This book is jointly authored by leading academic and industry researchers. The material is unique in that it spans IC interconnect topics ranging from IBM's revolutionary copper process to an in-depth exploration into interconnect-aware computer architectures.

* Covers the state-of-the-art progress on nanotechnology for reducing light pollution * Presents many approaches and technologies for controlling light pollution * Provides fundamentals of light, causes of pollution, their effects and control * Covers many emerging technologies and their applications in smart lighting systems * Provides new directions to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the principle, technologies, and applications of nanotechnology in light pollution

This book offers a complete overview of photonic-enhanced materials from material development to a final photonic biomedical application. It includes fundamental, applied, and industrial photonics. The authors cover synthesis, the modification and the processing of a variety of (bio)polymers including thermoplasts (e.g. polyesters) and hydrogels (e.g. proteins and polysaccharides) for a plethora of applications in the field of optics and regenerative medicine.

This book characterizes how to design and synthesize nanomaterials of an organic and mineral nature. The book also discusses the visualization of developed nanomaterials and their bio-applications, as well as describes the biomedical effects and environmental impact of nanomaterials. This is an ideal book for students studying biomedicine or the life sciences, as well as researchers and professionals in medicine, environmental protection, biotechnology, agriculture, and the food industry. More specifically, this book addresses the important nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies that are used in those fields in biomedicine and life sciences.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.The chapter "Aggregation-Induced Emission In Electrochemiluminescence: Advances and Perspectives" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

Written by a pioneer in the development of spin labeling in biophysics, this expert book covers the fundamentals of nitroxide spin labeling through cutting-edge applications in chemistry, physics, materials science, molecular biology, and biomedicine. Nitroxides have earned their place as one of the most popular organic paramagnets due to their suitability as inhibitors of oxidative processes, as a means to polarize magnetic nuclei, and, in molecular biology, as probes and labels to understand molecular structures and dynamics AS DRAGS FOR CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES. Beginning with an overview of the basic methodology and nitroxides' 145-year history, this book equips students with necessary background and techniques to undertake original research and industry work in this growing field.

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

System-on-a-Chip (SOC) integrated circuits composed of embedded cores are now commonplace. Nevertheless, there remain several roadblocks to rapid and efficient system integration. Test development is seen as a major bottleneck in SOC design and manufacturing capabilities. Testing SOCs is especially challenging in the absence of standardized test structures, test automation tools, and test protocols. In addition, long interconnects, high density, and high-speed designs lead to new types of faults involving crosstalk and signal integrity.

SOC (System-on-a-Chip) Testing for Plug and Play Test Automation is an edited work containing thirteen contributions that address various aspects of SOC testing.

SOC (System-on-a-Chip) Testing for Plug and Play Test Automation is a valuable reference for researchers and students interested in various aspects of SOC testing.

This book is the result of the extensive experience the authors gained through their year-long occupation at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Banja Luka. Starting at the fundamental basics of electrical engineering, the book guides the reader into this field and covers all the relevant types of converters and regulators. Understanding is enhanced by the given examples, exercises and solutions. Thus this book can be used as a textbook for students, for self-study or as a reference book for professionals.

This book covers many advances in the subjects of nano-optics and nano photonics. The author describes the principle and technical schematics of common methods for breaking through the optical diffraction limit and focuses on realizing optical super-resolution with nonlinear effects of thin film materials. The applications of nonlinear optical super-resolution effects in nano-data storage, nanolithography, and nano-imaging are also presented. This book is useful to graduate students majoring in optics and nano science and also serves as a reference book for academic researchers, engineers, technical professionals in the fields of super-resolution optics and laser techniques, nano-optics and nano photonics, nano-data storage, nano imaging, micro/nanofabrication and nanolithography and nonlinear optics.

2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides an overview of the performance of emerging detector materials, while also offering, for the first time, a comparison with traditional materials used in the fabrication of infrared and terahertz detectors. Since the discovery of graphene, its applications to electronic and optoelectronic devices have been intensively researched. The extraordinary electronic and optical properties allow graphene and other 2D materials to be promising candidates for infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) photodetectors, and yet it appears that the development of new detectors using these materials is still secondary to those using traditional materials. This book explores this phenomenon, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D materials. Special attention is directed toward the identification of the most-effective hybrid 2D materials in infrared and terahertz detectors, as well as future trends. Written by one of the world's leading researchers in the field of IR optoelectronics, this book will be a must-read for researchers and graduate students in photodetectors and related fields. Features * Offers a comprehensive overview of the different types of 2D materials used in fabrication of IR and THz detectors, and includes their advantages/disadvantages * The first book to compare new detectors to a wide family of common, commercially available detectors that use traditional materials.

