Natural products like wool, leather or cotton are permeable to water vapor. Their complex fibrous structure makes it difficult to imitate this natural phenomenon by synthesis. This book discusses ways to obtain water vapor permeability by microporosity or through a hydrophilic structure. Various areas of application include the medical sector for implants and dialysis, the industrial sector for filtration or for processes requiring the slow release of substances, and the consumer sector for leather substitutes or performance textiles.

Sol--Gel--Optics encompasses numerous schemes for fabricating optical materials from gels -- materials such as bulk optics, optical waveguides, doped oxides for laser and nonlinear optics, gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics, chemical sensors, environmental sensors, and `smart' windows. Sol--Gel--Optics: Processing and Applications provides in-depth coverage of the synthesis and fabrication of these materials and discusses the optics related to microporous, amorphous, crystalline and composite materials. The reader will also find in this book detailed descriptions of new developments in silica optics, bulk optics, waveguides and thin films. Various applications to sensor and device technology are highlighted. For researchers and students looking for novel optical materials, processing methods or device ideas, Sol--Gel--Optics: Processing and Applications surveys a wide array of promising new avenues for further investigation and for innovative applications. (This book is the first in a new subseries entitled `Electronic Materials: Science and Technology).

Awarenes s of the great significance of surface consti- tution in understanding the behavior and perforITlance of ITlaterials has been growing in proportion to the ITleans which have becoITle available for surface study. Recent years have seen iITlportant advances in analytical tools and ITlethods; their applications to date will certainly suggest ITlany other fruitful lines of investigation. The Conference "Surfaces and Interfaces of Glass and CeraITlics" held at the New York State College of CeraITlics at Alfred University under the sponsorship of the U. S. ArITly Research Office, DurhaITl, and the National Aeronautics and Space AdITlinistration, in August 1973, was tenth in the Uni- versity Series in CeraITlic Science, held in rotation aITlong North Carolina State University, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Notre DaITle and Alfred Uni- versity. The chapters are arranged in order of their particular eITlphasis beginning with those principally concerned with analytical ITlethods. Chapters dealing with friction and wear follow, highly topical in the present-day concern with effi- cient use of energy in finishing processes, on the one hand, and the avoidance of preITlature failure by frictional daITlage to ITloving parts on the other. Surface reactions are then considered, including the iITlportant questions of physiological interactions with ceraITlic candidates for prosthetic applica- tions. Material-ITlaterial interfaces and transition zones are discussed through exaITlples which include grain bound- aries in ceraITlics as well as interfaces aITlong various solid, liquid and gaseous phases.

The Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center has conducted the Sagamore Army Materials Research Conferences, in cooperation with the Metallurgical Research Laboratories of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy of Syracuse University, since 1954. The purpose of the conferences has been to gather together scientists and engineers from academic institutions, industry, and government who are uniquely qualified to explore in depth a subject of importance to the Army, the Department of Defense and the scientific corr.munity. This volume, Surfaces and Interfaces ll: Physical and Mechanical Properties, can be considered a continuation, or perhaps an extension, of the information contained in Surfaces and Interfaces I: Chemical and Physical Characteristics. The emphasis in this volume is focused on: the technological significance of surfaces and interfaces; surface sensitive mechanical properties; environment-sensitive properties; control of grain structure; and composite materials. It is felt that the rather ambitious undertaking of the program committee to place the role of "surfaces and interfaces" in its proper context has been achieved. The balance between basic research findings and more applied research allows the reader a certain degree of latitude in the use of the two volumes. The continued active interest and support of these conferences by Col. C. T. Riordan, Commanding Officer, Dr. E. Scala, Technical Di rector, and J. F. Sullivan, Deputy Technical Director, of the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center is appreciated."

Included is a presentation of configurational forces within a classical context and a discussion of their use in areas as diverse as phase transitions and fracture.

