Hyposonic fluid flows, characterized by a low Mach number, are mainly linked with geophysical and environmental fluid flows. In addition they are relevant to engineers because of their connection with aerodynamics. The books brings together insights derived from mathematically rigorous results and combines them with a number of realistic fluid flow situations. Asymptotic analytic solutions for the low-Mach number cases are developed to provide both insights into the underlying physics as well as benchmarks for numerical computations.

This two-volume monograph is a comprehensive and up-to-date presentation of the theory and applications of kinetic equations. The first volume covers many-particle dynamics, Maxwell models of the Boltzmann equation (including their exact and self-similar solutions), and hydrodynamic limits beyond the Navier-Stokes level.

The aeronautics industry is presently aiming for faster design cycles and shorter time to market of new aircraft. It is looking at the same time for improved aerodynamic performance, for evident competitive reasons. Advanced, computer based design systems, including fast and reliable numerical flow solvers, have been developed in the last decade including new turbulence models. On the experimental side, measurement techniques in general have also been improved significantly, however the data evaluation process remains still very time consuming, and unsteady effects and turbulence are often not being captured with sufficient accuracy and detail. The development of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has helped to improve the analysis of the flow fields. After investigations in laboratory scale wind tunnels, a joint initiative on PIV research, by the European Aerospace Research Establishments, within GARTEUR have enabled a wide breakthrough of this new technology in Europe. Within the Research Framework Program of the European Union, the joint research project EUROPIV aimed to apply PIV technology to problems of industrial interest.

This book contains chapters written by some eminent scientists and researchers on Computational Methods in Hypersonic Aerodynamics and forms a natural sequel to the earlier publications on Computational Methods in Potential Flow (1986) and Computational Methods in Viscous Aerodynamics (1990). In this book, the earlier attempts at the solution of the highly nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations are extended to the aerothermodynamics of flow in the hypersonic regime, including the effects of viscosity on the physical and chemical processes of high-temperature nonequilibrium flow at very high speeds, such as vibrational excitation, dissociation and recombination, ionization and radiation, as well as real gas effects and the effects of high temperature and low density. The book has been prepared as a valuable contribution to the state-of-the-art on computational methods in hypersonic aerodynamics. All the chapters have been written by eminent scientists and researchers well known for their work in this field.

Fluid movers are extensively used in the process industries. New machines are specified, designed, manufactured and installed in a way that ensures their safety and reliability. Existing machines may be upgraded or retrofitted during maintenance or repair. This book describes how improved components and better lubricant application provisions, among other experience-based measures, can safely extend operating life and increase profitability.

This book was developed using material from teaching courses on fluid mechanics, high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, experimental methods, aircraft design, heat transfer, introduction to engineering, and wind engineering. It precisely presents the theoretical and application aspects of the terms associated with these courses. It explains concepts such as cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, and tornado, by highlighting the subtle difference between them. The text comprehensively introduces the subject vocabulary of fluid mechanics for use in courses in engineering and the physical sciences. This book * Presents the theoretical aspects and applications of high-speed flows, aerodynamics, high-enthalpy flows, and aircraft design. * Provides a ready reference source for readers to learn essential concepts related to flow physics, rarefied, and stratified flows. * Comprehensively covers topics such as laser Doppler anemometer, latent heat of fusion, and latent heat of vaporisation. * Includes schematic sketches and photographic images to equip the reader with a better view of the concepts. This is ideal study material for senior undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, flow physics, civil engineering, automotive engineering, and manufacturing engineering.

Physically correct boundary conditions on vapor-liquid interfaces are essential in order to make an analysis of flows of a liquid including bubbles or of a gas including droplets. Suitable boundary conditions do not exist at the present time. This book is concerned with the kinetic boundary condition for both the plane and curved vapor-liquid interfaces, and the fluid dynamics boundary condition for Navier-Stokes(fluid dynamics) equations. The kinetic boundary condition is formulated on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations and the fluid dynamics boundary condition is derived by a perturbation analysis of Gaussian-BGK Boltzmann equation applicable to polyatomic gases. The fluid dynamics boundary condition is applied to actual flow problems of bubbles in a liquid and droplets in a gas.

