Postmortem Toxicology addresses the various aspects of the practice of forensic postmortem toxicology from a viewpoint of elements which must be taken into consideration for proper interpretation of the toxicological result, not in a vacuum but in a more holistic and global sense. The volume examines pre-analytical factors, storage containers/conditions, prior medical interventions and therapy, along with information from the scene investigation and anatomical findings. This reference also provides explanation of the complicating conditions for the interpretation of the toxicological results due to postmortem decomposition, embalming artifacts and the postmortem redistribution of drugs. Tolerance is also discussed as an aid to interpreting results from a habitual/chronic user of medications and/or drugs of abuse. The book is geared towards the current practitioner; however, it is written to be used as a valuable reference for a graduate or post-graduate level courses in forensic toxicology or forensic pathology.

Toxicoepigenetics: Core Principles and Applications examines the core aspects of epigenetics, including chromatin biology, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA, as well as fundamental techniques and considerations for studying each of these mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Although its integration into the field of toxicology is in its infancy, epigenetics have taken center stage in the study of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Increasing the presence of epigenetics in toxicological research allows for a more in-depth understanding of important aspects of toxicology such as the role of the environment and lifestyle influencing the individual susceptibility to these effects and the trans-generational transmission of these health effects and susceptibilities. Methods chapters are included to help improve efficacy and efficiency of protocols in both the laboratory and the classroom. Toxicoepigenetics: Core Principles and Applications is an essential book for researchers and academics using epigenetics in toxicology research and study.

Process-Induced Food Toxicants combines the analytical, health, and risk management issues relating to all of the currently known processing-induced toxins that may be present in common foods. It considers the different processing methods used in the manufacture of foods, including thermal treatment, drying, fermentation, preservation, fat processing, and high hydrostatic pressure processing, and the potential contaminants for each method. The book discusses the analysis, formation, mitigation, health risks, and risk management of each hazardous compound. Also discussed are new technologies and the impact of processing on nutrients and allergens.

"Computational Toxicology: Methods and Applications for Risk Assessment" is an essential reference on the translation of computational toxicology data into information that can be used for more informed risk assessment decision-making. This book is authored by leading international investigators who have real-world experience in relating computational toxicology methods to risk assessment. Key topics of interest include QSAR modeling, chemical mixtures, applications to metabolomic and metabonomic data sets, toxicogenomic analyses, applications to REACH informational strategies and much more. The examples provided in this book are based on cutting-edge technologies and set out to stimulate the further development of this promising field to offer rapid, better and more cost-effective answers to major public health concerns.
Authored by leading international researchers engaged in cutting-edge applications of computational methods for translating complex toxicological data sets into useful risk assessment informationIncorporates real-world examples of how computational toxicological methods have been applied to advance the science of risk assessment Provides the framework necessary for new technologies and fosters common vocabularies and principles upon which the effects of new chemical entities should be compared

The Nature and Use of Ecotoxicological Evidence: Natural Science, Statistics, Psychology, and Sociology examines how toxicologists and environmental professionals come to understand and make decisions about possible harm from pollutants. Drawing on concepts and techniques from the natural, social and mathematical sciences, the book emphasizes how pollutant-related evidence is gathered, assessed, communicated and applied in decision-making. Each chapter begins with a real-world example before exploring fundamental cognitive, social, statistical or natural science concepts to explain the opening example. Methods from other disciplines for recognizing, reducing or removing the influence of impediments in wise decision-making are highlighted in each chapter. Misreading evidence by the scientific community, and miscommunication to regulators and the public, remain major impediments to wise action in pollution issues. Which evidence comes to dominate the dialogue among scientists, regulators and decision makers depends on social and scientific dynamics. Yet psychological and sociological factors that influence the movement of evidence through scientific communities to regulators receive cursory discussion by professionals unfamiliar with the sociology literature. Toxicologists, environmental scientists, psychologists and professionals and students across the sciences will find the book useful for understanding how evidence is generated, assessed and communicated in their own fields.