This volume constitutes the written proceedings of the Third International Conference on Materials SCience, held under the sponsorship of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei as the XIII summer course of the G. Donegani Foundation at Tremezzo, Italy, on September 4-15, 1972. The course of lectures was designed for scientists and engineers "d th a, wrking knowledge of electronic materials, who sought to extend their knowledge of the newest developments in the field. The rapid pace of research and exploratory development in electronic materials has led to a preSSing need for continuing awareness and assessment of new electronic materials, as well as renewal of information in the more traditional areas. Three classes of electronic materials were selected for the course. Semiconductors provide the foundation for solid state electronics and semiconductor devices represent the most sophisti cated and advanced application of materials science and engineering known to modern technology. Yet, the march of progress in semi conductors continues, unabated - new semiconductor materials are in the research stage, new process technology is being developed, and new devices are being conceived. The second class of materials dealt with in the course, magnetic alloys and insulators, also has a firm application base; for example, computer performance is often measured in terms of the size of the magnetic memory. The tailoring of materials to provide particular combinations of desired magnetic properties is an integral part of the development of the electronics, just as in the case of semiconductors."

Everything flows, so rheology is a universal science. Even if we set aside claims of such width, there can be no doubt of its importance in polymers. It joins with chemistry in the polymerisation step but polymer engineering is supreme in all the succeeding steps. This is the area concerned with the fabrication of the polymer into articles or components, with their design to meet the needs in service, and with the long and short term performance of the article or component. This is a typical area of professional engineering activity, but one as yet without its proper complement of professional engineers. An understanding of polymer rheology is the key to effective design and material plus process selection, to efficient fabrication, and to satisfactory service, yet few engineers make adequate use of what is known and understood in polymer rheology. Its importance in the flow processes of fabrication is obvious. Less obvious, but equally important, are the rheological phenomena which determine the in-service performance. There is a gap between the polymer rheologist and the polymer engineer which is damaging to both parties and which contributes to a less than satisfactory use of polymers in our society. It is important that this gap be filled and this book makes an attempt to do so. It presents an outline of what is known in a concise and logical fashion. It does this starting from first principles and with the minimum use of complex mathematics.

A number of significant changes have occurred in Advances in Solar Energy since Volume 1 appeared in 1982. The delays in publication of the second volume are the result of reorganization of the American Solar Energy Society, and the negotiation of a new publishing arrangement. Beginning with this volume, Advances is now published jointly by the Society and Plenum Press. The Editorial Board has been enlarged to be more representative of the different fields of solar energy conversion. Production of Advances is being expedited through the use of modern word processing equipment and the 'lEX typesetting-editing program. We have gone to a single-column format to ease the problems of presenting long equations, and we expect that the user of the volume will find it easy to read. The use of 'lEX will make last minute updates possible. The external appearance of the volume matches that of Volume 1. We expect that future volumes of this annual will be proceeding on schedule. We invite comments from users and correspondence from prospective authors of critical reviews. Karl W. Boer John A. Duffie CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 The Measurement of Solar Radiation Ronald Stewart, Daniel W. Spencer and Richard Perez 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Characteristics of Pyranometers ....................................... . 2 1.3 General Features of a Pyranometer ................................... . 3 1.3.1 Instrument Sensitivity 4 1.3.2 Response with Time 4 1.3.3 Sensitivity 4 1.3.4 Responsivity ................................................. .

The International Thermal Expansion Symposium was started in 1968 with the initiative of Messrs. R. K. Kirby and P. S. Gaa1. These Symposia cover the deve10pments and advances in theoretica1 and experimental studies of the thermal expansion of so lids and its relation to other re1ated properties, and provide a broad1y based forum for researchers active1y working in this fie1d to convene on a regular basis to exchange their ideas and experiences and report their findings and resu1ts. The Symposia have been se1f-perpetuating and are an examp1e of how a technica1 community with a common purpose can transcend the invisible artificia1 barriers between discip1ines and gather togeth- er in increasing numbers without the need of national publicity and continuing funding support, when they see something worthwhi1e going on. Of the first five Symposia on1y three pub1ished formal Pro- ceedings. However, effective with the Sixth Symposium in 1977 when our Center for Information and Numerica1 Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) of Purdue University became the permanent Spon- sor of the Symposia, a po1icy of pub1ishing formal Proceedings on a continuipg and uniform basis has been estab1ished. Thus, inc1ud- ing the present vo1ume, the fo110wing formal Proceedings have been pub1ished: Publisher Symposium Tit1e of Vo1ume and Year and Year 2nd SYMPOSIUM ON THERMAL EXPANSION OF American Institute SOLIDS, Journal of App1ied Physics, of Physics (1970) (1970) 41 (13), pp. 5043-5154 American Institute 3rd THERMAL EXPANSION - 1971 of Physics (1972) (1971) AlP Conference Proceedings No.

