This issue of "Progress in Brain Research" is split over 2 volumes, bringing together cutting-edge research on functional neural transplantation. The 2 volumes review current knowledge and understanding, provide a starting point for researchers and practitioners entering the field, and build a platform for further research and discovery.
Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research
Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered
All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

There have been important developments in materials and therapies for the treatment of spinal conditions. Biomaterials for spinal surgery summarises this research and how it is being applied for the benefit of patients.
After an introduction to the subject, part one reviews fundamental issues such as spinal conditions and their pathologies, spinal loads, modelling and osteobiologic agents in spinal surgery. Part two discusses the use of bone substitutes and artificial intervertebral discs whilst part three covers topics such as the use of injectable biomaterials like calcium phosphate for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty as well as scoliosis implants. The final part of the book summarises developments in regenerative therapies such as the use of stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration.
With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Biomaterials for spinal surgery is a standard reference for both those developing new biomaterials and therapies for spinal surgery and those using them in clinical practice.
Summarises recent developments in materials and therapies for the treatment of spinal conditions and examines how it is being applied for the benefit of patientsReviews fundamental issues such as spinal conditions and their pathologies, spinal loads, modelling and osteobiologic agents in spinal surgeryDiscusses the use of bone substitutes and artificial intervertebral discs and covers topics such as the use of injectable biomaterials like calcium phosphate for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty

As a single-source volume on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM), previous editions of this celebrated resource amounted to a mission statement from the pioneer generation in intraoperative neurophysiology, converting insights, techniques, and perspectives into tools providing clinical utility for the assessment of the nervous system in patients who could not be assessed by a standard neurological examination. Now directed by a new generation of experts, this thoroughly illustrated Third Edition is updated with new case material, images, videos, practice guidelines, references, and technologies, and is intended for those who encounter IOM in the operating room and intensive care unit, including anesthesiologists, technologists, neurophysiologists, surgeons, and nurses, as well as graduate students and trainees. Offering topical, applicable information, this accessible reference and teaching tool provides practical knowledge to help students, trainees, and team members better understand one another's roles, thereby improving patient safety and care.

This book focuses on the exciting recent progress in restorative neurology and neuroscience. The book includes chapters on major neurodegenerative disorders of the brain and the visual system, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, spinal cord trauma, and multiple sclerosis. The primary goal of the book is to give an overview of new developments in translational research and in potential therapeutic strategies, including stem cell therapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, pharmacotherapy, neuroprostheses and deep brain stimulation.
* Provides the reader with a unique overview over all aspects of new advances in the therapy of neurological and psychiatric disorders
* Covers all levels of biological organization including novel molecular and cellular targets, electrophysiological, anatomical and behavioural substrates of neurodegeneration and the application of whole brain in vivo imaging
* Broad focus with contributions by the top scientists worldwide in the respective disciplines

This book provides a valuable guide to understanding idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), which is a very complex and painful disease. It is a chronic, often disabling condition resulting in headaches, visual loss, and ringing in the ears. This condition was thought to be rare but is becoming much more common, especially as the population becomes more overweight. Patients with this condition often suffer from intractable headaches with poor quality of life. Very few physicians specialize in this condition, and as a result, there is almost no information or resources available to those trying to understand this condition. The text is designed to take very complex neurosurgical anatomy, principles, and treatments and reduce them down into simple principles. The book contains 12 chapters, each organized into distinct sections. All chapters also contain key points from those paragraphs to summarize useful take home messages. Written by an expert specializing in this debilitating condition, Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Explained serves as a valuable guide towards understanding and treating IIH. The ultimate goal is to empower patients and families with knowledge about the disease.

Fluid management is the basis of all clinical management in neurosurgical patients. This is a complete book on transfusion practice in clinical neurosciences. It covers in detail the fluids and blood transfusion practice, also discussing the role of total parenteral nutrition in relation to neurologic patients. The importance of fluid management clinically can be seen as on one hand it plays a significant role in maintaining the hydration of the patient and on the other provides sufficient relaxation to the brain to facilitate surgery. The use of hyperosmolar therapy is unique to the practice of clinical neurosciences. Certain fluid types such as those containing glucose are detrimental to the brain. Likewise, large fluid shifts and blood loss are often observed during neurosurgical procedures. It is relevant to understand the physiology of blood and blood transfusion. This book covers all of these topics in their true relevance. It also provides an evidence-based practice of fluid administration for all neurologic patients including, pediatric and geriatric. The proposed book will be useful for trainees and clinicians in any field of clinical neurosciences. It would be very useful for residents and fellows pursuing their courses in neuroanesthesia, neurocritical care, neurosurgery, emergency medicine, anesthesia, and critical care. Fellows, Resident doctors, postgraduates, and even undergraduates would be benefited from this book. The book would be a ready-reckoner and useful during the clinical practice of physicians from varied specialties.

