This book begins with an introductory chapter summarizing the history of fluid mechanics. It then moves on to the essential mathematics and physics needed to understand and work in fluid mechanics. Analytical treatments are based on the Navier-Stokes equations.

Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation in fluid mechanics are topics of great importance both in theory and technical applications. The present book attempts to describe the current status in various areas of research. The 10 chapters, mostly survey articles, are written by internationally renowned specialists and offer a range of approaches to and views of the essential questions and problems. In particular, the theories of incompressible and compressible Navier-Stokes equations are considered, as well as stability theory and numerical methods in fluid mechanics. Although the book is primarily written for researchers in the field, it will also serve as a valuable source of information to graduate students.

Since the computing revolution, modelling has become the most important way in which we further our knowledge about how the sea moves and how the processes in the sea operate. The coast and the continental shelf are two of the most important areas of the sea to understand. Coastal and Shelf Sea Modelling is therefore very timely and important. In this text, modelling the processes that occur in the sea is motivated continually through real life examples. Sometimes these are incorporated naturally within the text, but there are also a number of case studies taken from the recent research literature. These will be particularly valuable to students as they are presented in a style more readily accessible than that found in a typical research journal. The motivation for modelling is care for the environment. The well publicised problem of global warming, the phenomenon of El Nino, more localised pollution scares caused by tanker accidents and even smaller scale coastal erosion caused by storms all provide motivation for modelling and all get coverage in this text. Particularly novel features of the book include a systematic treatment of the modelling process in a marine context, the inclusion of diffusion in some detail, ecosystems modelling and a brief foray into wave prediction. The final chapter provides the reader with the opportunity to do some modelling; there are many worked examples followed by exercises that readers can try themselves. All answers are provided. Throughout, the style is informal and the technicalities in term of mathematics are kept to a minimum. Coastal and Shelf Sea Modelling is particularly suitable for graduate marine and oceanographic modelling courses, but will also prove useful to coastal engineers and students at any level interested in the quantitative modelling of marine processes. It is stressed that only a minimal level of mathematics (first year calculus or less) is required; the style and content is introductory.

Sloshing causes liquid to fluctuate, making accurate level readings difficult to obtain in dynamic environments. The measurement system described uses a single-tube capacitive sensor to obtain an instantaneous level reading of the fluid surface, thereby accurately determining the fluid quantity in the presence of slosh. A neural network based classification technique has been applied to predict the actual quantity of the fluid contained in a tank under sloshing conditions.

In "A neural network approach to fluid quantity measurement in dynamic environments," effects of temperature variations and contamination on the capacitive sensor are discussed, and the authors propose that these effects can also be eliminated with the proposed neural network based classification system. To examine the performance of the classification system, many field trials were carried out on a running vehicle at various tank volume levels that range from 5 L to 50 L. The effectiveness of signal enhancement on the neural network based signal classification system is also investigated. Results obtained from the investigation are compared with traditionally used statistical averaging methods, and proves that the neural network based measurement system can produce highly accurate fluid quantity measurements in a dynamic environment. Although in this case a capacitive sensor was used to demonstrate measurement system this methodology is valid for all types of electronic sensors.

The approach demonstrated in "A neural network approach to fluid quantity measurement in dynamic environments "can be applied to a wide range of fluid quantity measurement applications in the automotive, naval and aviation industries to produce accurate fluid level readings. Students, lecturers, and experts will find the description of current research about accurate fluid level measurement in dynamic environments using neural network approach useful."

Stochastic Methods for Flow in Porous Media: Coping with Uncertainties explores fluid flow in complex geologic environments. The parameterization of uncertainty into flow models is important for managing water resources, preserving subsurface water quality, storing energy and wastes, and improving the safety and economics of extracting subsurface mineral and energy resources.
This volume systematically introduces a number of stochastic methods used by researchers in the community in a tutorial way and presents methodologies for spatially and temporally stationary as well as nonstationary flows. The author compiles a number of well-known results and useful formulae and includes exercises at the end of each chapter.