The International Conference on Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design was held in Melbourne, Australia, from August 10 to 13, 1982. It was sponsored jointly by the Australian Fracture Group and Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics at Lehigh University. Pro fessor G. C. Sih of Lehigh University, Drs. N. E. Ryan and R. Jones of Aeronau tical Research Laboratories served as Co-Chairmen. They initiated the organiza tion of this international event to provide an opportunity for the practitioners, engineers and interested individuals to present and discuss recent advances in the evaluation of material and structure damage originating from defects or cracks. Particular emphases were placed on applying the fracture mechanics tech nology for assessing interactions between material properties, design and opera tional requirements. It is timely to hold such a Conference in Australia as she embarks on technology extensive industries where safeguarding structures from pre mature and unexpected failure is essential from both the technical and economical points. view The application of system-type approach to failure control owes much of its success to fracture mechanics. It is now generally accepted that the discipline, when properly implemented, provides a sound engineering basis for accounting in teractions between material properties, design, fabrication, inspection and op erational requirements. The approach offers effective solutions for design and maintenance of large-scale energy generation plants, mining machineries, oil ex ploration and retrieval equipments, land, sea and air transport vehicles."

The investigation of scattering phenomena is a major theme of modern physics. A scattered particle provides a dynamical probe of the target system. The practical problem of interest here is the scattering of a low energy electron by an N-electron atom. It has been difficult in this area of study to achieve theoretical results that are even qualitatively correct, yet quantitative accuracy is often needed as an adjunct to experiment. The present book describes a quantitative theoretical method, or class of methods, that has been applied effectively to this problem. Quantum mechanical theory relevant to the scattering of an electron by an N-electron atom, which may gain or lose energy in the process, is summarized in Chapter 1. The variational theory itself is presented in Chapter 2, both as currently used and in forms that may facilitate future applications. The theory of multichannel resonance and threshold effects, which provide a rich structure to observed electron-atom scattering data, is presented in Chapter 3. Practical details of the computational implementation of the variational theory are given in Chapter 4. Chapters 5 and 6 summarize recent appli cations of the variational theory to problems of experimental interest, with many examples of the successful interpretation of complex structural fea tures observed in scattering experiments, and of the quantitative prediction of details of electron-atom scattering phenomena."

The need for reliable data on thermophysical and thermal optical properties of solid materials grows continually and increasingly. Existing property data, except for selected pure elements and for some simple alloys and compounds, are often not reliable, so in many cases the need for correct and acceptably accurate information can only be met through the measurement of a given property. The measurement-that is, the selection of the measurement method, building or purchase of the apparatus, and the measurement procedure itself carries many hidden hazards because methods and their variants are numerous and not appropriate for all materials and temperature ranges, and have many subtle sources of systematic errors, known only to those who have thoroughly studied them. The need for a concise yet complete reference work describing thermo physical and thermal optical property measurement techniques, and ultimately, reliable and detailed directions for property measurement discussed at the Sixth European Thermophysical Properties Conference in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia in 1978, led its International Organizing Committee to launch an international cooperative project with these objectives. This reference work, the Compendium of Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods, is the result of the first phase of work on this program. It is a summary of the state-of-the-art methods for the measurement of thermal and electrical conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, thermal expansion, and thermal radiative properties of solid materials, from room temperature to very high temperatures."

