This book thoroughly describes a theory concerning the yield and failure of materials under multi-axial stresses - the Unified Strength Theory, which was first proposed by the author and has been frequently quoted since. It provides a system of yield and failure criteria adopted for most materials, from metals to rocks, concretes, soils, and polymers. This new edition includes six additional chapters: General behavior of Strength theory function; Visualization of the Unified Strength Theory; Equivalent Stress of the UST and Comparisons with other criteria; Economic Signification of the UST; General form of failure criterion; Beauty of Strength Theories. It is intended for researchers and graduate students in various fields, including engineering mechanics, material mechanics, plasticity, soil mechanics, rock mechanics, mechanics of metallic materials and civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, geotechnical engineering, mechanical engineering and military engineering.

Corrosion by external currents (electrocorrosion) of metallic constructions has to be regarded as a strongest factor of aggressiveness in conductive aggressive environments. Corrosion by stray currents of underground and underwater metal constructions was comprehensively and profoundly studied long ago and it is considered in this book only in the form of a review. The primary attention is focused on corrosion by external anodic (mainly) and cathodic currents of metal constructions in environments of high aggressiveness typical for electrochemical plants of chemical and non-ferrous metallurgical brunches of industry, where penetration of the external currents (leakage currents) from the electrolytic baths to the metal constructions is unavoidable.
Structural metals selected for the media of a high aggressiveness are initially in a passive state that provides their corrosion resistance at the absence of the attack by external currents. However, under the attack by leakage current the metals are brought out of the boundaries of their passive field and undergo intensive corrosion damage.
A new approach to the problem of electrocorrosion protection of the passive structural metals which is considered in this book consists in keeping the metals attacked by external currents in the boundaries of their passive field. The systems, developed in accordance with this approach, are based on modification of existing and on elaboration of new methods and means of electrocorrosion protection. These systems take into account corrosion and electrochemical characteristics of the aggressive media (redox potential, conductivity etc.) and of the passive metal (corrosion and activation potentials, current density in a passive state etc) as well as sizes and distribution character of the external currents.
Analysis of leakage current distribution in electrochemical plants, character of their influence, methods of estimation of corrosion stability of metallic structures in the field of external currents and a lot of concrete examples of successful introducing of the developed corrosion protection systems in many operating plants of chemical and non ferrous metallurgical branches of industry are given.
Features/ Benefits
New approach to the problem of protection from electrocorrosion, taking into account the passive state of the metal in aggressive media
This approach allows concentrating on the purpose of keeping the metal in the boundaries of its passive field which opens principally new ways to effective metals protection from electrocorrosion.
Modifications of well known and principally new developed methods and means of electrocorrosion protection are presented. The methods do not require power sources and in most cases do not need significant metal consumption. The expenditure for the maintenance of these methods is minimal.
The set of the developed methods and means of metals protection from electrocorrosion provides engineers, particularly, the personnel of electrochemical plants in chemical and non-ferrous metallurgic branches of industry with necessary accessible and low cost solutions of protection from electrocorrosion of metallic equipment at the stages of design and of operation.
New methods of estimation the stability of metallic structures in the field of external current taking into account the size of external current, accessibleparameters and electrochemical characteristics of the metal, of the structures and of the aggressive environment.
These methods allow to prevent electrocorrosion damage at the stage of design and to estimate the danger of corrosion attack by external currents of metallic piping and equipment operating in the zones of influence of external currents.
Improved and new materials for stable anodes and cathodes for protection of metallic structures against corrosion by external anodic and cathodic currents, respectively.
These data enlarge the possibilities of metals protection from electrocorrosion and make this protection more accessible and less expensive.
Using sectionalization as method of effective protection of passive metals with high activation potential values in the field of external currents.
By using equation for calculation a permissible section length, for example, for titanium piping in acid sulfate solution, it is possible to attain by sectionalization a complete piping protection from electrocorrosion without applying any additional means for protection.
Data on the influence of structural features of metals (weld seams, crevices etc) in the field of external anodic and cathodic currents on the values of the activation protection.
These data must be taken into account when corrosion stability of a metallic structure is estimated at the stages of design and of operation in the field of external current.
Known and new data on the values and distribution of leakage currents, on the methods and means of their reducing, on the action character of the external anodic and cathodic currents on different structural metals in various aggressiveenvironment, on estimation methods of corrosion stability of metallic structures in the field of external current and on the methods and means of their protection from electrocorrosion are systematized in the book.
Systematized data on electrocorrosion and protection of metals, especially in electrochemical plants allow using the book as a guide for corrosion engineers end researchers and for the personnel maintaining the equipment of all kinds of electrochemical plants to analyze the corrosion state of the metallic equipment and to prevent its electrocorrosion.