Kinetic Studies in GeO2/Ge System: A Retrospective from 2021 investigates reaction kinetics in GeO2/Ge systems, aiming to demonstrate the fundamentals of the GeO2/Ge interface and to give insight into the distinctive features and performance of Ge (germanium) applied to advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. This book first reviews the development of MOS technology and discusses the potentials of emerging Ge and the challenges facing it as a contentious channel material, once promising to replace Si (silicon) for advanced nodes. The study systematically analyzes the following aspects of GeO2/Ge stacks that will shed light on the characteristics and reaction principles of the system: GeO2/Ge degradation, Ge passivation techniques, desorption kinetics of GeO from GeO2/Ge, the relationship between GeO2 crystallization and GeO2/Ge interface reaction, and the oxidation kinetics of Ge. Based on findings from the intrinsic properties of GeO2/Ge, the author also compares it with prevalent SiO2/Si systems and demonstrates the essential differences between the two, contributing to quality control, process optimization, and technology advancements of GeO2/Ge. The book will be a useful reference for researchers, professionals, and students interested in electronic materials, condenser matter physics, microelectronic engineering, and semiconductors.

* Guides readers into more detailed and technical treatments of readout optical signals * Gives a broad overview of optical signal detection including terahertz region and two-dimensional material * Helps readers further their studies by offering chapter-end problems and recommended reading.

Polymer electrolytes are electrolytic materials that are widely used in batteries, fuel cells and other applications such as supercapacitors, photoelectrochemical and electrochromic devices. Polymer electrolytes: Fundamentals and applications provides an important review of this class of ionic conductors, their properties and applications. Part one reviews the various types of polymer electrolyte compounds, with chapters on ceramic polymer electrolytes, natural polymer-based polymer electrolytes, composite polymer electrolytes, lithium-doped hybrid polymer electrolytes, hybrid inorganic-organic polymer electrolytes. There are also chapters on ways of characterising and modelling polymer electrolytes. Part two discusses applications such as solar cells, supercapacitors, electrochromic and electrochemical devices, fuel cells and batteries. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Polymer electrolytes: Fundamentals and applications is a standard reference for all those researching and using polymer electrolytes in such areas as battery and fuel cell technology for automotive and other applications.

This highly interdisciplinary thesis reports on two innovative photonic biosensors that combine multiple simultaneous measurements to provide unique insights into the activity and structure of surface immobilized biological molecules. In addition, it presents a new silicon photonic biosensor that exploits two cascaded resonant sensors to provide two independent measurements of a biological layer immobilized on the surface. By combining these two measurements, it is possible to unambiguously quantify the density and thickness of the molecular layer; here, the approach's ability to study molecular conformation and conformational changes in real time is demonstrated. The electrophotonic biosensor integrates silicon photonics with electrochemistry into a single technology. This multi-modal biosensor provides a number of unique capabilities that extend the functionality of conventional silicon photonics. For example, by combining the complementary information revealed by simultaneous electrochemical and photonic measurements, it is possible to provide unique insights into on-surface electrochemical processes. Furthermore, the ability to create electrochemical reactions directly on the silicon surface provides a novel approach for engineering the chemical functionality of the photonic sensors. The electrophotonic biosensor thus represents a critical advance towards the development of very high-density photonic sensor arrays for multiplexed diagnostics.

Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems presents complete coverage of phasor measurement units (PMUs), bringing together a rigorous academic approach and practical considerations on the implementation of PMUs to the power system. In addition, it includes a complete theory and practice of PMU technology development and implementation in power systems.

Covers novel semiconductor devices with sub-micron dimensions. Discusses comprehensive device optimization techniques. Examines the conceptualization and modeling of semiconductor devices. Covers circuit and sensor-based application of the novel devices. Discusses novel materials for next-generation devices.

Details the use of advanced AFMs and addresses all types of functional AFMs First book to focus on application of AFM for energy research Enables readers to operate an AFM successfully and to understand the data obtained Covers new achievements in AFM instruments, including higher speed and resolution, automatic and deep learning AFM, and how AFM is being combined with other new methods like IR and Raman microscopy

Highlights Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries, as well as lithium sulfur-, aluminum-, and iron-related batteries Describes advanced battery materials and their fundamental properties Addresses challenges to improving battery performance Develops theoretical predictions and experimental observations under a unified quasi-particle framework Targets core issues like stability and efficiencies

Shear Thickening Fluid: Theory and Applications provides a complete reference on shear thickening fluid (STF) and STF applications for engineers, researchers, and scientists. STF rheology is discussed in terms of several factors, including suspension medium, particle size, particle shape, and environmental conditions. Single-phase STF is discussed, and the novel concept of multi-phase STF is examined by considering various fillers in this smart fluid. Prominent applications of STF are categorized as multi-functional systems, adaptive damping devices, surface finishing operations, and protective structures, and the applications are described by discussing the smart behavior of STF. 