The idea of a NATO Science Committee Institute on "Materials for Advanced Batteries" was suggested to JB and DWM by Dr. A. G. Chynoweth. His idea was to bring together experts in the field over the entire spectrum of pure research to applied research in order to familiarize everyone with potentially interesting new systems and the problems involved in their development. Dr. M. C. B. Hotz and Professor M. N. Ozdas were instrumental in helping organize this meeting as a NATO Advanced Science Institute. An organlzlng committee consisting of the three of us along with W. A. Adams, U. v Alpen, J. Casey and J. Rouxel organized the program. The program consisted of plenary talks and poster papers which are included in this volume. Nearly half the time of the conference was spent in study groups. The aim of these groups was to assess the status of several key aspects of batteries and prospects for research opportunities in each. The study groups and their chairmen were: Current status and new systems J. Broadhead High temperature systems W. A. Adams Interface problems B. C. H. Steele Electrolytes U. v Alpen Electrode materials J. Rouxel These discussions are summarized in this volume. We and all the conference participants are most grateful to Professor J. Rouxel for suggesting the Aussois conference site, and to both he and Dr. M. Armand for handling local arrangements.

The third International Symposium on the Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management was held in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 17-20, 1980, as part of the Annual Meeting of the Materials Research Society. The purpose of this Symposium was to provide an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion of scientific research dealing with all levels and types of radioactive wastes and their management. Since its inception in 1978, this annual Symposium has provided a unique opportunity for scientists of widely differing backgrounds to share in such discussions. The proceedings of the first two meetings were published as Volumes 1 and 2 in this series. The fourth Symposium is scheduled to be held in the autumn of 1981. The efforts of many people went into making this meeting a success. The scope of the 1980 Symposium was guided by the follow ing Steering Committee: K. J. Notz (Chairman), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA G. H. Daly, Department of Energy, USA D. E. Ferguson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA R. H. Flowers, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, UK F. Girardi, Ispra Establishment, Italy T. Ishihara, Radioactive Waste Management Center, Japan R. W. Lynch, Sandia Laboratories, USA S. A. Mayman, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Canada G. J. McCarthy, North Dakota State University, USA E. Merz, Kernforschunganlage Jillich, FRG L. Nilsson, KBS Project, Sweden D. M. Rohrer, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, USA R. Roy, Pennsylvania State University, USA T. "E. Scott, Ames Laboratory, USA C."

The title of this volume implies a progression of sorts from species of molecular size to a product described on the basis of continuum prop erties. The difference in approach from the standpoint of molecular be havior, on the one hand-more the forte of chemists-and from the standpoint of large-scale properties, on the other-more the province of chemical engineers and materials scientists-represents a severe cultural divide, but one with much potential for creative input from both sides. Chapter 1 of this volume attempts a broad survey of trends toward the synthesis of large, well-defined molecular systems with interesting physical, chemical, or material properties. Review articles with more de tailed treatments are emphasized. In Chapter 2, Newkome and Moore field summarize work on synthesis of /I cascade" molecules. Next, Denti, Campagna, and Balzani describe the synthesis of assemblies with con nected metal-containing chromophore units which transmit electrons or electronic energy in defined ways. In Chapter 4 Wuest describes the con struction of hydrogen-bonded organic networks, and in Chapter 5 Michl defines a molecular-level construction set. Finally, Jaszczak points out how nature's attempts over geological time spans are emulated by recent human synthetic activity in the fullerene arena, through the appearance of various morphologies of natural graphite. The book concludes with a method for describing fractal-like mole cules, and an index based on the method for appropriate compounds described in the text."

