories, equipment and staff. This book contains invited contributions from many of the individuals and organizations most closely involved in these international developments. Also included are papers and case studies from all parts of the world discussing particular aspects of test quality of construction, materials and structures. The volume should be useful for those responsible for managing and carrying out testing in commercial, industrial and research laboratories, and also for anyone with an interest in international harmonization of technical stand

This book gathers selected contributions in the field of civil and construction engineering, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 2nd International Scientific Conference on Socio-Technical Construction and Civil Engineering (STCCE), held in Kazan, Russia on April 21-28 2021. The book covers a wide range of topics including building constructions and structures, bridges, roads and tunnels, building materials and products, construction management, energy efficiency and thermal protection of buildings, ventilation, air conditioning, gas supply and lighting in buildings, innovative and smart technologies in construction, sustainable development, transport system development. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

Concrete and cement-based materials must operate in increasingly aggressive aqueous environments, which may be either natural or industrial. These materials may suffer degradation in which ion addition and/or ion exchange reactions occur, leading to a breakdown of the matrix microstructure and consequent weakening. Sometimes this degradation can be extremely rapid and serious such as in acidic environments, while in other cases degradation occurs over long periods. Consequences of material failure are usually severe - adversely affecting the health and well-being of human communities and disturbing ecological balances. There are also large direct costs of maintaining and replacing deteriorated infrastructure and indirect costs from loss of production during maintenance work, which place a great burden on society. The focus of this book is on addressing issues concerning performance of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous environments , by way of this State-of-the-Art Report. The book represents the work of many well-known and respected authors who contributed chapters or parts of chapters. Four main themes were addressed: I. Nature and kinetics of degradation and deterioration mechanisms of cement-based materials in aggressive aqueous environments, II. Modelling of deterioration in such environments, III. Test methods to assess performance of cement-based materials in such environments, and which can be used to characterise and rate relative performance and inform long term predictions, IV. Engineering implications and consequences of deterioration in aggressive aqueous environments, and engineering approaches to the problem.

Calcium aluminate cements are used for many special applications in the construction, civil engineering and refractory industries because of their ability to gain strength rapidly and to withstand aggressive environments and high temperatures. Research into their properties and behaviour in many countries is presented in this book, which includes papers from an International Symposium held in London, A special feature is a major review paper by Lafarge Special Cements presenting the current state of knowledge on the materials. Other papers deal with clinker, hydration, admixtures, calorimetry, durability, blended systems and other aspects. The book is dedicated to the late Henry Midgley whose research into calcium aluminate cements at the Building Research Establishment made an important contribution to the understanding of their behaviour.

Chemical admixtures are used to modify the properties and behaviour of fresh and hardened concrete. They can enable concrete to be placed more economically, by reducing the plant and labour needed or by allowing modifications to the mix. They are also used to achieve special properties, such as high strength or freeze-thaw durability. Research and development is underway in many parts of the world, looking at fundamental effects of admixtures on cement hydration and rheology, the technological benefits of using admixtures in concrete and the long-term behaviour of concrete containing admixtures. This book draws together reports on research studies into the use of chemical admixtures to improve the properties of concrete. It includes papers from leading research institutes and materials specialists from around the world on six main topics: workability, setting, strength, durability, other properties and technology. The papers were presented at an International RILEM Symposium held in Barcelona, Spain, in May 1990. This book should be of interest to concrete technologists, civil engineers, suppliers of admixtures, ready-mixed and precast concrete materials researchers.

This book provides a thorough overview of all techniques for producing self-healing construction materials. Construction materials (cement-based, bituminous, metals, and alloys) are prone to cracking, which with the progress of time can lead to compromising of the structural integrity of critical infrastructure. Self-healing materials form a new class of materials that have inbuilt engineered properties to counteract damage and repair it before it becomes critical. The methods for monitoring, modeling, and assessing self-healing are also reviewed. The final section of the book discusses the future outlook and potential extension of self-healing concepts to other materials (e.g., heritage structures and soils).

