Gandhara, with its wide variety of architectural remains and sculptures, has for many decades perplexed students of South and Central Asia. Kurt Behrendt in this volume for the first time and convincingly offers a description of the development of 2nd century B.C.E. to 8th century C.E. Buddhist sacred centers in ancient Gandhara, today northwest Pakistan.
Regional variations in architecture and sculpture in the Peshawar basin, Swat, and Taxila are discussed. At last a chronological framework is given for the architecture and the sculpture of Gandhara, but also light is being shed on how relic structures were utilized through time, as devotional imagery became increasingly significant to Buddhist religious practice.
With an important comparative overview of architectural remains, it is indispensable for all those interested in the development of the early Buddhist tradition of south and central Asia and the roots of Buddhism elsewhere in Asia.

If you are looking for a book to help you get ready for the fast paced and exciting field of technical engineering

In Masonic Temples, William D. Moore introduces readers to the structures American Freemasons erected over the sixty-year period from 1870 to 1930, when these temples became a ubiquitous feature of the American landscape. As representations of King Solomon’s temple in ancient Jerusalem erected in almost every American town and city, Masonic temples provided specially designed spaces for the enactment of this influential fraternity’s secret rituals. Using New York State as a case study, Moore not only analyzes the design and construction of Masonic structures and provides their historical context, but he also links the temples to American concepts of masculinity during this period of profound economic and social transformation. By examining edifices previously overlooked by architectural and social historians, Moore decodes the design and social function of Masonic architecture and offers compelling new insights into the construction of American masculinity. Four distinct sets of Masonic ritual spaces—the Masonic lodge room, the armory and drill room of the Knights Templar, the Scottish Rite Cathedral, and the Shriners’ mosque – form the central focus of this volume. Moore argues that these spaces and their accompanying ceremonies communicated four alternative masculine archetypes to American Freemasons—the heroic artisan, the holy warrior, the adept or wise man, and the frivolous jester or fool. Although not a Freemason, Moore draws from his experience as director of the Chancellor Robert R Livingston Masonic Library in New York City, where heutilized sources previously inaccessible to scholars. His work should prove valuable to readers with interests in vernacular architecture, material culture, American studies, architectural and social history, Freemasonry, and voluntary associations.

