The control of arsenic pollution has attracted worldwide attention, as it is one of the top 20 hazardous substances, and greatly threatens the human health, ecological balance, and industrial development. Arsenic pollution results from natural enrichment and anthropological activities, especially mining and smelting operations. This book introduces arsenic pollution control technologies for aqueous solution and solid wastes produced by the utilization of arsenic-containing materials. It systematically discusses the principles and technologies of arsenic pollution control based on the author's 16 years of research on arsenic, to help readers gain an understanding of various aspects of arsenic pollution control, including the pollution source distribution of arsenic in typical smelters, arsenic behaviors and pollution control technologies in aqueous solution and solid waste, and clean unitization of arsenic-containing materials.

This book presents the research advances in the science of measurement, giving special focus to the field of machining and tribology. Topics such as dimensional metrology, precision measurements, industrial metrology, accuracy and precision in measurement are covered. Also theoretical aspects such as modelling and simulation are highlighted.

Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals is a compendium of the most recent information available on the effects of trace metals in soil quality and its potential threat on the transfer of these contaminants to consumers. Most of the chapters in the book were presented as papers during the First International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (formerly Metals in Soils, Plants, Waters, and Animals) held in Orlando, Florida in May, 1990. Topics discussed include background levels of metals in soils and/or plants (covering western Europe; temperate, humid Europe; and the People's Republic of China); metal cycling and transfer in the food chain in agroecosystems; uptake and accumulation of metals by bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates; mechanistic aspects of metals; the microbial aspects of soil selenium losses; and manganese sorption on soil constituents.

Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors addresses the fundamentals of metal oxide-based supercapacitors and provides an overview of recent advancements in this area. Metal oxides attract most of the materials scientists use due to their excellent physico-chemical properties and stability in electrochemical systems. This justification for the usage of metal oxides as electrode materials in supercapacitors is their potential to attain high capacitance at low cost. After providing the principles, the heart of the book discusses recent advances, including: binary metal oxides-based supercapacitors, nanotechnology, ternary metal oxides, polyoxometalates and hybrids. Moreover, the factors affecting the charge storage mechanism of metal oxides are explored in detail. The electrolytes, which are the soul of supercapacitors and a mostly ignored character of investigations, are also exposed in depth, as is the fabrication and design of supercapacitors and their merits and demerits. Lastly, the market status of supercapacitors and a discussion pointing out the future scope and directions of next generation metal oxides based supercapacitors is explored, making this a comprehensive book on the latest, cutting-edge research in the field.

Updated to include recent results from intensive worldwide research efforts in materials science, surface science, and corrosion science, Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, Third Edition explores the latest advances in corrosion and protection mechanisms. It presents a detailed account of the chemical and electrochemical surface reactions that govern corrosion as well as the link between microscopic forces and macroscopic behavior. Revised and expanded, this edition includes four new chapters on corrosion fundamentals, the passivity of metals, high temperature corrosion, and the corrosion of aluminum alloys. The first half of the book covers basic aspects of corrosion, such as entry of hydrogen into metals, anodic dissolution, localized corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. Connecting the theoretical aspects of corrosion mechanisms to practical applications in industry, the second half of the text discusses corrosion inhibition, atmospheric corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, corrosion in nuclear systems, corrosion of microelectronic and magnetic data-storage devices, and organic coatings. With contributions from leading academic and industrial researchers, this bestselling book continues to provide a thorough understanding of corrosion mechanisms-helping you solve existing corrosion challenges and prevent future problems.

Metallurgy and Design of Alloys with Hierarchical Microstructures covers the fundamentals of processing-microstructure-property relationships and how multiple properties are balanced and optimized in materials with hierarchical microstructures widely used in critical applications. The discussion is based principally on metallic materials used in aircraft structures; however, because they have sufficiently diverse microstructures, the underlying principles can easily be extended to other materials systems. With the increasing microstructural complexity of structural materials, it is important for students, academic researchers and practicing engineers to possess the knowledge of how materials are optimized and how they will behave in service. The book integrates aspects of computational materials science, physical metallurgy, alloy design, process design, and structure-properties relationships, in a manner not done before. It fills a knowledge gap in the interrelationships of multiple microstructural and deformation mechanisms by applying the concepts and tools of designing microstructures for achieving combinations of engineering properties-such as strength, corrosion resistance, durability and damage tolerance in multi-component materials-used for critical structural applications.

