In recent years, ever more electronic devices have started to exploit the advantages of organic semiconductors. The work reported in this thesis focuses on analyzing theoretically the energy level alignment of different metal/organic interfaces, necessary to tailor devices with good performance. Traditional methods based on density functional theory (DFT), are not appropriate for analyzing them because they underestimate the organic energy gap and fail to correctly describe the van der Waals forces. Since the size of these systems prohibits the use of more accurate methods, corrections to those DFT drawbacks are desirable. In this work a combination of a standard DFT calculation with the inclusion of the charging energy (U) of the molecule, calculated from first principles, is presented. Regarding the dispersion forces, incorrect long range interaction is substituted by a van der Waals potential. With these corrections, the C60, benzene, pentacene, TTF and TCNQ/Au(111) interfaces are analyzed, both for single molecules and for a monolayer. The results validate the induced density of interface states model.

This book explores key techniques and methods in electromagnetic compatibility management, analysis, design, improvement and test verification for spacecraft. The first part introduces the general EMC technology of spacecraft, the electromagnetic interference control method and management of electromagnetic compatibility. The second part discusses the EMC prediction analysis technique and its application in spacecraft, while the third presents the EMC design of spacecraft modules and typical equipment. The final two parts address spacecraft magnetic design testing technologies and spacecraft testing technologies. The book also covers the program control test process, the special power control unit (PCU), electric propulsion, PIM test and multipaction testing for spacecraft, making it a valuable resource for researchers and engineers alike.

The Second Edition of Quantum Information Processing, Quantum Computing, and Quantum Error Correction: An Engineering Approach presents a self-contained introduction to all aspects of the area, teaching the essentials such as state vectors, operators, density operators, measurements, and dynamics of a quantum system. In additional to the fundamental principles of quantum computation, basic quantum gates, basic quantum algorithms, and quantum information processing, this edition has been brought fully up to date, outlining the latest research trends. These include: Key topics include: Quantum error correction codes (QECCs), including stabilizer codes, Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes, quantum low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, entanglement-assisted QECCs, topological codes, and surface codes Quantum information theory, and quantum key distribution (QKD) Fault-tolerant information processing and fault-tolerant quantum error correction, together with a chapter on quantum machine learning. Both quantum circuits- and measurement-based quantum computational models are described The next part of the book is spent investigating physical realizations of quantum computers, encoders and decoders; including photonic quantum realization, cavity quantum electrodynamics, and ion traps In-depth analysis of the design and realization of a quantum information processing and quantum error correction circuits This fully up-to-date new edition will be of use to engineers, computer scientists, optical engineers, physicists and mathematicians.

This book describes the development, functioning, and results of a successful binational program to promote significant scientific advances in Earth-abundant photovoltaics (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP), advanced process/manufacturing technologies, multiscale modeling and reliability testing, and analysis of integrated solar energy systems. SERIIUS is a consortium between India and the United States dedicated to developing new solar technologies and assessing their potential impact in the two countries. The consortium consists of nearly 50 institutions including academia, national laboratories, and industry, with the goal of developing significant new technologies in all areas of solar deployment. In addition, the program focused on workforce development through graduate students, post-doctoral students, and an international exchange program. Particular emphasis was placed on the following efforts: Creating disruptive technologies in PV and CSP through high-impact fundamental and applied research and development (R&D). Identifying and quantifying the critical technical, economic, and policy issues for solar energy development and deployment in India. Overcoming barriers to technology transfer by teaming research institutions and industry in an effective project structure. Building a new platform for binational collaboration using a formalized R&D project structure, along with effective management, coordination, and decision processes. Creating a sustainable network and workforce development program from which to build large collaborations and fostering a collaborative culture and outreach programs. This includes using existing and new methodologies for collaboration based on advanced electronic and web-based communication to facilitate functional international teams. The book summarizes the general lessons learned from these experiences.

This book covers the latest research on applications of nanomaterials in the field of energy systems and devices. It provides an overview of the state-of-art research in this rapidly developing field. It discusses the design and fabrication of nanostructured materials and their energy applications. Various topics covered include nanomaterials for perovskite solar cells, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) nanocomposites based supercapacitors, battery materials and technologies, major challenges toward development of efficient thermoelectric materials for energy efficient devices, extraction and experimentation of biodiesel produced from leachate oils of landfills coupled with nano-additives aluminium oxide and copper oxide on diesel engine and many more. It has contributions from world-renowned specialists in the fields of nanomaterials and energy devices. The book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of nanomaterials and energy systems & devices.