An authoritative single-volume reference on the design and analysis of ESD protection for ICs Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a major reliability challenge to semiconductors, integrated circuits (ICs), and microelectronic systems. On-chip ESD protection is a vital to any electronic products, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other electronic devices. Practical ESD Protection Design provides comprehensive and systematic guidance on all major aspects of designs of on-chip ESD protection for integrated circuits (ICs). Written for students and practicing engineers alike, this one-stop resource covers essential theories, hands-on design skills, computer-aided design (CAD) methods, characterization and analysis techniques, and more on ESD protection designs. Detailed chapters examine an array of topics ranging from fundamental to advanced, including ESD phenomena, ESD failure analysis, ESD testing models, ESD protection devices and circuits, ESD design layout and technology effects, ESD design flows and co-design methods, ESD modelling and CAD techniques, and future ESD protection concepts. Based on the author's decades of design, research and teaching experiences, Practical ESD Protection Design - Features numerous real-world ESD protection design examples - Emphasizes on ESD protection design techniques and procedures - Describes ESD-IC co-design methodology for high-performance mixed-signal ICs and broadband radio-frequency (RF) ICs - Discusses CAD-based ESD protection design optimization and prediction using both Technology and Electrical Computer-Aided Design (TCAD/ECAD) simulation - Addresses new ESD CAD algorithms and tools for full-chip ESD physical design verification - Explores the disruptive future outlook of ESD protection Practical ESD Protection Design is a valuable reference for industrial engineers and academic researchers in the field, and an excellent textbook for electronic engineering courses in semiconductor microelectronics and integrated circuit designs.

This book is devoted to the rapidly developing field of oxide thin-films and heterostructures. Oxide materials combined with atomic-scale precision in a heterostructure exhibit an abundance of macroscopic physical properties involving the strong coupling between the electronic, spin, and structural degrees of freedom, and the interplay between magnetism, ferroelectricity, and conductivity. Recent advances in thin-film deposition and characterization techniques made possible the experimental realization of such oxide heterostructures, promising novel functionalities and device concepts. The book consists of chapters on some of the key innovations in the field over recent years, including strongly correlated oxide heterostructures, magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic materials, thermoelectric phenomena, and two-dimensional electron gases at oxide interfaces. The book covers the core principles, describes experimental approaches to fabricate and characterize oxide heterostructures, demonstrates new functional properties of these materials, and provides an overview of novel applications.

This textbook entitled Fundamentals of Perovskite Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications summarizes the structure, synthesis routes, and potential applications of perovskite oxide materials. Since these perovskite-type ceramic materials offer opportunities in a wide range of fields of science and engineering, the chapters are broadly organized into four sections of perovskite-type oxide materials and technology. Covers recent developments in perovskite oxides Serves as a quick reference of perovskite oxides information Describes novel synthesis routes for nanostructured perovskites Discusses comprehensive details for various crystal structures, synthesis methods, properties, and applications Applies to academic education, scientific research, and industrial R&D for materials research in real-world applications like bioengineering, catalysis, energy conversion, energy storage, environmental engineering, and data storage and sensing This book serves as a handy and practical guideline suitable for students, engineers, and researchers working with advanced ceramic materials.

Over the past two decades, technologies for microsystems fabrication have made considerable progress. This has made possible a large variety of new commercial devices ranging, for example, from integrated pressure and acceleration microsensors to active micromirror arrays for image projection. In the near future, there will be a number of new devices, which will be commercialized in many application areas. The field of microsystems is characterized by its wide diversity, which requires a multidisciplinary approach for design and processes as well as in application areas. Although there is a common technological background derived from integrated circuits, it is clear that microsystems will require additional application-specific technologies. Since most microsystem technologies are based on batch processing and dedicated to mass production, prototyping is likely to be an expensive and time-consuming step. It is recognized that standardization of the processes as well as of the design tools will definitely help reduce the entry cost of microsystems. This creates a very challenging situation for the design, modeling and simulation of microsystems. Methodology for the Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems is the first book to give an overview of the problems associated with modeling and simulation of microsystems. It introduces a new methodology, which is supported by several examples. It should provide a useful starting point for both scientists and engineers seeking background information for efficient design of microsystems.

This book provides readers with a detailed overview of second- and third-order nonlinearities in various nanostructures, as well as their potential applications. Interest in the field of nonlinear optics has grown exponentially in recent years and, as a result, there is increasing research on novel nonlinear phenomena and the development of nonlinear photonic devices. Thus, such a book serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers in the field and those seeking to become familiar with it. This text focuses on the nonlinear properties of nanostructured systems that arise as a result of optical wave mixing. The authors present a review of nonlinear optical processes on the nanoscale and provide theoretical descriptions for second and third-order optical nonlinearities in nanostructures such as carbon allotropes, metallic nanostructures, semiconductors, nanocrystals, and complex geometries. Here, the characterization and potential applications of these nanomaterials are also discussed. The factors that determine the nonlinear susceptibility in these systems are identified as well as the influence of physical mechanisms emerging from resonance and off-resonance excitations. In addition, the authors detail the effects driven by important phenomena such as quantum confinement, localized surface plasmon resonance, Fano resonances, bound states, and the Purcell effect on specific nanostructured systems. Readers are provided with a groundwork for future research as well as new perspectives in this growing field.