The earliest human known to have the capability of walking erect on two legs is Sahelanphropus, who lived 6 million years ago. The ability to stand erect led to required extensive changes in the human skeleton, including significant changes in the cervical spine. In modern humans, the cervical spine holds the head upright and gives it great mobility. The combination of great mobility in this spinal segment combined with the requirement that it carry significant weight makes the cervical spine susceptible to a wide variety of pathologies. The cervical spine not only supports the head upright, but acts as a channel for the full set of neural elements connecting the brain with all near and distant parts of the body; thus, pathologies involving the spinal column in this segment directly affect the cervical spinal cord and exiting nerve roots. Today, excellence in spine surgery requires a thorough understanding of spinal anatomy, relevant neurology, and biomechanics, as well as skilled use of a variety of surgical techniques. The surgeon must master the ability to effectively select from a wide and constantly changing variety of alternative instrumentations and surgical approaches. In addition, the trend towards reducing the invasiveness of surgical procedures has led to the use of smaller and smaller tools and smaller surgical incisions with more limited views of the relevant anatomy. As a result of the rapid pace of change, the choice of an optimal technique in any given situation is increasingly complex. In this book, we begin with a basic review of anatomy, neurology, neurophysiology, and biomechanics. We also discuss clinical and radiological assessment required for a differential diagnosis, and present a thorough discussion of the importance of sagittal alignment of the spine and the utility of gait analysis. We proceed with a thorough discussion of nontraumatic pathologies causing cervical myelopathy, beginning with the craniocervical junction down through the subaxial spine, in pediatric and adult populations. This discussion includes steps in the differential diagnosis for specific pathologies, surgical techniques and nuances, radiation-based treatment alternatives, and special topics ranging from the use of stem cells to robotics and endoscopic surgery. We have attempted to provide both fundamental and state-of-the-art knowledge and to share the rich experience of some of the leading spine surgeons worldwide, with the aim of enabling surgeons at all levels to advance their own capabilities for performing safe and successful procedures in this area of complex anatomy.

The quintessential guide to state-of-the-art instrumentation in minimally invasive spine surgery In recent decades, technological innovations in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) have revolutionized spine surgery. The integration of devices tailored to MIS spine techniques has allowed spine surgeons to tackle more complex spinal pathologies and generate new ways to improve clinical outcomes. Instrumentation for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery by renowned orthopaedic surgeon Kern Singh and esteemed collaborators, provides practical, evidence-based insights into important surgical decisions spine surgeons face every day. The primary goal of this book is to help spine surgeons navigate a daunting number of available devices and leverage the optimal ones to achieve improved patient outcomes. Organized in 3 parts and 16 chapters, the text starts with the past, present, and future of MIS spinal instrumentation. The first two parts detail cutting-edge posterior and lateral approaches with discussion of required devices. The final part covers percutaneous cement augmentation, biologics, and navigation systems. The text combines a thorough review of empirical literature with expert experience and manufacturer specifications to elucidate the advantages and capabilities of currently available instrumentation. Key Highlights Discussion of commonly used MIS spinal instrumentation including retractors; percutaneous pedicle, cortical, and facet screw systems; interbody cages; and fixation systems Concise, yet in-depth technical descriptions include an introduction and potential complications, followed by design features, modular aspects, applicable procedures, and compatible devices for each type High-quality detailed images provide greater understanding of techniques This unique book is an essential surgical companion for orthopaedic and neurosurgical residents and fellows, as well as spine surgeons who wish to incorporate MIS techniques into clinical practice. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