Kinematics is an exciting area of computational mechanics which plays a central role in a great variety of fields and industrial applications. Apart from research in pure kinematics, the field offers challenging problems of practical relevance that need to be solved in an interdisciplinary manner in order for new technologies to develop. The present book collects a number of important contributions presented during the First Conference on Interdisciplinary Applications of Kinematics (IAK 2008) held in Lima, Peru. To share inspiration and non-standard solutions among the different applications, the conference brought together scientists from several research fields related to kinematics, such as for example, computational kinematics, multibody systems, industrial machines, robotics, biomechanics, mechatronics and chemistry. The conference focused on all aspects of kinematics, namely modeling, optimization, experimental validation, industrial applications, theoretical kinematical methods, and design. The results should be of interest for practicing and research engineers as well as Ph.D. students from the fields of mechanical and electrical engineering, computer science, and computer graphics.

Cracks can develop in rotating shafts and can propagate to relevant depths without affecting consistently the normal operating conditions of the shaft. In order to avoid catastrophic failures, accurate vibration analyses have to be performed for crack detection. The identification of the crack location and depth is possible by means of a model based diagnostic approach, provided that the model of the crack and the model of the cracked shaft dynamical behavior are accurate and reliable. This monograph shows the typical dynamical behavior of cracked shafts and presents tests for detecting cracks. The book describes how to model cracks, how to simulate the dynamical behavior of cracked shaft, and compares the corresponding numerical with experimental results. All effects of cracks on the vibrations of rotating shafts are analyzed, and some results of a numerical sensitivity analysis of the vibrations to the presence and severity of the crack are shown. Finally the book describes some crack identification procedures and shows some results in model based crack identification in position and depth. The book is useful for higher university courses in mechanical and energetic engineering, but also for skilled technical people employed in power generation industries.

The latest state of simulation techniques to model plasticity and fracture in crystalline materials on the nano- and microscale is presented. Discrete dislocation mechanics and the neighbouring fields molecular dynamics and crystal plasticity are central parts. The physical phenomena, the theoretical basics, their mathematical description and the simulation techniques are introduced and important problems from the formation of dislocation structures to fatigue and fracture from the nano- to microscale as well as it 's impact on the macro behaviour are considered.

Any researchers in the field of meshless methods who want to keep up to date with the latest work in the field will find this an essential text.In recent years meshless/meshfree methods have gained considerable attention in engineering and applied mathematics.The variety of problems that are now being addressed by these techniques continues to expand and the quality of the results obtained demonstrates the effectiveness of many of the methods currently available.This means that engineers in general, applied mathematicians, physicists, and those active in computational mechanics will all find this book a useful reference tool as well. The book collects extended original contributions presented at the first ECCOMAS Conference on Meshless Methods held in 2005 in Lisbon.

Advanced materials play a crucial role in modern engineering applications where they are often exposed to complex loading and environmental conditions. In many cases, new approaches are needed to characterise these materials and to model their behaviour. Such approaches should be calibrated and validated by specific experimental techniques, quantifying both microstructural features and respective mechanisms at various length scales. The book provides an overview of modern modelling tools and experimental methods that can be employed to analyse and estimate properties and performance of advanced materials. A special feature of the book is the analysis of case studies used to demonstrate the strategies of solving the real-life problems, in which the microstructure of materials directly affects their response to loading and/or environmental conditions. The reader will benefit from a detailed analysis of various methods as well as their implementation for dealing with various advanced materials.

