Active geophysical monitoring is an important new method for studying time-evolving structures and states in the tectonically active Earth's lithosphere. It is based on repeated time-lapse observations and interpretation of rock-induced changes in geophysical fields periodically excited by controlled sources. In this book, the results of strategic systematic development and the application of new technologies for active geophysical monitoring are presented. The authors demonstrate that active monitoring may drastically change solid Earth geophysics, through the acquisition of substantially new information, based on high accuracy and real-time observations. Active monitoring also provides new means for disaster mitigation, in conjunction with substantial international and interdisciplinary cooperation.

The devastating impacts of natural disasters not only directly affect humans and infrastructure, but also animals, which may be crucial to the livelihoods of many people. This book considers the needs of animals in the aftermath of disasters and explains the importance of looking to their welfare in extreme events. The authors explore how animals are affected by specific disaster types, what their emergency and subsequent welfare needs are and the appropriate interventions. They describe the key benefits of management of animals to populations and discuss preventative measures that can be taken to reduce risk and build resilience. They also include a summary of recent debates and public policy advances on animals in disasters. The book covers livestock, companion and wild animals, with case studies to show how the concepts can be put into practice. It provides a standalone text for students of disaster studies and management as well as professionals and NGOs who require an entry-level introduction to the subject.

The Angry Earth explores how various cultures in different historical moments have responded to calamity, offering insight into the complex relationship between societies and their environments. From hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes to oil spills and nuclear accidents, disasters triggered by both natural and technological hazards have become increasingly frequent and destructive across the planet. Through case studies drawn from around the globe the contributors to this volume examine issues ranging from the social and political factors that set the stage for disaster, to the cultural processes experienced by survivors, to the long-term impact of disasters on culture and society. In the second edition, each chapter has been updated with a postscript to reflect on recent developments in the field. There is also new material on key present-day topics including epidemics, drought, non-governmental organizations, and displacement and resettlement. This book demonstrates the relevance of studying disaster from an anthropological perspective and is a valuable resource not only for anthropologists but for other fields concerned with education, policy and practice.

The identification of meso-scale phenomena - occurring between microscopic and continuum length scales - has been one of the most exciting developments in rock mechanics in the last decade. Meso-scale phenomena are considered as the bridge between the two length scales in understanding shear between material interfaces as well as particulate systems and in studying material response. Examples are the initiation of seismic slip along fault planes at great depths at rates nearing shock conditions, and the initiation and rapid runout of landslides near the earth's surface. Additionally, the basic physics of thermo-poro-mechanical coupling can be elucidated through a meso-scale mechanics approach as a means of understanding the loss of shearing resistance when water and heat are trapped inside almost impervious clay layers under great pressure. This book presents a collection of 21 current, peer-reviewed articles on shear physics at the meso-scale in earthquake and landslide mechanics, authored by leading international experts in the field. Contributions are grouped in 5 chapters, discussing (1) the dynamics of frictional slip, (2) fault gauge mechanics, (3) experimental fault zone mechanics, (4) granular shear and liquefaction, and (5) landslides' dynamics. This research area has broad applications to the fields of earth sciences and geoengineering, with immediate bearing on our understanding of both earthquake and landslide mechanics, two geological processes that pose great risk to man kind worldwide.

Fracture and flow of rocks under stress and their geophysical and seismological implications raise fundamental questions in rock mechanics, particularly in the areas of tectonophysics and seismology. This text exclusively addresses the deformation and fracture of rock specimens under general triaxial compression, in which all three principal stresses are different; which significantly affects the ultimate strength of rocks. It moreover deals with deformation and failure following intermediate principal stress in graphic and numerical form. The effect of the intrinsic features of rock masses of inhomogeneous or anisotropic structure are taken into account, as are acoustic emission phenomena in rocks under various stress states. Friction in rocks, measured by a newly-designed shear-testing machine, is discussed in relation to earthquake phenomena.

