The question of what architecture is answered in this book with one sentence: Architecture is space created for human activities. The basic need to find food and water places these activities within a larger spatial field. Humans have learned and found ways to adjust to the various contextual difficulties that they faced as they roamed the earth. Thus rather than adapting, humans have always tried to change the context to their activities. Humanity has looked at the context not merely as a limitation, but rather as a spatial situation filled with opportunities that allows, through intellectual interaction, to change these limitations. Thus humanity has created within the world their own contextual bubble that firmly stands against the larger context it is set in. The key notion of the book is that architecture is space carved out of and against the context and that this process is deterministic.

Although Roman provincial art is often portrayed as a poor copy of works created in the imperial capital, this volume's contributors offer new interpretations of provincial mosaics, wall-paintings, statues and jewelry. They express what these art works reveal about the nature of life under an imperial regime. Broad geographical and chronological coverage allows unique insights into the social and political significance of visual expression across the Roman Empire.

If you are looking for a book to help you get ready for the fast paced and exciting field of technical engineering

WHARVES AND PIERS THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT BT CARLETON GREENE, A. B., C. E. MEMBEH AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS FIRST EDITION SECOND IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. 239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON HILT, PUBLISHING CO, LTD. 6 8 BOUVERIE ST, E C 1917 PREFACE THIS book has been written in response to an editorial in one of the engineering journals calling attention to the lack of American books on the subject of Wharves and Piers. In its preparation the author has therefore endeavored to present a treatise on modern American practice in the de sign and construction of wharves, piers, pier-sheds and their equipment, including machinery for handling miscellaneous package freight. The subject of pile driving has not been gone into deeply as it has been treated at length in Jacoby and Davis recent work on Foundations of Bridges and Buildings. It is the writers opinion that there is a tendency at the present time to slight the advantages of timber construction for wharves and to overestimate those of reinforced con crete. As the principles and methods requisite for dura bility in wooden wharf construction have, as far as the writer knows, not been set forth in book form they have been given particular attention in this volume. While most of the descriptions and illustrations of ex isting structures have necessarily been collected from the technical press, for which no originality is claimed, an attempt has been made to emphasize, in describing such structures, the particular conditions which had to be pro vided for in the design, the methods used for fulfilling the special requirements and, to some extent, the reasons why particular types and details wereadopted. It is believed that such descriptions will aid designers in solving prob lems which embrace similar conditions. viii PREFACE For information in regard to European practice in the construction of wharves and piers the reader is referred to Seehafenbau by F. W. Schulze Berlin, Ernst Sohn 1913, and for further information in regard to the New York practice in freight handling to the Report on the Mechanical Equipment of New York Harbor by B. F. Cresson, Jr., and Chas. W. Stamford and to other reports published by the Department of Docks. In Fowlers Subaqueous Foundations may be found examples of the wooden piers of the Pacific Coast and in the latest edition of Merrimans American Civil Engineers Pocket Book there is much valuable information in condensed form. Acknowledgments arc due to Mr. Charles W. Staniford, Chief Engineer of the Department of Docks, New York, N. Y., and to the other officials of that department for photographs, drawings and information to Mr. S. W. Hoag, Jr, for permission to reprint portions of his paper on New York docks, published in the proceedings of The Municipal Engineers of New York, to Engineering News, Engineer ing Record, Engineering Contracting and International Marine Engineering, also to the General Electric Co.. Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., Brown Portable Elevator Co., J. Edward Ogden Co., American Engineering Co. and others for illustrations. C G NJW YORK, January, 1917 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . ... vn CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS i REQUIREMENTS 2 TYPES . 3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 4 Timber 4 Wood Preservatives 9 Concrete 1 1 Concrete Pile 13 Stone Masonry 14 Steel 14 Cast Iron IQ Riprap 17 Concrete vs Timber 17 CHAPTER II PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OFDESIGN COMMERCIAL LU-E 19 GROWTH OF SHIPS 22 MARGINAL WHARVES vs PIERS 23 DIMENSIONS OF WHARVES 24 LIVE LOADS 26 TIDAL PRISM 26 CHAPTER III - DETAILS OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION PILES AND PILE DRIVING 28 Pile Formulae 28 Steam vs Drop Hammers 29 Lagged Pile 29 Floating Drivers 29 Inclined Drivers 30 Pile Follower 31 LATERAL SUPPORT FOR PILES 31 TEST PILES AND BORINGS 32 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION 33 IRON AND WOOD FASTENINGS 40 SEWERS IN PIERS 42 x CONTENTS CHAPTER IV...