High Energy Electron Diffraction and Microscopy provides a comprehensive introduction to high energy electron diffraction and elastic and inelastic scattering of high energy electrons, with particular emphasis on applications to modern electron microscopy. Starting from a survey of fundamental phenomena, the authors introduce the most important concepts underlying modern understanding of high energy electron diffraction. Dynamical diffraction in transmission (THEED) and reflection (RHEED) geometries is treated using a general matrix theory, where computer programs and worked examples are provided to illustrate the concepts and to familiarize the reader with practical applications. Diffuse and inelastic scattering and coherence effects are treated comprehensively both as a perturbation of elastic scattering and within the general multiple scattering quantum mechanical framework of the density matrix method. Among the highlights are the treatment of resonance diffraction of electrons, HOLZ diffraction, the formation of Kikuchi bands and lines and ring patterns, and application of diffraction to monitoring of growing surfaces. Useful practical data are summarised in tables including those of electron scattering factors for all the neutral atoms and many ions, and the temperature dependent Debye-Waller factors given for over 100 elemental crystals and compounds.

This book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics ?; Why Do We Need Spintronics ?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of 'Spin' in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as - Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.

Reliability of Semiconductor Lasers and Optoelectronic Devices simplifies complex concepts of optoelectronics reliability with approachable introductory chapters and a focus on real-world applications. This book provides a brief look at the fundamentals of laser diodes, introduces reliability qualification, and then presents real-world case studies discussing the principles of reliability and what occurs when these rules are broken. Then this book comprehensively looks at optoelectronics devices and the defects that cause premature failure in them and how to control those defects. Key materials and devices are reviewed including silicon photonics, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), InGaN LEDs and lasers, and AlGaN LEDs, covering the majority of optoelectronic devices that we use in our everyday lives, powering the Internet, telecommunication, solid-state lighting, illuminators, and many other applications. This book features contributions from experts in industry and academia working in these areas and includes numerous practical examples and case studies. This book is suitable for new entrants to the field of optoelectronics working in R&D.

This book evaluates the influence of process variations (e.g. work-function fluctuations) and radiation-induced soft errors in a set of logic cells using FinFET technology, considering the 7nm technological node as a case study. Moreover, for accurate soft error estimation, the authors adopt a radiation event generator tool (MUSCA SEP3), which deals both with layout features and electrical properties of devices. The authors also explore four circuit-level techniques (e.g. transistor reordering, decoupling cells, Schmitt Trigger, and sleep transistor) as alternatives to attenuate the unwanted effects on FinFET logic cells. This book also evaluates the mitigation tendency when different levels of process variation, transistor sizing, and radiation particle characteristics are applied in the design. An overall comparison of all methods addressed by this work is provided allowing to trace a trade-off between the reliability gains and the design penalties of each approach regarding the area, performance, power consumption, single event transient (SET) pulse width, and SET cross-section.

Switchmode RF and Microwave Power Amplifiers, Third Edition is an essential reference book on developing RF and microwave switchmode power amplifiers. The book combines theoretical discussions with practical examples, allowing readers to design high-efficiency RF and microwave power amplifiers on different types of bipolar and field-effect transistors, design any type of high-efficiency switchmode power amplifiers operating in Class D or E at lower frequencies and in Class E or F and their subclasses at microwave frequencies with specified output power, also providing techniques on how to design multiband and broadband Doherty amplifiers using different bandwidth extension techniques and implementation technologies. This book provides the necessary information to understand the theory and practical implementation of load-network design techniques based on lumped and transmission-line elements. It brings a unique focus on switchmode RF and microwave power amplifiers that are widely used in cellular/wireless, satellite and radar communication systems which offer major power consumption savings.