This book includes selected papers presented at the international expert forum on "Mainstreaming Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction in Education," held at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand on 1-2 December 2017. The journey towards disaster risk reduction and resilience requires the participation of a wide array of stakeholders ranging from academics to policymakers, to disaster managers. Given the multifaceted and interdependent nature of disasters, disaster risk reduction and resilience require a multidisciplinary problem-solving approach and evidence-based techniques from the natural, social, engineering, and other relevant sciences. Traditionally, hazard and disaster-related studies have been dominated by the engineering and social science fields. In this regard, the main purpose of this book is to capture the multidisciplinary and multisectoral nature of disaster risk reduction, and to gather existing data, research, conceptual work, and practical cases regarding risk reduction and its ties to sustainable development under a single "umbrella." Along with the sustainability aspect, the book also links disaster risk reduction with development, technology, governance, education, and climate change, and includes discussions on challenges, solutions, and best practices in the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction.

Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Challenges advances the scientific understanding, development, and application of radar remote sensing using monostatic, bistatic and multi-static radar geometry. This multidisciplinary reference pulls together a collection of the recent developments and applications of radar remote sensing using different radar geometry and platforms at local, regional and global levels. Radar Remote Sensing is for researchers and practitioners with earth and environmental and meteorological sciences, who are interested in radar remote sensing in ground based scatterometer and SAR systems; air borne scatterometer and SAR systems; space borne scatterometer and SAR systems.

Here's the ideal tool if you're looking for a flexible, straightforward analysis system for your everyday design and operations decisions. This new third edition includes sections on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developments. From design to day-to-day operations and maintenance, this unique volume covers every facet of pipeline risk management, arguably the most important, definitely the most hotly debated, aspect of pipelining today.
Now expanded and updated, this widely accepted standard reference guides you in managing the risks involved in pipeline operations. You'll also find ways to create a resource allocation model by linking risk with cost and customize the risk assessment technique to your specific requirements. The clear step-by-step instructions and more than 50 examples make it easy. This edition has been expanded to include offshore pipelines and distribution system pipelines as well as cross-country liquid and gas transmission pipelines.
The only comprehensive manual for pipeline risk managementUpdated material on stations, geographical information systems, "absolute" versus "relative" risks, and the latest regulatory developmentsSet the standards for global pipeline risk management

Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review of lightning, including its hazards and protection techniques. The authors first discuss the effectiveness of conventional protective measures, supply technical advice and practical recommendations, and explore the prospects for the preventive control of a lightning leader, followed by a discussion of the initiation of a leader and return stroke and subsequent components. After including measurements useful for understanding lightning and its effects, the book describes the mechanism of lightning discharge processes. It then examines the effects of large aircraft, high-voltage lines, and other high-altitude constructions on lightning trajectory and leader attraction. The book concludes by studying the action of lightning's electrical and magnetic fields and the lightning current on industrial premises, power transmission lines, underground communications, aircraft and their electrical circuits, and the induction of a dangerous overvoltage. A clear, straightforward, and systematic presentation of complicated material, Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection provides deep insight into the physics of lightning, simple analytical estimates, and a detailed illustration of effects by computer simulation, making this resource essential for those who investigate lightning phenomena and who have to solve practical protection problems.

This full color book is a comprehensive visual reference for the interpretation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with examples of how technological specifications may affect interpretation solutions. It contains a summary review of image acquisition parameters of consequence on the visual representation of objects, introduces traditional interpretation keys under different light and applies them for considering regional landscape components and identifying large-scale geographical ensembles. Through elements of interpretation such as the construct of tone, texture, pattern, size, and shape, the book explains the rich unique context of many terrains. It provides also several SAR X- and C-band image examples of regional and large-scale land use and land cover (LULC) ensembles, includes important explanations for each illustration, and highlights selected SAR image applications. Ancillary information includes acquisition specifications, a geographic scale, and the image-center latitude and longitude. Features: Provides ready access to any type of information for an image interpretation problem related to current LULC classification schemes. Presents scalable geographic information interpreted at a regional scale and land cover ensembles that can also be interpreted locally. Provides comparative examples of images acquired from X- and C-band, opposed look directions, near- and far-range incidence angles, like- and cross-polarization modes. Includes practical explanations easily transferred to individual's research projects. Designed as "visual dictionary," SAR Image Interpretation for Various Land Covers: A Practical Guide, is an excellent introduction to the visual interpretation of SAR images for numerous types of LULC. Both practitioners and students will familiarize themselves with and expand their knowledge of geographic information conveyed from radar images while government agencies and businesses that use LULC-related data for emergency response cases of for urban and regional planning, will find this book invaluable.