The challenges of space exploration are a great stimulus to our technologies today. Development of successful aerospace programs has required the best efforts of the scientist and engineer in almost every discipline. Not so long ago, it truly could be said that designers are trying to develop tomorrow's vehicles with yesterday's materials. Unfortunately, we find that the situation remains nearly the same today. The purpose of this conference was to identify materials, proces ses, and methods that show the greatest potential in future space technology and to define the gap between mission requirements and materials application. Of the many properties of materials, the one in which the largest gap between fundamental understanding and practical application appears to exist is the mechanical property, particularly of crystalline materials. The emphasis on crystalline materials is a natural one. It is these materials which are used primarily when demands are placed on mechanical strength, especially at elevated temperatures. The advent of space exploration requires the utilization of materials in environments and under conditions that are a challenge to the resourcefulness and ingenuity of the scientist and engineer. The scientist can, as a result of the past thirty years' work, relate mechanical properties to the formation, motion, and interaction of individual crystalline defects, such as vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations. Furthermore, he can, by controlled preparation of his materials, confine his studies to those cases in which the concentration of crystal defects is conveniently low.

This book is intended to provide a fundamental basis for the study of the interaction of polymers with living systems, biochemicals, and with aqueous solutions. The surface chemistry and physics of polymeric materials is a subject not normally covered to any significant extent in classical surface chemistry textbooks. Many of the assumptions of classical surface chemistry are invalid when applied to polymer surfaces. Surface properties of polymers are important in the development of medical devices and diagnostic products. Surface properties are also of vital importance in fields such as adhesion, paints and coatings, polymer-filler interactions, heterogeneous catalysis, composites, and polymers for energy generation. The book begins with a chapter considering the current sources of information on polymer surface chemistry and physics. It moves on to consider the question of the dynamics of polymer surfaces and the implica tions of polymer surface dynamics on all subsequent characterization and interfacial studies. Two chapters are directed toward the question of model polymers for preparing model surfaces and interfaces. Complete treatments of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy are given. There is a detailed treatment of the contact angle with particular emphasis on contact angle hysteresis in aqueous systems, followed by chapters on interfacial electrochemistry and interface acid-base charge-transfer properties. The very difficult problem of block and graft copolymer surfaces is also discussed. The problem of theoretical calculations of surface and interfacial tensions is presented. Raman spectroscopy is considered as an analytical technique for polymer surface characterization."

This book focuses on the importance of mobile ions presented in oxide structures, what significantly affects the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) properties. The reading starts with the definition of the MOS structure, its various aspects and different types of charges presented in their structure. A review on ionic transport mechanisms and techniques for measuring the mobile ions concentration in the oxides is given, special attention being attempted to the Charge Pumping (CP) technique associated with the Bias Thermal Stress (BTS) method. Theoretical approaches to determine the density of mobile ions as well as their distribution along the oxide thickness are also discussed. The content varies from general to very specific examples, helping the reader to learn more about transport in MOS structures.

Since the discovery of superconductivity in 1911 by H. Kamerlingh Onnes, of the order of half a billion dollars has been spent on research directed toward understanding and utiliz ing this phenomenon. This investment has gained us fundamental understanding in the form of a microscopic theory of superconduc tivity. Moreover, superconductivity has been transformed from a laboratory curiosity to the basis of some of the most sensitive and accurate measuring devices known, a whole host of other elec tronic devices, a soon-to-be new international standard for the volt, a prototype generation of superconducting motors and gener ators, and magnets producing the highest continuous magnetic fields yet produced by man. The promise of more efficient means of power transmission and mass transportation, a new generation of superconducting motors and generators, and computers and other electronic devices with superconducting circuit elements is all too clear. The realization of controlled thermonuclear fusion is perhaps totally dependent upon the creation of enormous magnetic fields over large volumes by some future generation of supercon ducting magnets. Nevertheless, whether or not the technological promise of superconductivity comes to full flower depends as much, and perhaps more, upon economic and political factors as it does upon new technological and scientific breakthroughs. The basic science of superconductivity and its technological implications were the subject of a short course on "The Science and Technology of Superconductivity" held at Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., during 13-26 August 1971."