This hard bound spinoff from a special issue of the Journal of Elasticity (volume 100: 1-2) features an English translation of an important 1955 paper by Walter Noll, Die Herteitung der Grundgleichungen der Thermomechanik der Kontinua aus der statistischen Mechanik. In this paper, Noll addresses and analyses the seminal paper of Irving and Kirkwood, published five years earlier, on The Statistical Mechanical Theory of Transport Processes. IV, The Equations of Hydrodynamics. Noll gives new interpretations and provides a firm setting for ideas advanced by Irving & Kirkwood that clearly and directly relate to the basic principles of continuum mechanics. However, the original German paper of Noll seems not to have gained the attention that it deserved as the field of statistical mechanics grew both fundamentally and in applications. By providing an English translation of Noll s paper, Lehoucq & Von Lilienfeld-Toal have provided a great service to the scientific community. The Noll translation is presented here to expose fundamental ideas of statistical mechanics that are of major importance in the modeling of small-scale behavior and its link to macroscopic observations. In recent years there has been a rapidly increasing reliance upon and interest in multi scale methods in computation. This has accentuated the need to establish meaningful connections between atomistic and continuum descriptions of contact interactions such as stress and heat flux. In recognition of Noll s contribution, the translation is accompanied by four relevant and invited papers, including one, entitled Thoughts on the Concept of Stress, by Noll himself.

Nonlinear phenomena should play a crucial role in the design and control of engineering systems and structures as they can drastically change the prevailing dynamical responses. This book covers theoretical and applications-based problems of nonlinear dynamics concerned with both discrete and continuous systems of interest in civil and mechanical engineering. They include pendulum-like systems, slender footbridges, shape memory alloys, sagged elastic cables and non-smooth problems. Pendulums can be used as a dynamic absorber mounted in high buildings, bridges or chimneys. Geometrical nonlinearities introduced by pendulum motion may change the system dynamics, and entail a rapid increase of the oscillations of both the structure and the pendulum, leading to full pendulum rotation or chaotic dynamics. To magnetorheological damping is proposed. Nonlinear mechanics has to be used to explain undesired response in slender footbridges, such as that occurred in the famous event of the London Millenium Bridge. The observed phenomena can be explained by an analytical nonlinear discrete-time model. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit very interesting nonlinear thermo-mechanical properties such as shape memory effect and superelasticity. SMA elements integrated within composite beams or plates can be used for active modification of structure properties e.g. by affecting their natural frequencies. Finite amplitude, resonant, forced dynamics of sagged, horizontal or inclined, elastic cables have recently undergone meaningful research advances concerned with modelling, analysis, response, and nonlinear/nonregular phenomena. A variety of features of nonlinear multimodal interaction in different resonance conditions are comparatively addressed. Non-smooth systems are very common in engineering practice. Three mechanical engineering problems are presented: (i) a vibro-impact system in the form of a moling device, (ii) the influence of the opening and closing of a fatigue crack on the host system dynamics, and (iii) nonlinear interactions between a rotor and snubber ring system. This book is aimed at a wide audience of engineers and researchers working in the field of nonlinear structural vibrations and dynamics, and undergraduate and postgraduate students reading mechanical, aerospace and civil engineering.

This book shows impressively how complex mathematical modeling of materials can be applied to technological problems. Top-class researchers present the theoretical approaches in modern mechanics and apply them to real-world problems in solid mechanics, creep, plasticity, fracture, impact, and friction. They show how they can be applied to technological challenges in various fields like aerospace technology, biological sciences and modern engineering materials.

This book is the first collection of lipid-membrane research conducted by leading mechanicians and experts in continuum mechanics. It brings the overall intellectual framework afforded by modern continuum mechanics to bear on a host of challenging problems in lipid membrane physics. These include unique and authoritative treatments of differential geometry, shape elasticity, surface flow and diffusion, interleaf membrane friction, phase transitions, electroelasticity and flexoelectricity, and computational modelling.