* As never seen before:
* Balanced viewpoint of several stochastic methods, including Greens' function, perturbative expansion, spectral, Feynman diagram, adjoint state, Monte Carlo simulation, and renormalization group methods
* Tutorial style of presentation will facilitate use by readers without a prior in-depth knowledge of Stochastic processes
* Practical examples throughout the text
* Exercises at the end of each chapter reinforce specific concepts and techniques
* For the reader who is interested in hands-on experience, a number of computer codes are included and discussed

It is our pleasure to present these proceedings for "The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles II: Trucks, Buses and Trains" International Conference held in Lake - hoe, California, August 26-31, 2007 by Engineering Conferences International (ECI). Brought together were the world's leading scientists and engineers from industry, universities, and research laboratories, including truck and high-speed train manufacturers and operators. All were gathered to discuss computer simu- tion and experimental techniques to be applied for the design of the more efficient trucks, buses and high-speed trains required in future years. This was the second conference in the series. The focus of the first conference in 2002 was the interplay between computations and experiment in minimizing ae- dynamic drag. The present proceedings, from the 2007 conference, address the development and application of advanced aerodynamic simulation and experim- tal methods for state-of-the-art analysis and design, as well as the development of new ideas and trends holding promise for the coming 10-year time span. Also - cluded, are studies of heavy vehicle aerodynamic tractor and trailer add-on - vices, studies of schemes to delay undesirable flow separation, and studies of - derhood thermal management.

This volume reflects the state of the art of numerical simulation of transitional and turbulent flows and provides an active forum for discussion of recent developments in simulation techniques and understanding of flow physics. Following the tradition of earlier DLES workshops, these papers address numerous theoretical and physical aspects of transitional and turbulent flows. At an applied level it contributes to the solution of problems related to energy production, transportation, magneto-hydrodynamics and the environment. A special session is devoted to quality issues of LES. The ninth Workshop on 'Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation' (DLES-9) was held in Dresden, April 3-5, 2013, organized by the Institute of Fluid Mechanics at Technische Universitat Dresden. This book is of interest to scientists and engineers, both at an early level in their career and at more senior levels.

Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites, written by the late Dr. Y. Jack Weitsman, addresses the wide range of parameters that affect the interaction of fluids with polymers and polymeric composites. The book aims at broadening the scope of available data, mostly limited up to this time to weight-gain recordings of fluid ingress into polymers and composites, to the practical circumstances of fluctuating exposure. Various forms of experimental data are given, in conjunction with theoretical models derived from basic scientific principles, and correlated with severity of exposure conditions and interpreted by means of rationally based theoretical models. The practical implications of the effects of fluids are discussed. The issue of fluid effects on polymers and polymeric composites is of concern to engineers and scientists active in aerospace and naval structures, as an increasing portion of these structures are made of polymeric composites and employ polymeric adhesives as a joining device. While the book is intended for this audience, it will also interest researchers and graduate students interested in the mechanics and materials aspects of this matter.

This book deals with solving mathematically the unsteady flame propagation equations. New original mathematical methods for solving complex non-linear equations and investigating their properties are presented. Pole solutions for flame front propagation are developed. Premixed flames and filtration combustion have remarkable properties: the complex nonlinear integro-differential equations for these problems have exact analytical solutions described by the motion of poles in a complex plane. Instead of complex equations, a finite set of ordinary differential equations is applied. These solutions help to investigate analytically and numerically properties of the flame front propagation equations.

This volume presentsa selection of survey and research articles based on invited lectures and contributed talks presented at the Workshop on Fluid Dynamics in Porous Media that was held in Coimbra, Portugal, inSeptember 12-14, 2011. The contributions are devoted to mathematical modeling, numerical simulation and their applications, providing the readers a state-of-the-art overview on the latest findings and new challenges on the topic. The book includes research work of worldwide recognized leaders in their respective fields and presents advances in both theory and applications, making it appealing to a vast range of audience, in particular mathematicians, engineers and physicists."