Interpreting Subsurface Seismic Data presents recent advances in methodologies for seismic imaging and interpretation across multiple applications in geophysics including exploration, marine geology, and hazards. It provides foundational information for context, as well as focussing on recent advances and future challenges. It offers detailed methodologies for interpreting the increasingly vast quantity of data extracted from seismic volumes. Organized into three parts covering foundational context, case studies, and future considerations, Interpreting Subsurface Seismic Data offers a holistic view of seismic data interpretation to ensure understanding while also applying cutting-edge technologies. This view makes the book valuable to researchers and students in a variety of geoscience disciplines, including geophysics, hydrocarbon exploration, applied geology, and hazards.

Bringing together the research of 62 distinguished scientists in one volume, Environmental Contamination: Health Risks and Ecological Restoration offers a comprehensive view of the remediation of contaminated land. A one-stop resource, it covers historical and emerging contaminants, the issues of bioavailability of chemicals and their associated human health risks, and the latest remediation technologies. The book also contains numerous case studies, many of them drawn from the Asia-Pacific region, that look at the effects of rapid industrialization. The chapters are inspired by presentations and discussions held during the 2010 Croucher Advanced Study Institute workshop, entitled Remediation of Contaminated Land-Bioavailability and Health Risk. With the speed and scale of recent socioeconomic development, particularly in regions with less stringent environmental regulations, it is evident that various industrial activities have given rise to tremendous environmental degradation and severe health problems. The book begins with a description of current problems and future trends of pollutants, as well as their impact on the environment and human health. It then focuses on emerging contaminants, such as flame retardants and electronic waste. The book also examines research on environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to remediate contaminated lands, exploring cutting-edge bioremediation and phytoremediation technologies. Chapters discuss arsenic biomethylation, copper homeostasis, microbial transformation of phthalate esters, the potential function of paddy fields in phytoremediation, the use of constructed wetlands for pollution control, phytostabilization of arsenic-contaminated sites, and more. This timely book provides readers with a highly focused reference on some of the most urgent environmental and health issues and research topics. These include e-waste recycling and arsenic and heavy met

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the "Special Publications Series."

Whether you are a science undergraduate or graduate student, post-doc or senior scientist, you need practical career development advice. "Put Your Science to Work: The Take-Charge Career Guide" for Scientists can help you explore all your options and develop dynamite strategies for landing the job of your dreams. Completely revised and updated from the best-selling "To Boldly Go: A Practical Career Guide for Scientists," this second edition offers expert help from networking to negotiating a job offer. This is the book you need to start moving your career in the right direction.

We all know that safety should be an integral part of the systems that we build and operate. The public demands that they are protected from accidents, yet industry and government do not always know how to reach this common goal. This book gives engineers and managers working in companies and governments around the world a pragmatic and reasonable approach to system safety and risk assessment techniques. It explains in easy-to-understand language how to design workable safety management systems and implement tested solutions immediately. The book is intended for working engineers who know that they need to build safe systems, but aren't sure where to start. To make it easy to get started quickly, it includes numerous real-life engineering examples. The book's many practical tips and best practices explain not only how to prevent accidents, but also how to build safety into systems at a sensible price. The book also includes numerous case studies from real disasters that describe what went wrong and the lessons learned. See What's New in the Second Edition: New chapter on developing government safety oversight programs and regulations, including designing and setting up a new safety regulatory body, developing safety regulatory oversight functions and governance, developing safety regulations, and how to avoid common mistakes in government oversight Significantly expanded chapter on safety management systems, with many practical applications from around the world and information about designing and building robust safety management systems, auditing them, gaining internal support, and creating a safety culture New and expanded case studies and "Notes from Nick's Files" (examples of practical applications from the author's extensive experience) Increased international focus on world-leading practices from multiple industries with practical examples, common mistakes to avoid, and new thinking about how to build sustainable safety management systems New material on safety culture, developing leading safety performance indicators, safety maturity model, auditing safety management systems, and setting up a safety knowledge management system

Introduces geophysical methods used to explore for natural resources and to survey earth structure for purposes of geological and engineering knowledge. These methods include seismic refraction and reflection surveying, gravity and magnetic field surveying, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic field surveying, and geophysical well logging. Covers modern field procedures and instruments, as well as data processing and interpretation techniques, including graphical methods. All basic surveying methods are described step-by-step, and illustrated by practical examples. Well illustrated.