This book collects the state-of-art and new trends in image analysis and biomechanics. It covers a wide field of scientific and cultural topics, ranging from remodeling of bone tissue under the mechanical stimulus up to optimizing the performance of sports equipment, through the patient-specific modeling in orthopedics, microtomography and its application in oral and implant research, computational modeling in the field of hip prostheses, image based model development and analysis of the human knee joint, kinematics of the hip joint, micro-scale analysis of compositional and mechanical properties of dentin, automated techniques for cervical cell image analysis, and biomedical imaging and computational modeling in cardiovascular disease.

The book will be of interest to researchers, Ph.D students, and graduate students with multidisciplinary interests related to image analysis and understanding, medical imaging, biomechanics, simulation and modeling, experimental analysis

Computational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity: Solids and Porous Media presents the latest developments in the area of elastic and elasto-plastic finite element modeling of solids, porous media and pressure-dependent materials and structures. The book covers the following topics in depth: the mathematical foundations of solid mechanics, the finite element method for solids and porous media, the theory of plasticity and the finite element implementation of elasto-plastic constitutive models. The book also includes: -A detailed coverage of elasticity for isotropic and anisotropic solids. -A detailed treatment of nonlinear iterative methods that could be used for nonlinear elastic and elasto-plastic analyses. -A detailed treatment of a kinematic hardening von Mises model that could be used to simulate cyclic behavior of solids. -Discussion of recent advances in the analysis of porous media and pressure-dependent materials in more detail than other books currently available. Computational Methods in Elasticity and Plasticity: Solids and Porous Media also contains problem sets, worked examples and a solutions manual for instructors.

The bookopens with a derivation of kinematically nonlinear 3-D continuum mechanics for solids.
Then the principle of virtual work is utilizedto derive thesimpler, kinematically linear 3-D theory and to provide the foundation for developing consistent theories of kinematic nonlinearity and linearity for specialized continua, such as beams and plates, and finite element methods for these structures.
A formulation in terms of the versatile Budiansky-Hutchinson notation is used as basis for the theories for these structures and structural elements, as well as for an in-depth treatment of structural instability.

This book helps designers and manufacturers to select and develop the most suitable and competitive steel structures, which are safe, fit for production and economic. An optimum design system is used to find the best characteristics of structural models, which guarantee the fulfilment of design and fabrication requirements and minimize the cost function. Realistic numerical models are used as main components of industrial steel structures. Chapter 1 containts some experiences with the optimum design of steel structures Chapter 2 treats some newer mathematical optimization methods. Chapter 3 gives formulae for fabrication times and costs. Chapters 4 deals with beams and columns. Summarizes the Eurocode rules for design. Chapter 5 deals with the design of tubular trusses. Chapter 6 gives the design of frame structures and fire-resistant design rules for a frame. In Chapters 7 some minimum cost design problems of stiffened and cellular plates and shells are worked out for cases of different stiffenings and loads. Chapter 8 gives a cost comparison of cylindrical and conical shells. The book contains a large collection of literatures and a subject list and a name index.

Wood-plastic composite (WPC) is a non-recyclable composite material lumber or timber made of recycled plastic and wood wastes which has become one of the most dynamic sectors of the plastics industry in this decade. It is used in numerous applications, such as, outdoor deck floors, railings, fences, landscaping timbers, park benches, window and door frames. This book starts with a brief glimpse at the basic structures and properties of WPCs. Aspects such as surface treatment, machinery used and testing types of WPCs are also covered. The following chapters of the book give a view of foam technology, flame retardant properties and colour retardant properties of WPCs. The way morphology affects or controls the physical and mechanical behaviours of the finished materials is discussed. Finally, the authors give an overview of the applications of wood-plastic composites in daily life. The book may serve as a source book for scientists wishing to work in this field.

This book deals with the problem of dynamics of bodies with time-variable mass and moment of inertia. Mass addition and mass separation from the body are treated. Both aspects of mass variation, continual and discontinual, are considered. Dynamic properties of the body are obtained applying principles of classical dynamics and also analytical mechanics. Advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed. Dynamics of constant body is adopted, and the characteristics of the mass variation of the body is included. Special attention is given to the influence of the reactive force and the reactive torque. The vibration of the body with variable mass is presented. One and two degrees of freedom oscillators with variable mass are discussed. Rotors and the Van der Pol oscillator with variable mass are displayed. The chaotic motion of bodies with variable mass is discussed too. To support learning, some solved practical problems are included.