A state-of-the-art resource on current and future advances in the treatment of intradural spinal tumors Tumors of the spinal canal provide unique challenges in terms of surgical approaches and oncological treatment. Management requires in-depth knowledge of the intricate anatomical relationships between the tumors and normal spinal pathways, restricted corridors of entry, and limitations of drug penetration. Over the past few decades, significant strides have been made in the treatment of these tumors. Development of minimally invasive techniques and greater understanding of these pathologies has resulted in improved safety, precision, and outcomes. Tumors of the Spinal Canal: Surgical Approaches and Future Therapies by Ankit I. Mehta and esteemed contributors is the most comprehensive textbook written to date on this topic. The book starts with two opening chapters covering an overview and anatomy, followed by three sections and 11 chapters on intramedullary spinal tumors, intradural extramedullary tumors, and peripheral nerve tumors. The comprehensive review encompasses anatomy, pathophysiology, therapeutic and surgical advances, diverse surgical techniques, and future directions. Throughout the text, readers are provided with the necessary tools to master management of these clinically difficult tumors, from both a medical and surgical standpoint. Key Highlights Treatment algorithms, clinical study summaries, and differential diagnoses presented in reader-friendly tables enhance acquisition and retention of knowledge Comprehensive analyses and pearls from masters provide insights on how to manage complications and improve patient outcomes Discussion of current research innovations, clinical trials, and future directions that have the potential to change the treatment paradigm Neurosurgical residents, spine fellows, and complex spine surgeons will benefit from reading this resource, while the intradural spinal tumor treatment paradigms provide an invaluable clinical tool for neurooncologists and oncologists. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

This atlas provides a selection of operations for intra- and extradural pathologies of the spinal cord and its nerve roots. Pathologies involving the spinal cord threaten the patients mobility, independence or even life. Fortunately, the overwhelming majority are of benign nature, so that surgery plays an important role or even represents their treatment of choice. With modern imaging and microsurgical techniques neurological functions can be maintained or even improved for the majority of patients.The content is presented in a standardized fashion: the preoperative history is followed by preoperative images leading to a preoperative diagnosis and surgical strategy. The intraoperative images intend to illustrate individual surgical steps one after the other to guide the reader through each of these operations. Each case is concluded with postoperative images and information on clinical outcome.The atlas features extradural soft tissue tumors, intradural extramedullary and intramedullary tumors, malformations of the craniocervical junction and spinal canal, spinal arteriovenous malformations and pathologies of spinal meninges. The operations selected are meant to provide an overview covering different aspects of each pathology. With more than 1400 intraoperative images this atlas may serve as a reference for neurosurgeons dealing with spinal cord pathologies.

This concise digest offers a practically oriented and up-to-date overview of all subjects in pediatric surgery according to the European surgical curriculum. Additionally, interdisciplinary aspects concerning pediatrics, adult surgery, obstetrics and other disciplines working with children are considered. The tables enable quick access to indications for the operative and conservative therapy with schematic step-by-step illustrations for nearly all surgical procedures.

The quintessential guide to endoscopic skull base reconstruction from multidisciplinary experts Due to close collaboration between otorhinolaryngologists and neurosurgeons, endoscopic endonasal brain surgery has become part of the surgical armamentarium for successful treatment of various cranial base pathologies. Today, it is considered the gold standard surgical technique for many types of skull base tumors. Techniques and Key Points for Endoscopic Cranial Base Reconstruction by pioneering otorhinolaryngologist Carlos D. Pinheiro-Neto and neurosurgeon Maria Peris-Celda, co-editor of Thieme's acclaimed Rhoton's Atlas of Head, Neck, and Brain, encompasses the most important endoscopic cranial base reconstruction techniques performed in the last two decades. The book features contributions from an impressive group of additional experts in this field. Comprised of 26 reader-friendly chapters divided into seven sections, the book starts with discussion of general principles of endoscopic cranial base reconstruction. Sections II through VI provide step-by-step descriptions of reconstructive approaches utilizing diverse flaps including nasoseptal, intranasal, extranasal, and free grafts, followed by free flaps. The final section details management of seven challenging cases that enrich practical clinical experience, from free flap reconstruction to recalcitrant cerebrospinal fluid leak. Key Highlights Decision-making rationales and pearls regarding selection of the most efficacious reconstructive techniques. Consistently formatted chapters feature a succinct review of anatomical concepts integral to each procedure, detailed descriptions for each surgical step, and alternative options. High-quality and meticulous anatomical dissections performed at the editors' anatomy laboratory and beautiful illustrations depict the flow of operations essential to understanding surgical nuances. Nineteen narrated videos visually demonstrate techniques and consolidate learning. This must-have, comprehensive resource will help skull base surgeons master the latest techniques, avoid complications, and achieve improved outcomes for their patients. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