Bioenvironmental Issues Affecting Men's Reproductive and Sexual Health is structured into two parts related to men's reproductive and sexual health with eight sections designed to enable a logical flow of such knowledge. The book is focused on the biology of key organs involved in male reproduction and the environmental influences affecting their functions with particular emphasis on clinical aspects. Individual chapters within the book range from basic to translational aspects, but all hold clinical relevance. This is an essential reference for those working and learning in the field of human reproduction, reproductive toxicology and environmental influences on reproductive and sexual health.

History of Risk Assessment in Toxicology guides the reader through the historical narrative of the evolution of risk assessment thinking in human and environmental practices. Risk assessment concepts are used in many different professional practice areas. In the health and environmental practices of risk assessment, the critical issue is often what chemical concentration in air, water, food, or a solid substance is acceptable, or considered not to result in any adverse effect. The book reviews examples from early scientific and health studies to showcase the foundations of risk assessment. The book also explores the development of risk assessment as practiced by major regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reveal how risk assessment has evolved in the 20th and 21st centuries. Modern technology has created opportunities in silicon in vitro, computational modeling, omics, and big data techniques to assess the toxicity of chemicals, while traditional approaches to risk assessment are being challenged with new and innovative approaches. Finally, current issues being debated and tested in risk assessment are outlined with possible future avenues suggested.

In the early twentieth century lead had many domestic uses: in solder for cans, as a gasoline additive to prevent ""knocking"" in engines, in water pipes, and, most prominently, in interior paint prized for its durability and ability to hold color. Far from being the toxic hazard we recognize today, lead was a valuable commodity. However, by the end of the century, lead had largely disappeared from our environment as physicians discovered the threat it posed to children's health and mental development. Old Paint documents the history of lead-paint poisoning in the United States and the evolving responses of public health officials and the lead-paint industry to this hazard up to 1980, by which time lead had been banned from gasoline and paint. Peter C. English traces lead poisoning from a rare, but acute problem confined to a small group of children to the discovery by the end of the 1940s of the dangers of the crumbling lead-painted interiors of inner-city dwellings. He draws on a wide range of primary materials not only to illuminate our understanding of how this health hazard changed over time, but also to explore how diseases are constructed and evolve.

The content of this book is intended to provide the toxicologist in drug development in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries with a broad understanding of bone and its interactions with other organ systems in safety assessments. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes our current understanding of bone biology and its primary regulatory pathways. Additional chapters address regulatory and study design considerations for incorporating bone end points in toxicology studies, with special consideration being given to juvenile toxicology studies. This is intended to address recent regulatory requirements to evaluate skeletal development for drugs in development for pediatric populations. The second part of the book describes the principal techniques and methods used in bone research; understanding how these end-points are derived is fundamental to their appropriate application. These first two parts of the book provide the background and the means to develop the concepts in part three which describes bone and its interaction with other organ systems. The unique series of chapters in part three, contributed to by key leaders in their respective fields and in bone research, provides a comprehensive collective work. Although constantly evolving, the crosstalk and interaction of the skeleton with several organ systems is now recognized and well documented, such as for the reproductive system, muscle and kidney, while our understanding of the interaction with other organ systems, such as the immune system and CNS, is in its infancy. Recent work highlights the key role of the skeleton in the regulation of energy metabolism and the impact this has on research in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The hope is that this book will enlighten many and encourage more to explore the impact of new compounds on the skeleton in the development of effective and safe drugs.

Anthrax is only one of many biological threats. We read and hear about the others in the news: mad cow disease, shark attacks, killer bees, the West Nile virus, polluted wells-countless stories of biological hazards in the U.S. and around the world. This compact reference handbook covers everything from disease-causing viruses and bacteria, to harmful insects, poisonous plants, dangerous animals, and other types of living threats to human life. Readers will learn the nature of these hazards, the associated risks, and where to find information for further study and research. Topics include: Human Pathogens in Water Human Pathogens in Food Human Pathogens in Air Human Pathogens Transmitted by Contact Crop and Livestock Pathogens and Pests Toxins and Allergens Predators and Other Biological Hazards Hazard and Controversy. In each category, the author presents the current scientific knowledge on causes, preventive measures, costs, outlook, and other topics of interest. Historical contexts are also provided. Every chapter ends with an anecdote illustrating its major themes. Primary source documents, statistical information, and a glossary are added features that make this resource the ideal starting point for anyone interested in biological hazards.