The phase transition and the reversible optical and electrical switching that occur in chromogenic materials under the influence of external forces such as heat, light, and electric field are topics of enormous scientific interest. Transition Metal Oxide Thin Film-Based Chromogenics and Devices discusses experimental and theoretical developments in the field of chromogenics based on the transition metal oxide (TMO) thin films. Understanding the relationship between the switching properties of TMO materials and their nanostructure is of paramount importance in developing efficient chromogenic devices. The tailoring of these switching behaviors is afforded detailed coverage in this book, alongside in-depth discussion of a range of chromogenic materials and devices, including photochromics, thermochromics, and electrochromics. Transition Metal Oxide Thin Film-Based Chromogenics and Devices covers both the theoretical aspects of TMO thin film-based chromogenics and their engineering applications in device construction. Academics and professionals in the fields of materials science and optics will find this book to be a key resource, whether their focus is low-dimension materials, light-materials interactions, or device development.

Intermetallic Matrix Composites: Properties and Applications is a comprehensive guide that studies the types and properties of intermetallic matrix composites, including their processing techniques, characterization and the various testing methods associated with these composites. In addition, it presents modeling techniques, their strengthening mechanisms and the important area of failure and repair. Advanced /complex IMCs are then explained, such as Self-healing IMCs and laminated intermetallic composites. The book concludes by delving into the industries that use these materials, including the automotive industry.

A comprehensive treatise on the hot working of aluminum and its alloys, Hot Deformation and Processing of Aluminum Alloys details the possible microstructural developments that can occur with hot deformation of various alloys, as well as the kind of mechanical properties that can be anticipated. The authors take great care to explain and differentiate hot working in the context of other elevated temperature phenomena, such as creep, superplasticity, cold working, and annealing. They also pay particular attention to the fundamental mechanisms of aluminum plasticity at hot working temperatures. Using extensive analysis derived from polarized light optical microscopy (POM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron-microscopy with electron backscatter imaging (SEM-EBSD), and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), the authors examine those microstructures that evolve in torsion, compression, extrusion, and rolling. Further microstructural analysis leads to detailed explanations of dynamic recovery (DRV), static recovery (SRV), discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (dDRX), discontinuous static recrystallization (dSRX), grain defining dynamic recovery (gDRV) (formerly geometric dynamic recrystallization, or gDRX), and continuous dynamic recrystallization involving both a single phase (cDRX/1-phase) and multiple phases (cDRX/2-phase). A companion to other works that focus on modeling, manufacturing involving plastic and superplastic deformation, and control of texture and phase transformations, this book provides thorough explanations of microstructural development to lay the foundation for further study of the mechanisms of thermomechanical processes and their application.

What makes this book unique is a specific focus on aluminum recovery, rather than just recycling in general. It also offers an integrated discussion of scrap recovery and re-melting operations and includes economic as well as technical elements of recycling. Important topics include a discussion of the scrap aluminum marketplace and how secondary aluminum is collected and sorted, the design and operation of furnaces for melting scrap, the refining of molten aluminum, and the recovery and processing of dross from re-melting operations. This second edition features more information on aluminum scrap pricing and the economics of recycling, the analysis of dross processing methods currently in use by the industry, and drosses produced. The book has been updated throughout to include the most up-to-date information.

Oxide semiconductors, including titanium dioxide (TiO2), are increasingly being considered as replacements for silicon in the development of the next generation of solar cells. Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion: Titanium Dioxide presents the basic properties of binary metal oxide semiconductors and the performance-related properties of TiO2 as they relate to solar energy. The book provides a general background on oxide semiconductors based on binary oxides and their solid solutions, including electronic and ionic conductors. It covers several aspects of solid-state electrochemistry of oxides, such as defect chemistry, and defect-related properties, such as electrical properties, diffusion, segregation, and reactivity. The author also takes a pioneering approach in considering bulk versus surface semiconducting properties, showing how they are different due to the effect of segregation. One of the first on semiconducting, photocatalytic, and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 and its solid solutions with donor- and acceptor-type ions, the book discusses defect chemistry of TiO2 in terms of defect equilibria and defect-related properties, including electrical properties, self and chemical diffusion, surface properties, segregation, and reactivity and photoreactivity with oxygen, water, and microbial agents. The text also illustrates the use of TiO2 as an emerging material for solar energy conversion systems, including the generation of hydrogen fuel by photoelectrochemical water splitting, the photocatalytic purification of water, and the generation of photovoltaic electricity. In addition, it presents defect disorder diagrams for the formation of TiO2-based semiconductors with controlled properties. Encompassing the areas of solid-state science, surface chemistry, and photocatalysis, this book reflects the increasing awareness of the importance of structural imperfections, such as point defects, in understanding the properties of metal oxides, specifically TiO2-based semiconductors.