This book presents a collection of "lessons" on various topics commonly encountered in electronic circuit design, including some basic circuits and some complex electronic circuits, which it uses as vehicles to explain the basic circuits they are composed of. The circuits considered include a linear amplifier, oscillators, counters, a digital clock, power supplies, a heartbeat detector, a sound equalizer, an audio power amplifier and a radio. The theoretical analysis has been deliberately kept to a minimum, in order to dedicate more time to a "learning by doing" approach, which, after a brief review of the theory, readers are encouraged to use directly with a simulator tool to examine the operation of circuits in a "virtual laboratory." Though the book is not a theory textbook, readers should be familiar with the basic principles of electronic design, and with spice-like simulation tools. To help with the latter aspect, one chapter is dedicated to the basic functions and commands of the OrCad P-spice simulator used for the experiments described in the book.

The application of MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) in such diverse fields as intelligent microsensors, data storage, biomedical engineering and wireless communication is booming. Focusing on microstereolithography, this timely work provides insight into state-of-the-art microfabrication techniques for 3D microstructures, microdevices and MEMS.

• A unique and accessible overview of micro-system manufacture using the latest semiconductor processing techniques
• Coverage of the developmental history of MEMS, micro-sensors, actuators and signal processing units.
• Insight to a range of microfabrication techniques from laser ablation to x-ray lithography, silicon micro-machining and micro-moulding.
• Describes the latest fabrication prototypes and applications, including thin-film transistors, antennas, wireless telemetry systems and transducers

Analog Test Signal Generation Using Periodic SigmaDelta-Encoded Data Streams presents a new method to generate high quality analog signals with low hardware complexity. The theory of periodic SigmaDelta-encoded bitstreams is presented along with a set of empirical tables to help select the appropriate parameters of a bitstream. An optimization procedure is also outlined to help select a bit sequence with the desired attributes. A large variety of signals can be generated using this approach. Silicon implementation issues are discussed with a specific emphasis on area overhead and ease of design. One FPGA circuit and three different silicon implementations are presented along with experimental results. It is shown that simple designs are capable of generating very high precision signals-on-chip. The technique is further extended to multi-bit signal generation where it is shown how to increase the performance of arbitrary waveform, generators commonly found in past and present-day mixed-signal testers. No hardware modifications are required, only the numbers in memory are changed. Three different calibration techniques to reduce the effects of the AWG's non-linearities are also introduced, together with supporting experimental evidence. The main focus of this text is to describe an area-efficient technique for analog signal generation using SigmaDelta-encoded data stream. The main characteristics of the technique are: High quality signals (SFDR of 110 dB observed); Large variety of signals generated; Bitstreams easily obtained with a fast optimization program; Good frequency resolution, compatible with coherent sampling; Simple and fast hardware implementation; Mostly digital, except an easily testable 1-bit DAC and possibly a reconstruction filter; Memory already available on-chip can be reused, reducing area overhead; Designs can be incorporated into existing CAD tools; High frequency generation.

This book provides a brief research source for optical fiber sensors for energy production and storage systems, discussing fundamental aspects as well as cutting-edge trends in sensing. This volume provides industry professionals, researchers and students with the most updated review on technologies and current trends, thus helping them identify technology gaps, develop new materials and novel designs that lead to commercially viable energy storage systems.

The main intention of the editors of the book is the demonstration of the intrinsic correlation and mutual influence of three important components of nanoscience: new phenomena - nanomaterials - nanodevices. This is the organizing concept of the book. To discover new phenomena it is necessary to develop novel nanotechnological processes for fabrication of nanomaterials. Nanostructures and new phenomena serve as the base for the development of novel nanoelectronic devices and systems. The articles selected for the book illustrate this interrelation.

Thermoelectric Energy Conversion: Theories and Mechanisms, Materials, Devices, and Applications provides readers with foundational knowledge on key aspects of thermoelectric conversion and reviews future prospects. Sections cover the basic theories and mechanisms of thermoelectric physics, the chemical and physical aspects of classical to brand-new materials, measurement techniques of thermoelectric conversion properties from the materials to modules and current research, including the physics, crystallography and chemistry aspects of processing to produce thermoelectric devices. Finally, the book discusses thermoelectric conversion applications, including cooling, generation, energy harvesting, space, sensor and other emerging areas of applications.

In this book, the authors cover the recent progress in the synthesis, characterization and application of various multi-layered carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides. Moreover, the processing and development of MXene-based composites are elaborated, focusing on their applications and performances as transparent conductors in environmental remediation and energy storage systems.