The book reports on advanced solutions to the problem of simulating wing and nacelle stall, as presented and discussed by internationally recognized researchers at the Closing Symposium of the DFG Research Unit FOR 1066. Reliable simulations of flow separation on airfoils, wings and powered engine nacelles at high Reynolds numbers represent great challenges in defining suitable mathematical models, computing numerically accurate solutions and providing comprehensive experimental data for the validation of numerical simulations. Additional problems arise from the need to consider airframe-engine interactions and inhomogeneous onset flow conditions, as real aircraft operate in atmospheric environments with often-large distortions. The findings of fundamental and applied research into these and other related issues are reported in detail in this book, which targets all readers, academics and professionals alike, interested in the development of advanced computational fluid dynamics modeling for the simulation of complex aircraft flows with flow separation.

Accurate fluid level measurement in dynamic environments can be assessed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach. SVM is a supervised learning model that analyzes and recognizes patterns. It is a signal classification technique which has far greater accuracy than conventional signal averaging methods. Ultrasonic Fluid Quantity Measurement in Dynamic Vehicular Applications: A Support Vector Machine Approach describes the research and development of a fluid level measurement system for dynamic environments. The measurement system is based on a single ultrasonic sensor. A Support Vector Machines (SVM) based signal characterization and processing system has been developed to compensate for the effects of slosh and temperature variation in fluid level measurement systems used in dynamic environments including automotive applications. It has been demonstrated that a simple -SVM model with Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel with the inclusion of a Moving Median filter could be used to achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments. Aimed toward graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers studying applications of artificial intelligence, readers will learn about a measurement system that is based on a single ultrasonic sensor which can achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments.

This book discusses various aspects of percolation mechanics. It starts with the driving forces and driving modes and then examines in detail the steady state percolation of single-phase incompressible fluids, percolation law of natural gas and percolation of non-Newtonian fluids. Progressing from simple to complex concepts, it also analyzes Darcy's law, providing a basis for the study of reservoir engineering, oil recovery engineering and reservoir numerical simulation. It serves as a textbook for undergraduate students majoring in petroleum engineering, petroleum geology and groundwater engineering, and offers a valuable reference guide for graduate students, researchers and technical engineers engaged in oil and gas exploration and development.

Some words about SCART 2000. SCART stands for science and art. SCART meetings are organized in a loose time sequence by an international group of scientists, most of them fluid-dynamicists. The first meeting was held in Hong-Kong, the second one in Berlin, and the third, and latest, one in Zurich. SCART meetings include a scientific conference and a number of art events. The intention is to restart a dialogue between scientists and artists which was so productive in the past. To achieve this goal several lectures given by scientists at the conference are intended for a broader public. In the proceedings they are denoted as SCART lectures. The artists in tum address the main theme of the conference with their contributions. The lectures at SCART 2000 covered the entire field of fluiddynamics, from laminar flows in biological systems to astrophysical events, such as the explosion of a neutron star. The main exhibition by Dutch and Swiss artists showed video and related art under the title 'Walking on Air'. Experimental music was performed in two concerts.

Physical models of gas discharge processes in gas flows and numerical simulation methods, which are used for numerical simulation of these phenomena are considered in the book. Significant attention is given to a solution of two-dimensional problems of physical mechanics of electric arc, radio-frequency, micro-wave, and optical discharges, as well as to investigation of electrodynamic structure of direct current glow discharges. Problems of modern computational magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) are considered also. Prospects of the different kinds of discharges use in aerospace applications are discussed. This book is intended for scientists and engineers concerned with physical gas dynamics, physics of the low-temperature plasma and gas discharges, and also for students and post-graduate students of physical and technical specialties of universities.

The "Turbulence and Interactions 2009" (TI2009) conference was held in Saint- Luce on the island of La Martinique, France, on May 31-June 5, 2009. The sci- tific sponsors of the conference were * DGA * Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), * ERCOFTAC : European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, * Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, * ONERA. This second TI conference was very successful as it attracted 65 researchers from 17 countries. The magnificent venue and the beautiful weather helped the participants to discuss freely and casually, share ideas and projects, and spend very good times all together. The organisers were fortunate in obtaining the presence of the following - vited speakers: L. Fuchs (KTH, Stockholm and Lund University), J. Jimenez (Univ. Politecnica Madrid), C.-H. Moeng (NCAR), A. Scotti (University of North Carolina), L. Shen (Johns Hopkins University) and A.J. Smits (Princeton Univ- sity). The topics covered by the 62 contributed papers ranged from experimental results through theory to computations. They represent a snapshot of the state-- the-art in turbulence research. The papers of the conference went through the usual reviewing process and the result is given in this book of Proceedings. In the present volume, the reader will find the keynote lectures followed by the contributed talks given in alphabetical order of the first author.