WHARVES AND PIERS THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT BT CARLETON GREENE, A. B., C. E. MEMBEH AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS FIRST EDITION SECOND IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. 239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK LONDON HILT, PUBLISHING CO, LTD. 6 8 BOUVERIE ST, E C 1917 PREFACE THIS book has been written in response to an editorial in one of the engineering journals calling attention to the lack of American books on the subject of Wharves and Piers. In its preparation the author has therefore endeavored to present a treatise on modern American practice in the de sign and construction of wharves, piers, pier-sheds and their equipment, including machinery for handling miscellaneous package freight. The subject of pile driving has not been gone into deeply as it has been treated at length in Jacoby and Davis recent work on Foundations of Bridges and Buildings. It is the writers opinion that there is a tendency at the present time to slight the advantages of timber construction for wharves and to overestimate those of reinforced con crete. As the principles and methods requisite for dura bility in wooden wharf construction have, as far as the writer knows, not been set forth in book form they have been given particular attention in this volume. While most of the descriptions and illustrations of ex isting structures have necessarily been collected from the technical press, for which no originality is claimed, an attempt has been made to emphasize, in describing such structures, the particular conditions which had to be pro vided for in the design, the methods used for fulfilling the special requirements and, to some extent, the reasons why particular types and details wereadopted. It is believed that such descriptions will aid designers in solving prob lems which embrace similar conditions. viii PREFACE For information in regard to European practice in the construction of wharves and piers the reader is referred to Seehafenbau by F. W. Schulze Berlin, Ernst Sohn 1913, and for further information in regard to the New York practice in freight handling to the Report on the Mechanical Equipment of New York Harbor by B. F. Cresson, Jr., and Chas. W. Stamford and to other reports published by the Department of Docks. In Fowlers Subaqueous Foundations may be found examples of the wooden piers of the Pacific Coast and in the latest edition of Merrimans American Civil Engineers Pocket Book there is much valuable information in condensed form. Acknowledgments arc due to Mr. Charles W. Staniford, Chief Engineer of the Department of Docks, New York, N. Y., and to the other officials of that department for photographs, drawings and information to Mr. S. W. Hoag, Jr, for permission to reprint portions of his paper on New York docks, published in the proceedings of The Municipal Engineers of New York, to Engineering News, Engineer ing Record, Engineering Contracting and International Marine Engineering, also to the General Electric Co.. Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., Brown Portable Elevator Co., J. Edward Ogden Co., American Engineering Co. and others for illustrations. C G NJW YORK, January, 1917 CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE . ... vn CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS i REQUIREMENTS 2 TYPES . 3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 4 Timber 4 Wood Preservatives 9 Concrete 1 1 Concrete Pile 13 Stone Masonry 14 Steel 14 Cast Iron IQ Riprap 17 Concrete vs Timber 17 CHAPTER II PRIMARY PRINCIPLES OFDESIGN COMMERCIAL LU-E 19 GROWTH OF SHIPS 22 MARGINAL WHARVES vs PIERS 23 DIMENSIONS OF WHARVES 24 LIVE LOADS 26 TIDAL PRISM 26 CHAPTER III - DETAILS OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION PILES AND PILE DRIVING 28 Pile Formulae 28 Steam vs Drop Hammers 29 Lagged Pile 29 Floating Drivers 29 Inclined Drivers 30 Pile Follower 31 LATERAL SUPPORT FOR PILES 31 TEST PILES AND BORINGS 32 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION 33 IRON AND WOOD FASTENINGS 40 SEWERS IN PIERS 42 x CONTENTS CHAPTER IV...

The twenty-nine Buddhist caves near Ajanta form a devotional complex which ranks as one of the world's most startling achievements, created at the very apogee of India's Golden Age. Ajanta: History and Development, appears as part of the series Handbook of Oriental Studies, present the reader with a systematic treatment of all aspects of the site, the result of forty years of painstaking research in situ by Walter M. Spink. Volume one deals with the historical context in which this dramatic burst of pious activity took place under the reign of Vakataka emperor Harisena, (c. 460 - 477 A.D.), and with the sudden halt of activity almost immediately following the death of the emperor. In surprising detail the relative and absolute chronology of the site can be established from a careful reading of the physical evidence, with consequences for our dating of India's Golden Age. Ajanta, it appears, is a veritable illustrated history of Harisena's times, crowded with information on its history, development and how it was used. Originally published in hardcover

How the scientific community overlooked, ignored, and denied the catastrophic fallout of decades of nuclear testing in the American West In December of 1950, President Harry Truman gave authorization for the Atomic Energy Commission to conduct weapons tests and experiments on a section of a Nevada gunnery range. Over the next eleven years, more than a hundred detonations were conducted at the Nevada Test Site, and radioactive debris dispersed across the communities just downwind and through much of the country. In this important work, James C. Rice tells the hidden story of nuclear weapons testing and the negligence of the US government in protecting public health. Downwind of the Atomic State focuses on the key decisions and events shaping the Commission's mismanagement of radiological contamination in the region, specifically on how the risks of fallout were defined and redefined, or, importantly, not defined at all, owing to organizational mistakes and the impetus to keep atomic testing going at all costs. Rice shows that although Atomic Energy Commission officials understood open-air detonations injected radioactive debris into the atmosphere, they did not understand, or seem to care, that the radioactivity would irrevocably contaminate these communities. The history of the atomic Southwest should be a wake-up call to everyone living in a world replete with large, complex organizations managing risky technological systems. The legacy of open-air detonations in Nevada pushes us to ask about the kinds of risks we are unwittingly living under today. What risks are we being exposed to by large organizations under the guise of security and science?