In this important reference work, Zeliger catalogs the known effects of chemical mixtures

on the human body and also proposes a framework for understanding and predicting their

actions in terms of lipophile (fat soluble) / hydrophile (water soluble) interactions. The

author s focus is on illnesses that ensue following exposures to mixtures of chemicals

that cannot be attributed to any one component of the mixture.

In the first part the mechanisms of chemical absorption at a molecular and

macromolecular level are explained, as well as the body s methods of defending itself

against xenobiotic intrusion. Part II examines the sources of the chemicals discusssed,

looking at air and water pollution, food additives, pharmaceuticals, etc. Part III, which

includes numerous case studies, examines specific effects of particular mixtures on

particular body systems and organs and presents a theoretical framework for predicting

what the effects of uncharacterized mixtures might be. Part IV covers regulatory

requirements and the need to adjust recommended exposure levels for products

containing mixtures. It also contains recommendations on how to limit exposure to

mixtures in the products we use and on how to limit release of mixtures into the

environment.

Providing brief summaries of each mixture and its effects, Zeliger provides a

comprehensive reference, a jumping off point for professionals (with extensive chapter

bibliographies) and an introduction to the topic for those studying traditional toxicology.

Addressing many inadequately understood illnesses and conditions such as asthma,

infertility and cancer, it will also be of interest to health professionals, environmental

scientists and lawyers.

Presents a theoretical framework for predicting the effects of chemical mixtures

for which no specific data exists (this predictive aspect is important due to the

vast number of different potential chemical combinations - far too many to

comprehensively catalog).

A quick and convenient source of hard to come by data on the rapidly developing

field of chemical mixtures, for groups including chemists and engineers,

toxicologists, health professionals and environmental scientists.

New and updated material comprises over 30% of this timely new edition, which

includes the latest research data alongside an expanded introduction to the science

and art of predicting the toxicological properties of chemical mixtures."