This book concentrates on the design and development of integrated optic waveguide sensors using silicon based materials. The implementation of such system as a tool for detecting adulteration in petroleum based products as well as its use for detection of glucose level in diabetes are highlighted. The first chapters are dedicated to the development of the theoretical model while the final chapters are focused on the different applications of such sensors. It gives the readers the full background in the field of sensors, reasons for using silicon oxynitride as a potential waveguide material as well as its fabrication processes and possible uses.

All over the world sport plays a prominent role in society: as a leisure activity for many, as an ingredient of culture, as a business and as a matter of national prestige in such major events as the World Cup in soccer or the Olympic Games. Hence, it is not surprising that science has entered the realm of sports, and, in particular, that computer simulation has become highly relevant in recent years. This is explored in this book by choosing five different sports as examples, demonstrating that computational science and engineering (CSE) can make essential contributions to research on sports topics on both the fundamental level and, eventually, by supporting athletes performance."

This book is designed to: Provide students with the tools to model, analyze and solve a wide range of engineering applications involving conduction heat transfer. Introduce students to three topics not commonly covered in conduction heat transfer textbooks: perturbation methods, heat transfer in living tissue, and microscale conduction. Take advantage of the mathematical simplicity of o- dimensional conduction to present and explore a variety of physical situations that are of practical interest. Present textbook material in an efficient and concise manner to be covered in its entirety in a one semester graduate course. Drill students in a systematic problem solving methodology with emphasis on thought process, logic, reasoning and verification. To accomplish these objectives requires judgment and balance in the selection of topics and the level of details. Mathematical techniques are presented in simplified fashion to be used as tools in obtaining solutions. Examples are carefully selected to illustrate the application of principles and the construction of solutions. Solutions follow an orderly approach which is used in all examples. To provide consistency in solutions logic, I have prepared solutions to all problems included in the first ten chapters myself. Instructors are urged to make them available electronically rather than posting them or presenting them in class in an abridged form.

Solid Liquid Separation includes important industrial processes used for recovery and processing of solids or purification of liquids. Most of the process industries in which particulate slurries are handled use some form of solid-liquid separation and yet the subject is not adequately covered in most higher education courses.
This book is designed to bring the readers up-to-date on the principles and industrial practices of solid-liquid separation and washing technology. Particular attention is given to hardware and to its evaluation, application and selection. Whilst not exclusively concerned with filtration and sedimentation, these operations will be dealt with in depth.
Important variations in the available equipment will be discussed throughout the book with emphasis on basic engineering concepts, equipment selection and evaluation, solids washing, methods of pre-treatment, filter aids and other practical aspects of mechanical separation.
This book is intended for engineers and scientists of graduate status who are engaged in design, production for research and development.

This book is designed to bring the readers up-to-date on the principles and industrial practices of solid-liquid separation and washing technology. Particular attention is given to hardware and to its evaluation, application and selection. Whilst not exclusively concerned with filtration and sedimentation, these operations are dealt with in depth.
Important variations in the available equipment are discussed throughout the book with emphasis on basic engineering concepts, equipment selection and evaluation, solids washing, methods of pre-treatment, filter aids and other practical aspects of mechanical separation.
This book is intended for engineers and scientists of graduate status who are engaged in design, production for research and development.

Author is the top of his field, and knows well all the latest advances in his subject area.
Fourth edition of a title which is respected and admired in the world of Chemical Engineering.
Updated and revised to match the developments in the industry.

This volume contains the proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Computational Physics and New Perspectives in Turbulence, held at Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, in September 2006. Leading experts in turbulence research were brought together at this Symposium to exchange ideas and discuss, in the light of the recent progress in computational methods, new perspectives in our understanding of turbulence. Special emphasis was given to fundamental aspects of the physics of turbulence. The subjects discussed here cover: computational physics and the theory of canonical turbulent flows; experimental approaches to fundamental problems in turbulence; turbulence modeling and numerical methods; and geophysical and astrophysical turbulence. This work should be useful to graduate students and researchers interested in fundamental aspects of turbulence.