A practical and succinct guide to neurophysiological monitoring for safer brain tumor surgery The surgical treatment of infiltrating brain tumors is an extremely challenging and often highly rewarding facet of neurosurgery. The decision-making process involves deeply human interconnections with patients and relatives, cutting-edge neuroscience, and fascinating technology. Video Atlas of Neurophysiological Monitoring in Surgery of Infiltrating Brain Tumors by renowned oncological neurosurgeon Michael Sabel and esteemed contributors demonstrates the practical applications of neurophysiological monitoring to achieve safe removal of infiltrating brain tumors in asleep and awake settings. Organized in three primary parts, the book starts with an introduction including a discussion of the impact and challenges posed by infiltrating gliomas and cerebral metastases and the philosophy behind supramarginal resection. The second part covers critical theoretical components including relevant anatomy, nervous system electricity and fields, transcranial monitoring methods and principles, and direct cortical and subcortical mapping including awake brain surgery. The final part provides insightful, practical guidance on decision making, monitoring set-up, planning of surgical cases, and a summary of accompanying videos. Key Highlights Discussion of impacted anatomy, physiology of the neural pathways monitored in brain tumor surgery, and key neurophysiological techniques for monitoring and testing during resection Instructive illustrations coupled with concise explanations enhance knowledge and facilitate understanding of techniques Fifteen videos covering real-life intraoperative cases provide in-depth insights on applying IONM principles to infiltrating brain tumors This is an essential resource for any neurosurgeon involved or interested in brain tumor surgery, from residents and fellows to board-certified neurosurgeons not yet trained in this field. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

This text presents a comprehensive and state-of the-art approach to stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. Overarching sections include achieving stereotactic precision, defining trajectories and targets, the biophysics of stereotactic therapies, diseases and targets, and the future of functional neurosurgery. Each section is designed to be inclusive of all relevant topics, serving as an unbiased resource to new clinicians in this field or established clinicians that are aiming to better understand complementary methods. Importantly, each section and the associated chapters can be used by basic and translational scientists as well as engineers and industry to better understand and deliver innovation to the field. Chapters within each section methodically analyze traditional and recently emerging concepts and techniques; address underlying principles with examples drawn from specific diseases and applications; and cover patient selection, target selection, available stereotactic methods, nuanced surgical methods, and clinical evidence across treatment options. Written by experts in each area, Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery is a definitive guide to the latest developments in stereotactic targeting, electrode implantation, surgical treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders, the renaissance of stereotactic lesions, and the frontier of restorative neurosurgery for a variety of disorders that have no other therapeutic options.

This book introduces a new medical device, the ZiNeu catheter, and explains its use for the non-surgical interventional treatment of degenerative spinal disease, including spinal stenosis. In particular, the device can directly alleviate stenosis of the intervertebral foramen or central canal and perineural adhesions, resulting in reductions in back pain, leg pain, and neurogenic claudication. The ZiNeu device was invented by the author and the JUVENUI company. It now has CE certification and is exportable to Europe. The book opens by explaining the concepts of epidural balloon decompression and adhesiolysis and outlining the types and features of the ZiNeu catheter. The full range of procedures using the ZiNeu series, ZiNeuF series, and the ZiNeuF03 catheter is then described and illustrated, and guidance provided on key aspects of decision making and post-procedure management. The book will be of interest to all specialists in pain management.

This book is a comprehensive, focused resource on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM). This rapidly evolving field has created a demand for an up-to-date book such as this that builds on foundational concepts necessary to the practice of IOM in the context of anatomy and physiology. Each chapter is designed to not only inform the reader, but to also test the reader on the information presented - therefore promoting practical, problem-based learning. Surpassing the quality of its successful predecessor, Principles of Neurophysiological Assessment, Mapping, and Monitoring, Second Edition, is positioned to suit the needs of residents and fellows studying for the IOM certificate programs, physicians and anesthesiologists practicing IOM, and neurotechnologists both experienced and in training.

This issue of Neurosurgery Clinics, guest edited by Dr. Michael A. Vogelbaum, is devoted to Glioblastoma, Part I: Surgical Management and Adjuncts. This is one of four issues selected each year by the series Consulting Editors, Russell R. Lonser and Daniel K. Resnick. Articles in this issue include: Perioperative Management of Patients with Glioblastoma, Role of Resection in Glioblastoma Management, Advancing Imaging to Enhance Surgery, Intraoperative Imaging for High-Grade Glioma Surgery, Use of Intraoperative Fluorophores, Extent of Resection of Glioblastoma, Functional Mapping for Glioma Surgery: Preoperative Mapping Tools, Functional Mapping for Glioma Surgery: Intraoperative Mapping Tools, Surgical Adjuncts for Glioblastoma, Window of Opportunity Clinical Trials to Evaluate Novel Therapies for Brain Tumors, Stereotactic Laser Ablation of Glioblastoma, Radiosurgery for Glioblastoma, Challenges Associated with Reoperation in Patients with Glioma, and Surgery for Glioblastoma in Elderly Patients.