Nanomaterials can markedly improve the mechanical properties of concrete, as well as reduce the porosity and enhance the durability of concrete. The application of nanotechnology in concrete is still in its infancy. However, an ever-growing demand for ultra-high-performance concrete and recurring environmental pollution caused by ordinary Portland cement has encouraged engineers to exploit nanotechnology in the construction industry. Nanotechnology for Smart Concrete discusses the advantages and applications of nanomaterials in the concrete industry, including high-strength performance, microstructural improvement, self-healing, energy storage, and coatings. The book Analyses the linkage of concrete materials with nanomaterials and nanostructures Discusses the applications of nanomaterials in the concrete industry, including energy storage in green buildings, anti-corrosive coatings, and inhibiting pathogens and viruses Covers self-healing concrete Explores safety considerations, sustainability, and environmental impact of nanoconcrete Includes an appendix of solved questions This comprehensive and innovative text serves as a useful reference for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals in the fields of Civil and Construction Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Nanomaterials. Dr. Ghasan Fahim Huseien is a research fellow at the Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore. He received his PhD degree from the University of Technology Malaysia in 2017. Dr. Huseien has over 5 years of Applied R&D and 10 years of experience in manufacturing smart materials for sustainable building and smart cities. He has expertise in Advanced Sustainable Construction Materials covering Civil Engineering, Environmental Sciences and Engineering. He has authored and co-authored 50+ publications and technical reports, 3 books, and 15 book chapters, and participated in 25 national and international conferences/workshops. He is a peer reviewer for several international journals as well as Master's and PhD students. He is a member of the Concrete Society of Malaysia and the American Concrete Institute. Dr. Nur Hafizah Abd Khalid is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia (UTM), and is a research member of the Construction Material Research Group (CMRG). She is currently a Council Member of the Concrete Society Malaysia (CSM). She earned her Master's degree on structure and materials in 2011 from the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She received a Young Women Scientist Award (representing Malaysia) in 2014 in South Korea by KWSE/APNN. She is currently appointed as an Inviting Researcher at Hunan University, China, funded under the Talented Young Scientist Program (TYSP). Her research interests focus on concrete structural systems, advanced concrete technology (green concrete technology and fibre reinforced concrete), civil engineering materials, polymer composites, and bio-composites. Professor Dr. Jahangir Mirza has over 35 years of Applied Research and Development (R&D) as well as teaching experience. He has expertise in Advanced Sustainable Construction Materials covering Civil Engineering, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Geology, and Architecture departments. He has been a Senior Scientist at the Research Institute of Hydro-Quebec (IREQ), Montreal, Canada since 1985. He has been a Visiting Research Professor for the Environmental Engineering program at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada since 2018.

This volume consists of papers presented at the International Conference on Recent Developments in Fibre Reinforced Cements and Concretes, held at the School of Engineering, University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK, 18-20 September 1989.

This book aims to provide bases for reasoning on what challenges urban-architectural design for vulnerable communities will face in the coming years. Several issues, such as technological development, climate change, political crisis and economic uncertainties show as traditional strategies and methodologies are not sufficient to deeply solve the problems of these complex realities. These new changes, which are studied in different fields of knowledge, highlight the fact that the development of effective solutions must be characterized by multidisciplinary approaches and must be based on strategies promoted by different disciplines. For this reason, this contributed volume collects contributions and considerations from experts in various fields of knowledge working in different parts of the world, such as the Americas, Europe and Asia. The goal is precisely to provide the reader with multidisciplinary knowledge and methodologies in order to better reflect and analyze the challenges that designing for vulnerable communities will face in the next few years. These multidisciplinary studies are organized into five sections: Sustainability and Vulnerabilities in Time of the Anthropocene Approaches, Principles and Paradigms to Contemporary Research and Practice for Vulnerable Communities Designing for Vulnerabilities: Applications and Actions Social Engagement in Vulnerable Communities Between Digital and Humanist Visions Vulnerabilities in Context: Analysis and Projects in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region Design for Vulnerable Communities will be of interest primarily to researchers and professionals in the field of urban-architectural design, but it will also be a useful tool to policy makers and members of civil society at large interested in making cities more inclusive.

For as long as concretes have been used as substrates there has been a need for upgrading the immediate working surface, in some instances nominally, in others substantially. This in itself has presented problems because of the inexact nature of the art and the conditions under which upgrading is required to be performed, not to mention the variety of surfaces and products. The aim of this text is to highlight the best parameters for success and to provide the reader with a comprehensive introduction to the subject. The coverage does not stray into unnecessary polymer science, but concentrates on the materials available and their particular advantages. Emphasis is placed upon successful preparation and maintenance and an insight into floor design is provided.