This book gives a brief but thorough introduction to the fascinating subject of non-Newtonian fluids, their behavior and mechanical properties. After a brief introduction of what characterizes non-Newtonian fluids in Chapter 1 some phenomena characteristic of non-Newtonian fluids are presented in Chapter 2. The basic equations in fluid mechanics are discussed in Chapter 3. Deformation kinematics, the kinematics of shear flows, viscometric flows, and extensional flows are the topics in Chapter 4. Material functions characterizing the behavior of fluids in special flows are defined in Chapter 5. Generalized Newtonian fluids are the most common types of non-Newtonian fluids and are the subject in Chapter 6. Some linearly viscoelastic fluid models are presented in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8 the concept of tensors is utilized and advanced fluid models are introduced. The book is concluded with a variety of 26 problems. Solutions to the problems are ready for instructors

The present set of lectures and tutorial reviews deals with various topical aspects related to instabilities of interfacial processes and driven flows from both the theoretical and experimental point of views. New research has been spurred by demands for many applications in material sciences (melting, solidification, electro deposition), biomedical engineering and processing in microgravity environments. This book is intended as both a modern source of reference for researchers in the field as well as an introduction to postgraduate students and non-specialists from related areas.

A classic from 1965, this book covers the main aspects of the theory of quantum liquids, including the elementary excitation spectrum, hydrodynamics, and kinetic phenomena. The book requires no special training and assumes only general knowledge of the fundamentals of theoretical physics. It was developed from studies at the Institute of Physical Problems of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and can be used as a guide for professors teaching quantum liquid theory or as a text for graduate students.

Today, fluid power systems, hydraulic and pneumatic, in alliance with advanced electronics, provide the world with an unprecedented array of applications and systems from heavy-lifting equipment to spray painting, injection moulding, motion control and product assembly. In common with other facets of modern industrial operation, fluid power systems must be examined with a view to obtaining:

• the highest product quality;
• optimised efficiency;
• improved safety;
• maximum profitability.

Modelling, Monitoring and Diagnostic Techniques for Fluid Power Systems covers the background theory of fluid power and indicates the range of concepts necessary for a modern approach to condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in a readable an understandable fashion. The theory is constantly leavened by 15-years-worth of practical measurements by the author, working in association with major fluid power companies, and real industrial case studies a" hot-strip-mill monitoring in conjunction with Corus p.l.c. being just one example.

The comprehensive reference for its subject, this book gives the first integrated exposition of the fluid power applications of many of the techniques it describes: time-encoded signal processing; artificial neural networks and expert systems among others. Advantages and limitations of the different paths are presented to emphasise that the reader should consider the gamut of methods leading to positive decision-making regarding fault diagnosis. Four parts combine to produce a thorough and all-embracing whole:

• an introduction to component behaviour;
• a guide to the modelling methods employed for circuitanalysis;
• methods for doing condition monitoring;
• common faults and breakdowns.

Modelling, Monitoring and Diagnostic Techniques for Fluid Power Systems tells practicing fluid power engineers all they need to know about keeping track of the "health" of their equipment, processes and products. With nearly four hundred references to provide a good overview of the subject and to stimulate further research, this reference will also be invaluable to graduate and senior undergraduate students entering the field.

This definitive text describes the theory and design both of Air Cushion Vehicles (ACV) and Surface Effect Ships (SES). It begins by introducing hovercraft types and their development and application throughout the world in the last three decades, before going on to discuss the theoretical aspects of ACV and SES craft covering their hovering performance, dynamic trim over calm water, resistance, stability, manoeuvrability, skirt configuration and analysis of forces acting on the skirts, ACV and SES seakeeping, and the methodology of scaling aerodynamic and hydrodynamic forces acting on the ACV/SES from model test data.
The latter chapters describe a design methodology, including design criteria and standard methods for estimating craft performance, lift system design, skirt design, hull structure, propulsion systems and power unit selection. Much technical information, data, and references to further work on hovercraft and SES design is provided. The book will be a useful reference to engineers, technicians, teachers, students (both undergraduate and postgraduate), operators etc. who are involved in ACV/SES research, design, construction and operation.
Guides the reader on how to perform machinery and systems selection within ACV and SES overall design
For teachers, students (both at under- and post-graduate level), engineers and technicians involved in ACV/SES