The sequel to the acclaimed Made in Niugini, which explored in unparalleled depth the material world of the Wola comprising moveable artefacts, Built in Niugini continues Paul Sillitoe's project in exemplary fashion, documenting the built environment, architecture and construction techniques in a tour de force of ethnography. But this is more than a book about building houses. Sillitoe also shows how material constructions can serve to further our understandings of intellectual constructions. Allowing his ethnography to take the lead, and paying close attention to the role of tacit understandings and know-how in both skilled work and everyday dwelling, his close experiential analyses inform a phenomenologically inflected discussion of profound philosophical questions - such as what can we know of being-in-the-world - from startlingly different cultural directions. The book also forms part of a long-term project to understand a radically different 'economy', which is set in an acephalous order that extends individual freedom and equality in a manner difficult to imagine from the perspective of a nation-state - an intriguing way of being-in-the-world that is entwined with tacit aspects of knowing via personal and emotional experience. This brings us back to the explanatory power of a focus on technology, which Sillitoe argues for in the context of 'materiality' approaches that feature prominently in current debates about the sociology of knowledge. Archaeology has long been to the fore in considering technology and buildings, along with vernacular architecture, and Sillitoe contributes to a much-needed dialogue between anthropology and these disciplines, assessing the potential and obstacles for a fruitful rapprochement. Built in Niugini represents the culmination of Sillitoe's luminous scholarship as an anthropologist who dialogues fluidly with the literature and ideas of numerous disciplines. The arguments throughout engage with key concepts and theories from anthropology, archaeology, architecture, material culture studies, cognitive science, neuroscience and philosophy. The result is a significant work that contributes to not only our regional knowledge of the New Guinea Highlands but also to studies of tacit knowledge and the anthropology of architecture and building practices. Trevor Marchand, Emeritus Professor of Social Anthropology, School of Oriental and African Studies

This book examines the formative relationship between nineteenth century American school architecture and curriculum. While other studies have queried the intersections of school architecture and curriculum, they approach them without consideration for the ways in which their relationships are culturally formative-or how they reproduce or resist extant inequities in the United States. Da Silva addresses this gap in the school design archive with a cross-disciplinary approach, taking to task the cultural consequences of the relationship between these two primary elements of teaching and learning in a 'hotspot' of American education-the nineteenth century. Providing a historical and theoretical framework for practitioners and scholars in evaluating the politics of modern American school design, the book holds a mirror to the oft-criticized state of American education today.

VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D. Lrr., AJLLB. A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. . . . XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. . . XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . . . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY THE MSS. . . . . . . XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE . . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION BOOK I. ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING USE OF MATERIALS . . . . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . . . 151 BOOK IV. DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I THEATRES AND MUSIC, BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . Frontispiece PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS at end PLATE B. PLANS OF TEMPLES . . . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . . . . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN ORDER see Frontispiece PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . . . at end PLATE F. MUSICAL SCALES ., ., PLATE O. THEATRE . . . . . PLATE H. PLAN OF STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII . vi PREFACE THIS edition has been based upon the oldest MS. of Vitruvius, the Harleian 2767 of the British Museum, probably of the eighth century, and from the Saxon scriptorium of Northumbria in which the Codex Amiatinus was written. The Latin closely resembles that of the workshop and the street. In my translation I havesought to retain the vividness and accuracy of the original, and have not sought a smoothness of rendering which would become a more polished style. The reader, it is possible, may discern the genial figure of Vitruvius through his utterances. In a technical treatise the risks of the translator are many. The help of Dr. House has rendered them less formidable, but he is not responsible for the errors which have survived revision. The introduction has been limited to such con siderations as may enable the layman to enter into the mysteries of the craft, and the general reader to follow the stages by which the successive accretions to the text have been removed. The section upon language indicates some of the relations of Vitruvius to Old Latin generally. My examination of fourteen MSS. has been rendered possible by the courtesy of the Directors of the MSS. Libraries at the British Museum, the Vatican, the Escorial, the Bibliotheque Nationale vii PREFACE at Paris, the Bodleian, St. Johns College, Oxford, and Eton College. A word of special thanks is due to his Excellency the Spanish Ambassador to London, his Eminence the Cardinal Merry del Val and the Secretary of the British Embassy at Paris, for their assistance. Mr. Paul Gray, M. A., of this College, has given me valuable help in preparing the MS. for the press. FRANK GRANGER. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM, September, 1929. viii INTRODUCTION VlTRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OP THE WEST THE history of architectural literature is taken by Vitruvius to begin with the theatre of Dionysus at Athens. 1 In earlier times the spectators were accommodated upon wooden benches. According to one account, 2 in the year 500 B. C. or thereabouts, thescaffolding collapsed, and in consequence a beginning was made towards a permanent stone structure. The elaborate stage settings of Aeschylus reached their culmination at the performance of the Agamemnon and its associated plays in 458. According to Suidas, 3 the collapse of the scaffolding, which occurred at a performance of one of Aeschylus dramas, led to the exile of the poet in Sicily, where he died in 456. In that case the permanent con struction of the theatre would begin in the Periclean age some time between 458 and 456...

From the Acropolis and the Temple of Zeus to the National Library and the University of Athens, this volume examines both the aesthetic design and cultural/social functions of 61 noted architectural landmarks throughout the nation of Greece. Art historian Janina K. Darling discusses how each structure or project was designed and built, and provides a detailed yet accessible description of architectural elements. Darling's entries combine an architectural reading with the larger context of the region's cultural history. An introductory essay, glossary, geographic index and subject index add to this vastly interesting volume. The Architecture of Greece is the first release from Greenwood's "Reference Guide to National Arhcitecture" series.

Well Worth a Shindy tells the story of the Old Well, beloved symbol of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the United States' first public university. The Old Well is a Greco-Roman garden temple built in 1897 over an old water well on the campus. The facts concerning the Old Well's beginnings serve to introduce an historical study of the round temple from Mycenaean tholos tombs and treasuries to eighteenth-century English garden follies. The reasons that the Old Well was built, according to its commissioner, Edwin Alderman, the sixth president of the University of North Carolina, are repetitious of those that directed such as Alexander the Great, Augustus Caesar, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to build round temples to be symbols of their territorial and dynastic desires. the designer of the Old Well, Eugene Lewis Harris, used to construct the temple were not new but were ancient guides filtered through Medieval and Renaissance prisms. A catalog of over 100 round structures in 14 countries is provided.

Cities are home to over fifty percent of the world's population, a figure which is expected to increase enormously by 2050. Despite the growing demand on urban resources and infrastructure, food is still often overlooked as a key factor in planning and designing cities. Without incorporating food into the design process - how it is grown, transported, and bought, cooked, eaten and disposed of - it is impossible to create truly resilient and convivial urbanism. Moving from the table and home garden to the town, city, and suburbs, Food and Urbanism explores the connections between food and place in past and present design practices. The book also looks to future methods for extending the 'gastronomic' possibilities of urban space. Supported by examples from places across the world, including the UK, Norway, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Romania, Australia and the USA, the book offers insights into how the interplay of physical design and socio-spatial practices centred around food can help to maintain socially rich, productive and sustainable urban space. Susan Parham brings together the latest research from a number of disciplines - urban planning, food studies, sociology, geography, and design - with her own fieldwork on a range of foodscapes to highlight the fundamental role food has to play in shaping the urban future.