Manage a Hazard or Threat Effectively and Prevent It from Becoming a Disaster When disaster strikes, it can present challenges to those caught off guard, leaving them to cope with the fallout. Adopting a risk management approach to addressing threats, vulnerability, and risk assessments is critical to those on the frontline. Developed with first responders at the municipal, state, provincial, and federal level in mind, Physical Security and Environmental Protection guides readers through the various phases of disaster management, including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. It contains the steps and principles essential to effectively managing a hazard or threat, preventing it from becoming a disaster. From the Initial Threat Assessment to Response and Recovery Operations Considering both natural and manmade disasters, this text includes sections on hazard analysis, emergency planning, effective communication, and leadership. It covers threat assessment, examines critical infrastructure protection, and addresses violent behavior. The text also outlines protection strategies; discussing strategy management, identifying suspicious behavior, and detailing how to avoid a potential attack. The text includes an overview on developing force protection plans, security plans, and business continuity plans. The book also addresses response and recovery operations, explores post-incident stress management, and poses the following questions: What hazards exist in or near the community? How frequently do these hazards occur? How much damage can they cause? Which hazards pose the greatest threat? This text includes the tools and information necessary to help readers develop business continuity, force protection, and emergency preparedness plans for their own group or organization.

This contributed volume arose from the idea of assembling scientists from space research and ground development, time transfer techniques and radio science missions, the time-frequency community, and both the geodesy-geophysics and solar system exploration communities. Such a fusion of diverse interests in these fields related to time measurement has rarely, if ever, been achieved. The topics covered in these papers include clocks, time transfer, technology, and the applications of high-precision clocks in Earth Sciences, Fundamental Physics, Astrophysics, and Solar System exploration. This book will be of major interest to all those involved in the implementation and utilization of space-based high precision timing for a wide range of applications. Originally published in Space Science Reviews in the Topical Collection "High Performance Clocks with Special Emphasis on Geodesy and Geophysics and Applications to Other Bodies of the Solar System"

Multifrequency Electromagnetic Data Interpretation for Subsurface Characterization focuses on the development and application of electromagnetic measurement methodologies and their interpretation techniques for subsurface characterization. The book guides readers on how to characterize and understand materials using electromagnetic measurements, including dielectric permittivity, resistivity and conductivity measurements. This reference will be useful for subsurface engineers, petrophysicists, subsurface data analysts, geophysicists, hydrogeologists, and geoscientists who want to know how to develop tools and techniques of electromagnetic measurements and interpretation for subsurface characterization.

The international Mont Terri rock laboratory in Switzerland plays a central role in the safety and construction of deep geological nuclear repositories in clay formations. The laboratory has developed and refined a range of new measurement and evaluation methods: it has e.g. advanced the determination of rock parameters using innovative borehole geophysics, improved the methodology for characterizing pore-water and microbial activity in claystones, and greatly improved our understanding of diffusion and retention processes of radionuclides in and through claystones. The methods and insights described in this compendium can also be applied to low-permeability rocks at various sites around the globe, and in other fields of application.

This book includes basic knowledge and understanding on the characteristics of aerosols over the continent and oceanic regions, their composition, residence times, sinks and size distributions, and their effects in the radiative transfer and climate of Earth.

Environmental Toxicity of Nanomaterials focuses on causes and prevention of environmental toxicity induced by various nanomaterials. In sixteen chapters it describes the basic principles, trends, challenges, and future directions of nanoecotoxicity. The future acceptance of nanomaterials in various industries depends on the impacts of nanomaterials on the environment and ecosystem. This book analyzes the safe utilization of nanotechnology so the tremendous prospect of nanotechnology can be achieved without harming either living beings or the environment. Environmental Toxicity of Nanomaterials introduces nanoecotoxicity, describes various factors affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials, discusses various factors that can impart nanoecotoxicity, reviews various studies in the area of nanoecotoxicity evaluation, and describes the safety and risk assessment of nanomaterials. In addition, the book discusses strategies for mitigating nanoecotoxicity. Lastly, the authors provide guidelines and protocols for nanotoxicity evaluation and discuss regulations for safety assessment of nanomaterials. In addition to environmental toxicologists, this book is aimed at policy makers, industry personnel, and doctoral and postdoctoral scholars.