The practical importance of turbulence led the U.K. Royal Academy of Engineering to launch an Initiative on Turbulence, the most important outcome of which was the definition and agreement of the 1999 Newton Institute Research Programme on Turbulence. The main aim of the- month programme, held at the institute in Cambridge, was to bring together the mathematics and engineering communities involved in the turbulence area to address the many problems and to map out future strategy. As a part of the Research Programme, a Symposium on Direct and Large-Eddy Simulation was jointly organised with ERCOFfAC through their Large-Eddy Simulation Interest Group and took place in May 1999. Two previous ERCOFf AC Workshops had already taken place on these closely related varieties of turbulence simulation, at The University of Surrey in 1994 and at Universite Joseph Fourier, Grenoble in 1996. The Symposium at Cambridge was therefore the third in the ERCOFTAC series, enhanced by the presence of leading figures in the field from Europe and the USA who were resident at INI for that period of the Research Programme. Professors M. Germano, A. Leonard, J. Jimenez, R. Kerr and S. Sarkar gave the invited lectures, text versions of which will be found in this volume. As occurred at the previous two ERCOFT AC workshops, there were almost one hundred participants mostly from Europe but including some from Japan and the USA, including on this occasion resident scientists of the INI Research Programme.

The book presents the state of the art in high performance computing and simulation on modern supercomputer architectures. It covers trends in hardware and software development in general and specifically the future of high performance systems and heterogeneous architectures. The application contributions cover computational fluid dynamics, material science, medical applications and climate research. Innovative fields like coupled multi-physics or multi-scale simulations are presented. All papers were chosen from presentations given at the 14th Teraflop Workshop held in December 2011 at HLRS, University of Stuttgart, Germany and the Workshop on Sustained Simulation Performance at Tohoku University in March 2012.

It is true that "Nothing is more practical than theory" as Boltzmann said. Provided - however - that the assumptions on which The theory is founded are well understood. But. indeed. engineering costly experience shows that "Nothing can be more disastrous than a theory" when applied To a real task outside of practical limits of the assumptions made. Because of an homonymous identity with the considered problem. J.T.P The growing interest in Isodyne Stress Analysis and the related experience of the author show that the major monograph and reference book on the subject, Isodyne Stress Analysis by Jerzy T. Pindera and Marek-Jerzy Pindera, [27], does not of contain sufficiently detailed data on the theories and techniques experimentation. The purpose of this work is to close this gap. Thus, this work is an extension of Isodyne Stress Analysis and complementary to it. Consequently, only a short outline of the theory ofisodynes is given in Chapter 2. Only the basic concepts and relations are presented to provide the link between the underlying analytical and optical theories and the experimental techniques. One of the major purposes of a preface is to formulate and explain the chosen frame of reference in a condensed form, even when some components of it are discussed in the text. A main issue of the underlying frame of reference pertains to the roles of the abstract thinking and of the observation in cognition of reality.

Free surface flows arise in the natural world, physical and biological sciences and in some areas of modern technology and engineering. Exam ples include the breaking of sea waves on a harbour wall, the transport of sloshing fluids in partly filled containers, and the design of micronozzles for high speed ink-jet printing. Apart from the intrinsic mathematical challenge in describing and solving the governing equations, there are usually important environmental, safety and engineering features which need to be analysed and controlled. A rich variety of techniques has been developed over the past two decades to facilitate this analysis; singular perturbations, dynamical systems, and the development of sophisticated numerical codes. The extreme and sometimes violent nature of some free surface flows taxes these methods to the limit. The work presented at the symposium addressed these limits and can be loosely classified into four areas: (i) Axisymmetric free surface flows. There are a variety of problems in the printing, glass, fertiliser and fine chemical industries in which threads of fluid are made and controlled. Presentations were made in the areas of pinch-off for inviscid and viscous threads of fluid, recoil effects after droplet formation and the control of instability by forced vibration. (ii) Dynamic wetting. The motion of three phase contact lines, which are formed at the junction between two fluids and a solid, plays an important role in fluid mechanics."