VITRUVIUS ON ARCHITECTURE EDITED FROM THE HARLEIAN MANUSCRIPT 2767 AI TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY FRANK GRANGER, D. Lrr., AJLLB. A. PROFESSOR IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM IN TWO VOLUMES I CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLV CONTENTS PAQK PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION VITRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE WEST ...... ix HISTORY OF THE MSS. OF VITRUVIUS . X i THE EARLIEST EDITIONS OF VITRUVIUS . XXi THE SCHOLIA OF THE MSS. . . . XXV - THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE MSS. . . XXVli THE LANGUAGE OF VITRUVIUS . . . XXViii BIBLIOGRAPHY THE MSS. . . . . . . XXXli EDITIONS ...... xxxiii TRANSLATIONS XXXiii THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF VITRUVIUS ..... xxxiv BOOKS OF GENERAL REFERENCE . . XXXVi TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION BOOK I. ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES . 1 BOOK II. EVOLUTION OF BUILDING USE OF MATERIALS . . . . 71 BOOK III. IONIC TEMPLES . . . 151 BOOK IV. DORIC AND CORINTHIAN TEMPLES 199 BOOK V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS I THEATRES AND MUSIC, BATHS, HARBOURS . 249 INDEX OF ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 319 CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS THE CAPITOL DOUGGA . Frontispiece PLATE A. WINDS AND DIRECTION OF STREETS at end PLATE B. PLANS OF TEMPLES . . . PLATE C. IONIC ORDER . . . . PLATE 0. CORINTHIAN ORDER see Frontispiece PLATE E. DORIC ORDER . . . at end PLATE F. MUSICAL SCALES ., ., PLATE O. THEATRE . . . . . PLATE H. PLAN OF STABIAN BATHS, POMPEII . vi PREFACE THIS edition has been based upon the oldest MS. of Vitruvius, the Harleian 2767 of the British Museum, probably of the eighth century, and from the Saxon scriptorium of Northumbria in which the Codex Amiatinus was written. The Latin closely resembles that of the workshop and the street. In my translation I havesought to retain the vividness and accuracy of the original, and have not sought a smoothness of rendering which would become a more polished style. The reader, it is possible, may discern the genial figure of Vitruvius through his utterances. In a technical treatise the risks of the translator are many. The help of Dr. House has rendered them less formidable, but he is not responsible for the errors which have survived revision. The introduction has been limited to such con siderations as may enable the layman to enter into the mysteries of the craft, and the general reader to follow the stages by which the successive accretions to the text have been removed. The section upon language indicates some of the relations of Vitruvius to Old Latin generally. My examination of fourteen MSS. has been rendered possible by the courtesy of the Directors of the MSS. Libraries at the British Museum, the Vatican, the Escorial, the Bibliotheque Nationale vii PREFACE at Paris, the Bodleian, St. Johns College, Oxford, and Eton College. A word of special thanks is due to his Excellency the Spanish Ambassador to London, his Eminence the Cardinal Merry del Val and the Secretary of the British Embassy at Paris, for their assistance. Mr. Paul Gray, M. A., of this College, has given me valuable help in preparing the MS. for the press. FRANK GRANGER. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, NOTTINGHAM, September, 1929. viii INTRODUCTION VlTRUVIUS AND THE ARCHITECTURE OP THE WEST THE history of architectural literature is taken by Vitruvius to begin with the theatre of Dionysus at Athens. 1 In earlier times the spectators were accommodated upon wooden benches. According to one account, 2 in the year 500 B. C. or thereabouts, thescaffolding collapsed, and in consequence a beginning was made towards a permanent stone structure. The elaborate stage settings of Aeschylus reached their culmination at the performance of the Agamemnon and its associated plays in 458. According to Suidas, 3 the collapse of the scaffolding, which occurred at a performance of one of Aeschylus dramas, led to the exile of the poet in Sicily, where he died in 456. In that case the permanent con struction of the theatre would begin in the Periclean age some time between 458 and 456...