Provides an overview of the effects of environmentally and occupationally important metals on the immune system and host defence. The fist ten chapters in the text focus on particular metals or groups of metals, including arsenic, beryllium, cadmiun, chronium, lead, mercury, nickel and vanadium. Subsequent chapters examine the immunotoxicological effects of trace metals such as indium and platinum and essential metals such as iron, zinc and copper. The main emphasis is on the "in vivo" and "in vitro" effects of these metals on host immune responses in a variety of mammalian species including humans. Each chapter also briefly reviews the history, use, occurance, biology and toxicology of the metals.

A prestigious form of research grant in Germany is the Sonderforschungsbereich, which provides continuous funding over a period of up to 15 years, but only as long as the work is yielding worthwhile results. We acknowledge financial support of our work at Erlangen by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Sonder- forschungsbereich 222. Thanks to this support, the experimental results from six Dr. -Ing. dissertations have provided the basis for our book: 8 * Schweinzer, J. (1987) Heat transfer in bubbling fluidized beds at Ar;a. 10 * Seiter, M. (1990) Particle motion and solids concentration in circulating fluidized beds * Mattmann, W. (1991) Heat transfer in pressurized circulating fluidized beds * Burschka, A. (1993) Pulsed light method * Dietz, S. (1994) Heat transfer in bubbling fluidized beds * Gruber, U. (1995) Heat transfer in lean phase systems This book is the result of the enthusiastic and trustful cooperation of its authors. Nevertheless, we are separate individuals. Chapters 1 to 12 and 19 are by O. Molerus; Chapters 13 to 18 are by K. -E. Wirth. This book came into existence after many rewrites, patiently endured by Mrs Winter, who typed all versions of the manuscript, and by Mrs Scheffler-Kohler, who drew all the figures. Bob Farmer and David Penfold helped us bridge the language gap to produce a readable book. Weare grateful to Professor Brian Scarlett of Delft University, who on behalf of Chapman & Hall allowed us to write this book.

Hydrometallurgy is a field of chemical technology concerned with the production of metals from their ores and secondary sources. Modern hydrometallurgy began with the need to obtain uranium in the 1940s and extended into new areas with the development of pressure hydrometallurgy in the mid-1950s and acceptance of solvent extraction as an industrial scale process for copper production in the late 1960s to early 1970s. With the introduction of new processes for many metals, the present stage of development of hydrometallurgy has come to maturity and a survey of the current state of the field is timely.This book is derived from the lectures on the principles on which hydrometallurgical processes are based, given as part of the undergraudate and MSc courses in hydrometallurgy which Professor A R Burkin gave from 1961 until he retired in 1988.Professor Burkin's earlier book, The Chemistry of Hydrometallurgical Processes, was regarded as the major work in the field. This is his long awaited new textbook.

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are materials that can be tailored to achieve specific properties, influenced by fabrication techniques. "Metal Matrix Composites: Fabrication, Production and 3D Printing" cover various aspects of fabrication, production and new manufacturing techniques including research and development. It includes conventional fabrication techniques and methods required to synthesize micro/nano MMCs. Multivariate approach required to optimize production including development of complex geometries is explained as well. Features: Provides in-depth information on fabrication, production, and advanced manufacturing of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Details about matrix, reinforcement, and application-oriented fabrication processes. Emphasizes on advance processing methods like metal 3D printing, additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques. Provides comprehensive record of fabrication development in MMCs. Focus on materials and application-based processing techniques. This book aims at graduate students, researchers and professionals in micro/nano science and technology, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, metallurgy, and composites.

Steels: Structure and Properties, Fourth Edition is an essential text and reference, providing indispensable foundational content for researchers, metallurgists, and engineers in industry and academia. The book provides inspiring content for undergraduates, yet has a depth that makes it useful to researchers. Steels represent the most used metallic material, possessing a wide range of structures and properties. By examining the properties of steels in conjunction with structure, this book provides a valuable description of the development and behavior of these materials-the very foundation of their widespread use. The new edition has been thoroughly updated, with expanded content and improved organization, yet it retains its clear writing style, extensive bibliographies, and real-life examples.