This volume presents the major outcome of the IUTAM symposium on Advanced Materials Modeling for Structures . It discusses advances in high temperature materials research, and also to provides a discussion the new horizon of this fundamental field of applied mechanics. The topics cover a large domain of research but place a particular emphasis on multiscale approaches at several length scales applied to non linear and heterogeneous materials.
Discussions of new approaches are emphasised from various related disciplines, including metal physics, micromechanics, mathematical and computational mechanics."

Dynamic Fracture of Piezoelectric Materials focuses on the Boundary Integral Equation Method as an efficient computational tool. The presentation of the theoretical basis of piezoelectricity is followed by sections on fundamental solutions and the numerical realization of the boundary value problems. Two major parts of the book are devoted to the solution of problems in homogeneous and inhomogeneous solids. The book includes contributions on coupled electro-mechanical models, computational methods, its validation and the simulation results, which reveal different effects useful for engineering design and practice. The book is self-contained and well-illustrated, and it serves as a graduate-level textbook or as extra reading material for students and researchers.

This volume contains eight state of the art contributions on mathematical aspects and applications of fast boundary element methods in engineering and industry. This covers the analysis and numerics of boundary integral equations by using differential forms, preconditioning of hp boundary element methods, the application of fast boundary element methods for solving challenging problems in magnetostatics, the simulation of micro electro mechanical systems, and for contact problems in solid mechanics. Other contributions are on recent results on boundary element methods for the solution of transient problems. This book is addressed to researchers, graduate students and practitioners working on and using boundary element methods. All contributions also show the great achievements of interdisciplinary research between mathematicians and engineers, with direct applications in engineering and industry.

Availability of advanced computational technology has fundamentally altered the investigative paradigm in the field of biomechanics. Armed with sophisticated computational tools, researchers are seeking answers to fundamental questions by exploring complex biomechanical phenomena at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ levels. The computational armamentarium includes such diverse tools as the ab initio quantum mechanical and molecular dynamics methods at the atomistic scales and the finite element, boundary element, meshfree as well as immersed boundary and lattice-Boltzmann methods at the continuum scales. Multiscale methods that link various scales are also being developed. While most applications require forward analysis, e.g., finding deformations and stresses as a result of loading, others involve determination of constitutive parameters based on tissue imaging and inverse analysis. This book provides a glimpse of the diverse and important roles that modern computational technology is playing in various areas of biomechanics including biofluids and mass transfer, cardiovascular mechanics, musculoskeletal mechanics, soft tissue mechanics, and biomolecular mechanics.

The book deals with atomistic properties of solids which are determined by the crystal structure, interatomic forces and atomic displacements influenced by the effects of temperature, stress and electric fields. The book gives equal importance to experimental details and theory. There are full chapters dedicated to the tensor nature of physical properties, mechanical properties, lattice vibrations, crystal structure determination and ferroelectricity. The other crystalline states like nano-, poly-, liquid- and quasi crystals are discussed. Several new topics like nonlinear optics and the Rietveld method are presented in the book. The book lays emphasis on the role of symmetry in crystal properties. Comprehensiveness is the strength of the book; this allows users at different levels a choice of chapters according to their requirements.

This book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Durability of Critical Infrastructure. Monitoring and Testing held in Satov, Czech Republic from 6 to 9 December 2016. It discusses the developments in the theoretical and practical aspects in the fields of Safety, Sustainability and Durability of the Critical Infrastructure. The contributions are dealing with monitoring and testing of structural and composite materials with a new methods for their using for protection and prevention of the selected objects.

Generalized convexity conditions play a major role in many modern mechanical applications. They serve as the basis for existence proofs and allow for the design of advanced algorithms. Moreover, understanding these convexity conditions helps in deriving reliable mechanical models.
The book summarizes the well established as well as the newest results in the field of poly-, quasi and rank-one convexity. Special emphasis is put on the construction of anisotropic polyconvex energy functions with applications to biomechanics and thin shells. In addition, phase transitions with interfacial energy and the relaxation of nematic elastomers are discussed.