Ice is melting around the world and glaciers are disappearing. Water, which has been solid for thousands and even millions of years, is being released into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans. Embedded in this new fluid water, and now being released, are ancient microbes whose effects on today's organisms and ecosystems is unknown and unpredictable. These long sleeping microbes are becoming physiologically active and may accelerate global climate change. This book explores the emergence of these microbes. The implications for terrestrial life and the life that might exist elsewhere in the universe are explored. Key Selling Points: Explores the role of long frozen ancient microbes will have when released due to global warming Describes how ice preserves microbes and microbial genomes for thousands or millions of years Reviews work done on permafrost microbiology Identifies potential health hazards and environmental risks Examines implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.

Earth's Core: Geophysics of a Planet's Deepest Interior provides a multidisciplinary approach to Earth's core, including seismology, mineral physics, geomagnetism, and geodynamics. The book examines current observations, experiments, and theories; identifies outstanding research questions; and suggests future directions for study. With topics ranging from the structure of the core-mantle boundary region, to the chemical and physical properties of the core, the workings of the geodynamo, inner core seismology and dynamics, and core formation, this book offers a multidisciplinary perspective on what we know and what we know we have yet to discover. The book begins with the fundamental material and concepts in seismology, mineral physics, geomagnetism, and geodynamics, accessible from a wide range of backgrounds. The book then builds on this foundation to introduce current research, including observations, experiments, and theories. By identifying unsolved problems and promising routes to their solutions, the book is intended to motivate further research, making it a valuable resource both for students entering Earth and planetary sciences and for researchers in a particular subdiscipline who need to broaden their understanding.

Exploration of the oceans using geophysical methods has had a profound effect on the way we view the structure of the Earth and its behaviour through geological time. Geophysics has also played a vital role in the search for petroleum and other natural resources lying beneath the seabed.

This volume on marine geophysics has two objectives: to provide a comprehensive review of techniques and to examine what geophysical observations can tell us about the structure and tectonics of the oceans. Central to geophysical work at sea are the means of locating observations accurately and determining in detail the morphology of the sea floor. These topics are discussed early in the book. Considered next are the powerful seismic techniques for imaging the Earth’s interior from shallow coastal areas to the deep-sea trenches. Further chapters focus on the gravity and magnetic fields over the oceans, heat flow, electrical and radiometric methods and measurements in offshore boreholes. In later parts of the book, wide-ranging geophysical observations are brought together in chapters on the development of the modern oceans, the structure of their deep basins and the nature of their aseismic and seismically active margins.

This book will be of interest to marine scientists and advanced undergraduates and postgraduates following courses on, or undertaking research in, geophysics, marine geology, oceanography, physical sciences, remote sensing, marine surveying and offshore engineering. Contents:

1. Preview
2. Locating offshore observations
3. Seabed imaging by sonar and lidar
4. Seismic exploration at sea: a theoretical background
5. Seismic data acquisition at sea
6. The marine gravity field
7. The Earth’s magnetic field at sea
8. Heat flow
9. Investigations of the sea floor using electrical methods
10. Seabed exploration using radiometric methods
11. Geophysical observations in offshore boreholes
12. Deep-sea geophysics and the changing geometry of the oceans
13. Studies of the oceanic lithosphere: the sedimentary cover
14. Studies of the oceanic lithosphere: the crustal basement and upper mantle
15. Investigations of divergent and transform continental margins
16. Studies of subduction zones

Exploration seismology uses seismic imaging to form detailed images of the Earth's interior, enabling the location of likely petroleum targets. Due to the size of seismic datasets, sophisticated numerical algorithms are required. This book provides a technical guide to the essential algorithms and computational aspects of data processing, covering the theory and methods of seismic imaging. The first part introduces an extensive online library of MATLAB (R) seismic data processing codes maintained by the CREWES project at the University of Calgary. Later chapters then focus on digital signal theory and relevant aspects of wave propagation and seismic modelling, followed by deconvolution and seismic migration methods. Presenting a rigorous explanation of how to construct seismic images, it provides readers with practical tools and codes to pursue research projects and analyses. It is ideal for advanced students and researchers in applied geophysics, and for practicing exploration geoscientists in the oil and gas industry.