This was the third meeting in the series of special topical conferences on Non-Metallic materials at low temperatures. The first meeting was in Munich in 1978, the second in Geneva (1980) and so Heidelberg 1984 seemed an obvious time to review some of the hopes and objectives of the earlier meetings. It is also appropriate to consider the changing needs of the cryogenic community and how best the theory and practice of Non-metallic materials can be applied to suit this dynamic young science. The aims and objectives of the International Cryogenic Materials Board in sponsoring this meeting remain the same. Namely, to provide a forum where practicing Engineers can meet with materials suppliers and researchers in an attempt to ensure that a real understanding exists between the two sides of the Cryogenic Materials Community. In this atmosphere, real problems can be addressed together with full discussions of tried and tested practical solutions. It is in this way that knowledge and confidence may grow hand in hand with the logical growth of the industry.

Polymer science is a technology-driven science. More often than not, technological breakthroughs opened the gates to rapid fundamental and theoretical advances, dramatically broadening the understanding of experimental observations, and expanding the science itself. Some of the breakthroughs involved the creation of new materials. Among these one may enumerate the vulcanization of natural rubber, the derivatization of cellulose, the giant advances right before and during World War II in the preparation and characterization of synthetic elastomers and semi crystalline polymers such as polyesters and polyamides, the subsequent creation of aromatic high-temperature resistant amorphous and semi-crystal line polymers, and the more recent development of liquid-crystalline polymers mostly with n~in-chain mesogenicity. other breakthroughs involve the development of powerful characterization techniques. Among the recent ones, the photon correlation spectroscopy owes its success to the advent of laser technology, small angle neutron scattering evolved from n~clear reactors technology, and modern solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy exists because of advances in superconductivity. The growing need for high modulus, high-temperature resistant polymers is opening at present a new technology, that of more or less rigid networks. The use of such networks is rapidly growing in applications where they are used as such or where they serve as matrices for fibers or other load bearing elements. The rigid networks are largely aromatic. Many of them are prepared from multifunctional wholly or almost-wholly aromatic kernels, while others contain large amount of stiff difunctional residus leading to the presence of many main-chain "liquid-crystalline" segments in the "infinite" network.

This book is addressed to both research scientists at universities and technical institutes and to engineers in the metal forming industry. It is based upon the author's experience as head of the Materials Science Department of the In stitut fUr Umformtechnik at the University of Stuttgart. The book deals with materials testing for the special demands of the metal for ming industry. The general methods of materials testing, as far as they are not directly related to metal forming, are not considered in detail since many books are available on this subject. Emphasis is put on the determination of processing properties of metallic materials in metal forming, i. e. the forming behavior. This includes the evaluation of stress-strain curves by tensile, up setting or torsion tests as well as determining the limits of formability. Among these subjects, special emphasis has been laid upon recent developments in the field of compression and torsion testing. The transferability of test results is discussed. Some testing methods for the functional properties of workpieces in the final state after metal forming are described. Finally, methods of testing tool materials for bulk metal forming are treated. Testing methods for surface properties and tribological parameters have not been included. The emphasis is put on the deformation of the specimens. Prob lems related to the testing machines and measuring techniques as well as the use of computers are only considered in very few cases deemed necessary."

In Number 20 of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, we present chapters whose organization is typical for the series: They start with the most fundamental aspects and then work to the more complex. Thus, Jerry Goodisman gives us an interesting contribution on a subject in which he is one of the pioneers, the electron overlap contribution to the double layer potential difference. Closely related to this theme, but not always imbued with knowledge ofit, is the electron transfertheory, treated in this volume by the experienced author A. M. Kuznetsov ofthe Frumkin Institute. H. P. Agarwal is a well-known figure in the field of faradaic rectification, which he originated, and he now teils us about the more recent thinking in the field. On the other hand, Hector D. Abruna comes relatively new to us, and his field, that of X-ray interactions with electrodes, is new, too, but probably augers the trend for the future. The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 , described here by Isao Taniguchi from Kumamoto University, is a subject which will have much practical importance as the greenhouse effect continues. Finally, alu mi nu m in aqueous solutions and the physics of its anodic oxide is a subject which seems ever with us, and is described in its latest guise by Aleksandar Despie and Vitaly P. Parkhutik.