Preface ix - Acknowledgments xiii - Abbreviations xv - I. Differential Thermal Analysis Technique - II. Theory and Typical Applications 28 - II.l Theoretical Considerations 28 - II.2 Typical Applications 34 - III. Formation of Portland Cement Clinker and Polymorphism of C3S and C2S 54 - III.1 Formation of Portland Cement Clinker 54 - 111.2 Polymorphism of C3S 71 - III.3 Polymorphism of C2S 75 - IV. Hydration of Portland Cement 81 - IV.l Systems Containing CaO, AI20 a, Si02, and H20 at Ordinary Temperatures 81 - IV.2 Hydration of Portland Cement 88 V. Hydration of Individual Phases in Portland Cement 111 - V.l Hydration of C3A 111 - V.2 Hydration of C3S and B-C2S 127 - V.3 Hydration of the Ferrite Phase 135 - VI. Hydration of C3A in Presence of Salts 139 - VI.1 Hydration of C3A in Presence of Gypsum 139 - VI.2 Hydration of C3A in Presence of Lignosulfonate 155 - VI. 3 Hydration of C3A in Presence of Calcium Chloride 159 - VI.4 Hydration of C3A in Presence of Calcium Carbonate 160 - VII. Autoclaved Cementitious Products 165 - VIII. Non-Portland Cements Based on Silicates and Aluminates 196 - VIII.1 Slags and Slag Cements 196 - VIII.2 High Alumina Cement 206 - VIII.3 Pozzolanas and Pozzolanic Cements 213 - VIII.4 Oil Well Cement 222 - VIII.5 Hydraulic Lime 223 - VIlI.6 Expanding Cement 227 - VIII.7 Acid-Proof Cement 230 - IX. Other Non-Portland Cements 231 - IX.l Magnesium Oxychloride and Oxysulfate Cement 231 - IX.2 Gypsum Plaster 251 - IX.3 Sand-Lime Mortar 271 - IX.4 Phosphate Cement 275 - X. Aggregates 276 - Subject Index 297 - Author Index 303 -

This book comprises the proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering 2021. The contents of this volume focus on specialty conferences in construction, environmental, hydrotechnical, materials, structures, transportation engineering, etc. This volume will prove a valuable resource for those in academia and industry.

This book comprises the select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2020. The contents focus on recent developments in geotechnical engineering for a sustainable tomorrow. The book covers the topics related to traditional and latest methods in characterisation of ground at construction sites, recent technological developments/ advances in design of shallow and deep foundations in different subsoil conditions.

This book introduces acoustic wave theories using a reader-friendly matrix-based linear algebra approach. It will enable the reader to take advantage of software tools such as MATLAB (commercial codes) and OCTAVE (open-source codes) to gain better and deeper understanding of the underlying physics quickly. In this aspect, this text can be regarded as a practical introduction of the acoustic wave theories in an easy-to-follow linear algebra format using matrix manipulations instead of an abstract approach relying on tensor manipulations. The book also uses case studies to demonstrate how the fundamentals on acoustic waves discussed throughout the book are applied in device designs and analyses such that the connections and interdependences between the underlying sciences and the observed behavior and performances can be better appreciated by the reader. To achieve this, all problems for illustrations, examples, case studies, and device analyses are developed and solved based on the mathematical foundations laid out in the book.

This volume focuses on research and practical issues linked to Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. The main topics are geology of clays, hydration and performance of blended system with calcined clays, alkali activated binders, applications in concrete and mortar, durability of concrete under various aggressive conditions, and economic and environmental impacts of the use of calcined clays in cement based materials. This book compiles the different contributions of the 2nd International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete, which took place in La Habana, December 5th-7th, 2017.The papers update the latest research in their field, carried out since the last conference in 2015. Overall it gives a broad view of research on calcined clays and their application in the field of construction, which will stimulate further research into calcined clays for sustainable concrete.

This book comprises chapters on scour and erosion related issues. It is an outcome of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) Technical Committee 213 Workshop on Scour and Erosion that was held on December 16, 2020. The ISSMGE TC213 Workshop was attended by 368 participants from 12 different countries worldwide. The contents of this book reflect recent advances in the mechanics and countermeasures of scour and erosion, including coastal protection, erosion control, etc. Covering practical issues of geotechnical engineering with academic and research inputs, this volume will be a useful reference for academia and industry alike.