The book describes emerging strategies to circumvent transmission and thermalization losses in solar cells, and thereby redefine the limits of solar power conversion efficiency. These strategies include the use of organic molecules and rare-earth metal materials. Approaches to augment the efficiency of these processes via near-field enhancement are described as well. This book includes a discussion of state-of-the-art implementations of these emerging strategies in solar cells, both internally, as in molecular intermediate band and charge carrier multiplication, and externally, such as photon up- and down-conversion. Tools for characterization are also provided. Written by leading researchers in the field, this book can be useful to both beginners and experienced researchers in solar energy.

This volume presents peer reviewed and selected papers of the International Youth Conference on Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technologies (YETI-2020), held in Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg on July 10-11, 2020. It discusses current trends and major advances in electronics, telecommunications, optical and information technologies, focusing, in particular, on theoretical and practical aspects of developing novel devices and materials, improving data processing methods and technologies. The conference brings together young researchers and early-career scientists participating in a series of lectures and presentations, establishing contacts with potential partners, sharing new project ideas and starting new collaborations.

Scientific interest in TiO2-based materials has exponentially grown in the last few decades. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications introduces the main physicochemical properties of TiO2 which are the basis of its applications in various fields. While the basic principles of the TiO2 properties have been the subject of various previous publications, this book is mainly devoted to TiO2 applications. The book includes contributions written by experts from a wide range of disciplines in order to address titanium dioxide's utilization in energy, consumer, materials, devices, and catalytic applications. The various applications identified include: photocatalysis, catalysis, optics, electronics, energy storage and production, ceramics, pigments, cosmetics, sensors, and heat transfer. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications is suitable for a wide readership in the disciplines of materials science, chemistry, and engineering in both academia and industry.

This book introduces recent progress in preparation and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structures for attractive design of catalyst materials. Core-shell nanostructures with active core particles covered directly with an inert shell can perform as highly active and selective catalysts with long lifetimes. Yolk-shell nanostructures consisting of catalytically active core particles encapsulated by hollow materials are an emerging class of nanomaterials. The enclosed void space is expected to be useful for encapsulation and compartmentation of guest molecules, and the outer shell acts as a physical barrier to protect the guest molecules from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the tunability and functionality in the core and the shell regions can offer new catalytic properties, rendering them attractive platform materials for the design of heterogeneous catalysts. This book describes the recent development of such unique nanostructures to design effective catalysts which can lead to new chemical processes. It provides an excellent guide for design and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structured catalysts for a wide range of readers working on design of attractive catalysts, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts for energy, environmental, and green chemical processes.

Wearable Sensors: Fundamentals, Implementation and Applications has been written by a collection of experts in their field, who each provide you with an understanding of how to design and work with wearable sensors. Together these insights provide the first single source of information on wearable sensors that would be a fantastic addition to the library of any engineers working in this field. Wearable Sensors covers a wide variety of topics associated with development and applications of wearable sensors. It also provides an overview and a coherent summary of many aspects of wearable sensor technology. Both professionals in industries and academic researchers need this package of information in order to learn the overview and each specific technology at the same time. This book includes the most current knowledge on the advancement of light-weight hardware, energy harvesting, signal processing, and wireless communications and networks. Practical problems with smart fabrics, biomonitoring and health informatics are all addressed, plus end user centric design, ethical and safety issues. The new edition is completely reviewed by key figures in the field, who offer authoritative and comprehensive information on the various topics. A new feature for the second edition is the incorporation of key background information on topics to allow the less advanced user access to the field and to make the title more of an auto-didactic book for undergraduates.

Why a book on Iatchup? Latchup has been, and continues to be, a potentially serious CMOS reliability concern. This concern is becoming more widespread with the ascendency of CMOS as the dominant VLSI technology, particularly as parasitic bipolar characteristics continue to improve at ever smaller dimensions on silicon wafers with ever lower defect densities. Although many successful parts have been marketed, latchup solutions have often been ad hoc. Although latchup avoidance techniques have been previously itemized, there has been little quantitative evaluation of prior latchup fixes. What is needed is a more general, more systematic treatment of the latchup problem. Because of the wide variety of CMOS technologies and the long term interest in latchup, some overall guiding principles are needed. Appreciating the variety of possible triggering mechanisms is key to a real understanding of latchup. This work reviews the origin of each and its effect on the parasitic structure. Each triggering mechanism is classified according to a new taxonomy.