The series is aimed specifically at publishing peer reviewed reviews and contributions presented at workshops and conferences. Each volume is associated with a particular conference, symposium or workshop. These events cover various topics within pure and applied mathematics and provide up-to-date coverage of new developments, methods and applications.

This volume contains selected presentations of the 3rd International PAMIR Conference on Transfer Phenomena in Magnetohydrodynamic and Electroconducting Flows held at the Paul Langevin Centre in Aussois, France, in September 1997. The main scientific domain of the conference was the interaction between a magnetic field and a conducting fluid, which can be either an electrolyte (with low electrical conductivity) or a liquid metal (with high electrical conductivity). One of the perspectives of the conference was to facilitate the interaction between the MHD and chemical engineering communities. Thus, the connection between mass transfer in electrochemical systems and magnetic fields (sometimes called magnetoelectrolysis) was introduced for the first time as a topic of the conference. This offered a new class of problems to the MHD community. The presentations focused on four main topics related to interfacial heat and mass transfer phenomena, energetic applications, the dynamo effect and MEHD phenomena, and they encompassed both numerical and experimental studies. The invited lectures were devoted to different subjects, such as the dynamo effect, magnetoelectrolysis, instability problems, and metallurgical applications of MHD. The state of the art was discussed together with promising new orientations. This book should be of interest to researchers and advanced graduate students in physics and engineering sciences, working in MHD and related areas.

This book is an outgrowth of the NSF-CBMS conference Nonlinear Waves GBP3 Weak Turbulence held at Case Western Reserve University in May 1992. The principal speaker at the conference was Professor V. E. Zakharov who delivered a series of ten lectures outlining the historical and ongoing developments in the field. Some twenty other researchers also made presentations and it is their work which makes up the bulk of this text. Professor Zakharov's opening chapter serves as a general introduction to the other papers, which for the most part are concerned with the application of the theory in various fields. While the word "turbulence" is most often associated with f:l. uid dynamics it is in fact a dominant feature of most systems having a large or infinite number of degrees of freedom. For our purposes we might define turbulence as the chaotic behavior of systems having a large number of degrees of freedom and which are far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Work in field can be broadly divided into two areas: * The theory of the transition from smooth laminar motions to the disordered motions characteristic of turbulence. * Statistical studies of fully developed turbulent systems. In hydrodynamics, work on the transition question dates back to the end of the last century with pioneering contributions by Osborne Reynolds and Lord Rayleigh.

This book provides a detailed overview of the plasma fluidized bed. It is an innovative tool and generally combines plasma process with another efficient reactor, fluidized bed, providing an excellent method for particulate processes over conventional technology. The development and designs of typical types of plasma fluidized beds, mainly thermal plasma fluidized beds and non-thermal plasma fluidized beds are discussed. The influencing factors on the performance of plasma fluidized beds are analyzed in detail. The mechanism, i.e. the discharge characteristics, hydrodynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer are analyzed to offer a further insight of plasma fluidized beds. Applications of plasma fluidized beds for different areas, including metallurgy extraction, green energy process, environmental protection and advanced materials are presented. The book is a valuable reference for scientists, engineers and graduate students in chemical engineering and relative fields.

This book offers a compact primer on advanced numerical flux functions in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It comprehensively introduces readers to methods used at the forefront of compressible flow simulation research. Further, it provides a comparative evaluation of the methods discussed, helping readers select the best numerical flux function for their specific needs. The first two chapters of the book reviews finite volume methods and numerical functions, before discussing issues commonly encountered in connection with each. The third and fourth chapter, respectively, address numerical flux functions for ideal gases and more complex fluid flow cases- multiphase flows, supercritical fluids and magnetohydrodynamics. In closing, the book highlights methods that provide high levels of accuracy. The concise content provides an overview of recent advances in CFD methods for shockwaves. Further, it presents the author's insights into the advantages and disadvantages of each method, helping readers implement the numerical methods in their own research.