A Neurotoxins.- 1 Isoquinoline Derivatives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ).- 2.1 Presence of TIQ in nature and in food.- 2.2 Methods for identification and measurement of TIQ.- 2.3 Presence of TIQ in tissues.- 2.4 Endogenous synthesis of TIQ.- 2.5 Parkinsonism caused by TIQ.- 2.6 Metabolism of TIQ in the brain.- 3. 1,2-Dihydroisoquinoline.- 4. 4-Hydroxy-TIQ.- 5. 1-Benzyl-TIQ.- 6. 1-Phenyl-N-methyl-TIQ and 1-phenyl-TIQ.- 7. Salsolinol (SAL).- 7.1 Presence of SAL in tissues, body fluids, food, and nature.- 7.2 Biosynthetic pathway of SAL.- 7.3 Neurotoxicity of SAL.- 7.4 Metabolism of SAL.- 8. Norsalsolinol.- 9. N-Methyl-salsolinol and N-methyl-norsalsolinol.- 10. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-methyl-4,6,7-i soquinolinetriol.- 11. Methods for identification and measurement of catecholic TIQs.- 12. The sites of toxicological activity.- 12.1 Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes.- 12.2 Hydroxyl radical formation.- 2 TIQ Derivatives in the Human Central Nervous System.- 1. History of the Presence of TIQ derivatives.- 2. Analytical Methods.- 2.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).- 2.1.1 Lumbar Puncture.- 2.1.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography.- 2.2 Urine.- 2.2.1 Urine measurements of Salsolinol.- 2.2.2 Affinity chromatography.- 2.2.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography.- 3. Frequency and TIQ Levels measured by HPLC-ECD.- 3.1 N-Methyl-norsalsolinol.- 3.2 Salsolinol.- 4. TIQ Derivatives and Dopamine Metabolites.- 5. Stereospecifity and Enantiomeric Separation.- 6. Cerebral Lesions by TIQ Derivatives.- 6.1 TIQ, 1-Methyl-TIQ, 2-Methyl-TIQ.- 6.2 N-Methyl-[R]-salsolinol.- 6.3 N-Methyl-norsalsolinol.- 6.4 N-Methyl-4-hydroxy-norsalsolinol.- 7. Hallucinosis and TIQ Derivatives.- 3 Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease Prepared by N-Methyl-R-Salsolinol.- 1. MPTP and N-Methylation.- 2. Preparation of a rat model of Parkinson's disease.- 2.1 Materials.- 2.2 Animal experiments.- 3. Behavior observation.- 3.1 Behavior changes due to perturbation in dopaminergic system.- 4. Biochemical analysis in the brain.- 4.1 Methods.- 4.2 Quantitative analyses of monoamines, their metabolites and isoquinolines.- 4.3 Enantiomeric analysis of salsolinol derivatives.- 4.4 Assay of tyrosine hydroxylase activity.- 4.5 Biochemical changes by infusion of N-methyl-[R]-salsolinol and DMDHIQ+.- 4.6 Changes of monoamines and their metabolites.- 4.7 Accumulation of N-methyl-[R]-salsolinol and DMDHIQ+.- 4.8 Reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase activity.- 5. Histological study.- 5.1 Methods for histological analysis.- 5.2 Cytotoxicity in the striatum.- 5.3 Depletion of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.- 6. Discussion.- 4 Putative Endogenous Neurotoxins Derived from the Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Alzheimer's disease.- 3. Ischemia-Reperfusion.- 4. Methamphetamine.- 5. In vitro oxidation chemistry of the biogenic amine neurotransmitter.- 5.1 In vitro oxidation chemistry of 5-hydroxytryptamine.- 5.2 In vitro oxidation chemistry of dopamine.- 5.3 In vitro oxidation chemistry of norepinephrine.- 6. In vivo oxidation chemistry of the biogenic amine neurotransmitter.- 6.1 In vivo oxidation of 5-hydroxytryptamine.- 6.2 In vivo oxidation of dopamine and norepinephrine.- 7. Properties of putative aberrant oxidative metabolites of the biogenic amine neurotransmitters.- 7.1 Redox properties of putative aberrant oxidative metabolites of 5-HT and 5-HTPP.- 7.2 Redox properties of putative aberrant oxidative metabolites of DA and NE.- 8. Neurochemical and neurobiological properties of putative aberrant oxidative metabolites of 5-HT, DA and NE.- 9. Serotonin binding proteins.- 10. Discussion.- 11. Summary.- 5 ?-Carboline Derivatives as Neurotoxins.- 1. Biosynthetic and organic synthetic routes to TH?C's and ?C's.- 2. Overview of the effects of ?C's and their metabolic derivatives on the nervous system.- 3. Measurement and analysis of TH?C's, ?C's and their derivatives.- 4. Enzymatic formation of N-methylated ?C cations from nonpolar ?C...

Assembles international authorities to address contemporary research in metal neurotoxicity. Essential and non-essential metals play an important role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent developments in understanding the role of metals in the etiology of these disorders have led to rapid growth in clarifying the pathology of some of the most devastating diseases we face and in identifying potential new therapies. Few books or periodicals have been wholly dedicated to the topic of metals, and this collection is intended to serve as a resource for all researchers interested in metals and their role in health and disease.

Social pressure to minimize the use of animal testing, the ever-increasing concern on animal welfare, and the need for more human-relevant and more predictive toxicity tests are some of the drivers for new approaches to chemical screening. This book focuses on The Adverse Outcome Pathway, an analytical construct that describes a sequential chain of causally linked events at different levels of biological organization that lead to an adverse health or ecotoxicological effect. While past efforts have focused on toxicological pathway-based vision for human and ecological health assessment relying on in vitro systems and predictive models, The Adverse Outcome Pathway framework provides a simplified and structured way to organize toxicological information. Within the book, a systems biology approach supplies the tools to infer, link, and quantify the molecular initiating events and the key events and key event relationships leading to adverse outcomes. The advancement of these tools is crucial for the successful implementation of AOPs for regulatory purposes.