Plasma etching has long enabled the perpetuation of Moore's Law. Today, etch compensation helps to create devices that are smaller than 20 nm. But, with the constant downscaling in device dimensions and the emergence of complex 3D structures (like FinFet, Nanowire and stacked nanowire at longer term) and sub 20 nm devices, plasma etching requirements have become more and more stringent. Now more than ever, plasma etch technology is used to push the limits of semiconductor device fabrication into the nanoelectronics age. This will require improvement in plasma technology (plasma sources, chamber design, etc.), new chemistries (etch gases, flows, interactions with substrates, etc.) as well as a compatibility with new patterning techniques such as multiple patterning, EUV lithography, Direct Self Assembly, ebeam lithography or nanoimprint lithography. This book presents these etch challenges and associated solutions encountered throughout the years for transistor realization.

Deployment of Rare Earth Materials in Microware Devices, RF Transmitters, and Laser Systems describes the deployment of rare earth materials that offer significant improvement in the RF performance, reliability, weight, and size of microwave devices, RF transmitters, and laser systems. RF components, microware transmitters, laser systems, and special timing devices are described, with an emphasis on improvement in the performance parameters.

Complex metal alloys (CMAs) comprise a huge group of largely unknown alloys and compounds, where many phases are formed with crystal structures based on giant unit cells containing atom clusters, ranging from tens of to more than thousand atoms per unit cell. In these phases, for many phenomena, the physical length scales are substantially smaller than the unit-cell dimension. Hence, these materials offer unique combinations of properties which are mutually exclusive in conventional materials, such as metallic electric conductivity combined with low thermal conductivity, good light absorption with high-temperature stability, high metallic hardness with reduced wetting by liquids, etc.This book is the second of a series of books issued yearly as a deliverable to the European Community of the School established within the European Network of Excellence CMA. Written by reputed experts in the fields of metal physics, surface physics, surface chemistry, metallurgy, and process engineering, this book brings together expertise found inside as well as outside the network to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in CMAs.

Nucleation and Growth of Metals: From Thin Films to Nanoparticles explores how nucleation and growth phenomena condition the morphology and related characteristics of metallic thin films and nanoparticles to help control the functional properties of these objects. The book brings a rigorous theoretical approach to nucleation and growth phenomena, with a particular focus on the essential aspects and outcomes of this theory. The author explores a general framework for the nucleation and growth of condensed phases from liquid solutions. Practical situations are extensively described, providing state-of-the art information on Cu electroplating and related processes for the fabrication of advanced interconnects and elaboration of metallic nanoparticles.

With an unprecedented population boom and rapid industrial development, environmental pollution has become a severe problem for the ecosystem and public health. Classical techniques for sensing and determining environmental contaminants often require complex pretreatments, expensive equipment, and longer testing times. Therefore, new, and state-of-the-art sensing technologies possessing the advantages of excellent sensitivity, rapid detection, ease of use, and suitability for in situ, real-time, and continuous monitoring of environmental pollutants, are highly desirable. Metal-Organic Frameworks-based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring covers the current-state-of-the-art hybrid nanomaterials based on metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical monitoring purposes. Accomplished authors cover various synthetic routes, methods, and theories behind enhancing the electrochemical properties and applications of metal-organic frameworks-based hybrid nanomaterials for electrochemical sensing of environmental pollutants under one roof. This book is essential reading for all academic and industrial researchers working in the fields of materials science and nanotechnology.

The use of conducting polymers for the anticorrosion protection of metals has attracted great interest during the last 30 years. The design and development of conducting polymers-based coating systems with commercial viability is expected to be advanced by applying nanotechnology and has received substantial attention recently. This book begins with corrosion fundamentals and ends with an emphasis on developments made in conducting polymer science and technology using nanotechnology. Additionally, it gives a detailed account of experimental methods of corrosion testing.

This book is intended for readers desiring a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in widegap II-VI materials research for opto-electronic applications and basic insight into the fundamental underlying principles. Therefore, it is hoped that this book will serve two purposes. Firstly, to educate newcomers to this exciting area of physics and technology and, secondly, to provide specialists with useful references and new insights in related areas of II-VI materials research. The motivation for preparing this book originated from the need for a current review of this fertile and important field. A primary goal of this book is therefore to present an eclectic synthesis of these sometimes diverse fields of investigation. This book consists of three main sections, namely (1) Growth and Properties, (2) Materials Characterization and (3) Devices. Part One presents an overall perspective of the state of the art in the preparation of the widegap II-VI materials. Part Two concentrates on current topics pertinent to the characterization of these materials from the unique perspective of each of the authors. Part Three focuses on advances in the opto-electronic applications of these materials. The material in this section runs the gamut from addressing recent advances in device areas which date back to some of the earliest reported research in these materials, to tackling some quite new and exciting future directions.