This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advancements in Mechanical Engineering (ICRAME 2020). It provides a comprehensive overview of the various technical challenges faced, their systematic investigation, contemporary developments, and future perspectives in the domain of mechanical engineering. The book covers a wide array of topics including fluid flow techniques, compressible flows, waste management and waste disposal, bio-fuels, renewable energy, cryogenic applications, computing in applied mechanics, product design, dynamics and control of structures, fracture and failure mechanics, solid mechanics, finite element analysis, tribology, nano-mechanics and MEMS, robotics, supply chain management and logistics, intelligent manufacturing system, rapid prototyping and reverse engineering, quality control and reliability, conventional and non-conventional machining, and ergonomics. This book can be useful for students and researchers interested in mechanical engineering and its allied fields.

The goal of this book is to present the new trend of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for the 21 st Century. It consists of papers presented at a symposium honoring Prof. No buyuki Satofuka on the occasion of his 60th birthday. The symposium entitled Computational Fluid Dynamics fOT the 21st Century was held at Kyoto Institute of Technology (KIT) in Kyoto, Japan on July 15-17,2000. The symposium was hosted by KIT as a memorial event celebrating the 100 year anniversary of this establishment. The invited speakers were from Ja pan as weil as from the international community in Asia, Europe and North America. It is a great pleasure to dedicate this book to Prof. Satofuka in appreciation ofhis contributions to this field. During the last 30 years, Prof. Satofuka made many important contributions to CFD ad vancing the numerics and our understanding of flow physics in different regimes. The details of his contributions are discussed in the first chapter. The book contains chapters covering re lated topics with emphasis on new promising directions for the 21 st Century. The chapters of the book reflect the 10 sessions of the symposium on both the numerics and the applications including grid generation and adaptation, new numerical schemes, optimi zation techniques and parallel computations as weil as applications to multi-sc ale and multi physics problems, design and flow control and new topics beyond aeronautics. In the follow ing, the chapters of the book are introduced."

The active field of multi-phase flow has undergone fundamental changes in the last decade. Many salient complex interfacial dynamics of such flows are now understood at a basic level with precise mathematical and quantitative characterization. This is quite a departure from the traditional empirical approach. At an IUTAM Symposium at Notre Dame, in 1999, some of the leading researchers in the field gathered to review the progress thus far and to contemplate future directions. Their reports are summarized in this Proceedings. Topics covered include solitary wave dynamics on viscous film flows, sheet formation and drop entrainment in stratified flow, wetting and dewetting dynamics, self-similar drop formation dynamics, waves in bubbly and suspension flow, and bubble dynamics. It is a unique and essential reference for applied mathematicians, physicists, research engineers, and graduate students to keep abreast of the latest theoretical and numerical developments that promise to transform multi-phase flow research.

This book offers an introduction to the geomechanical issues raised by both the extraction of actual and potential energy resources, and by the treatment of the ensuing environmental concerns. Discussions of the operations of injection of fluids into, and withdrawal from, geological formations link the chapters, each devoted to a particular technical aspect or scientific issue, or to a particular energy resource.Subjects are ordered according to their industrial applications, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, gas hydrates, enhanced geothermal systems, hydraulic fracturing, and carbon dioxide sequestration. An overview of the industrial, research and simulation aspects for each subject is provided. Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers in a wide variety of fields, including computational mechanics, civil engineering, geotechnical engineering and geomechanics, engineering seismology, petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering, and engineering geology.

The aim of this book is to give, within a single volume, an introduction to the fields of turbulence modelling and transition-to-turbulence prediction, and to provide the physical background for today's modelling approaches in these problem areas as well as giving a flavour of advanced use of prediction methods. Turbulence modelling approaches, ranging from single-point models based on the eddy-viscosity concept and the Reynolds stress transport equations (Chapters 3,4,5), to large-eddy simulation (LES) techniques (Ch. 7), are covered. The foundations of hydrodynamical stability and transition are presented (Ch. 2) along with transition prediction methods based on single-point closures (Ch. 6), LES techniques (Ch. 7) and the parabolized stability equations (Ch. 8). The book addresses engineers and researchers, in industry or academia, who are entering into the fields of turbulence or transition modelling research or need to apply turbulence or transition prediction methods in their work.