Clinical neurophysiologic testing plays a critical role as a complement to the clinical assessment in patients who are being evaluated for a variety of neurologic symptoms. Many different techniques and methods of assessment can be used to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potentials, movement disorder studies, and sleep studies. An accurate understanding of the role of these tests and reliable technical performance and interpretation of these studies is critical in clinical practice. This new edition in the Contemporary Neurology Series remains an essential resource for physicians and technologists learning or utilizing clinical neurophysiology in their training or practice. This fifth edition updates the basic concepts underlying each of the techniques used in clinical neurophysiology and provides detailed descriptions of the methods, findings, studies, and value of the wide range of electrophysiologic testing available for patients with epilepsy and spells, neuromuscular diseases, movement disorders, demyelinating diseases, sleep disorders, autonomic disorders, and those undergoing orthopaedic and neurosurgical procedures in the operative setting. The role of each type of study, the interpretation of findings, and the application of the studies to different types of clinical problems are detailed throughout the text. It is a practical textbook for neurologists, physiatrists and clinical neurophysiologists in clinical or research practice or in training.

This book answers frequently asked questions about common pediatric neurosurgical conditions related to vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord, in an attempt to fill in the gap and answer numerous questions that arises after a diagnosis is made. Pediatric patients with neurosurgical conditions are almost always referred from either primary care physicians, neurologists internists or a specialist in family medicine. Recently, neurosurgeons treating adult population also refer a pediatric patient to their colleague specialized in this field. There are over 1500 academic and private hospitals in the US who have dedicated tertiary Neurosurgery services and cater thousands of small children every year, in addition to numerous centers that have level 1 and 2 trauma care. However, there are few tertiary level Pediatric centers which can provide quality care for neurosurgical conditions. This book is specially written and illustrated for residents, fellows and consultants/attendings in all pediatric related specialties, including but not limited to Neurosurgery, Neurology, Pediatrics, Radiology, Anesthesia.

This book offers focused and concise coverage of all issues relating to malnutrition in the field of neurology, and in particular addresses practical aspects of nutritional support from a neurology perspective. In addition to providing basic knowledge on important nutritional concepts (body metabolism, assessment and diagnosis of malnutrition, epidemiology, enteral/parenteral nutrition), detailed information is presented on nutritional support for various neurologic disorders handled in a variety of settings, including the neurointensive care unit. Much consideration is also given to the diagnosis and management of dysphagia, which is a common and highly critical cause of malnutrition in these patients. Finally, the newly developing concept of neuronutrition (or brain foods) - the use of certain nutrients for treatment of neurologic disorders - is discussed. By providing practical solutions to commonly encountered challenges in the nutritional management of neurologic patients, this book will prove a valuable resource for practicing neurologists in a wide variety of fields. It will also be very useful for medical personnel from other specialties such as clinical nutrition, critical care, and geriatric medicine.

This book describes in practical terms the endoscopic neurosurgery of the third ventricle and surrounding structures, emphasizing aspects of intraoperative endoscopic anatomy and ventricular approaches for main diseases, complemented by CT / MRI images. It is divided in two parts: Part I describes the evolution of the description of the ventricular system and traditional ventricular anatomy, besides the endoscopic neurosurgery evolution and current concepts, with images and schematic drawings, while Part II presents a collection of intraoperative images of endoscopic procedures, focusing in anatomy and main pathologies, complemented by schemes of the surgical approaches and CT / MRI images. The Atlas of Endoscopic Neurosurgery of the Third Ventricle offers a revealing guide to the subject, addressing the needs of medical students, neuroscientists, neurologists and especially neurosurgeons.

This text addresses all aspects of patient evaluation and care. This includes new findings in imaging that provide a better understanding of the extent of the lesion as well as its relationship with critical neuroanatomic function. The evolution of intraoperative imaging, functional brain mapping,and technology to identify tumor from brain is covered. This has significantly improved the ability of surgeons to more safely and aggressively remove tumors.More importantly, a better understanding of tumor biology and genomics has created an opportunity to significantly revise tumor classification and better select optimal therapy for individual patients. The text covers novel and innovative treatment options including immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antiangiogenic agents,and personalized cancer treatment. In addition, novel agent delivery techniques are covered to offer the potential for increasing the effectiveness of treatment by delivering active agents directly where they are needed most. Malignant Brain Tumors: State-of-the-Art Treatment provides a comprehensive overview of treatment for malignant gliomas, and will prove useful by updating physicians on new therapeutic paradigms and what is on the horizon for the near future. This text will be informative for surgeons, oncologists, neurologists, residents and students who treat these patients,as well as those who are training for a career in managing patients with these challenging tumors.

This book covers all aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the jugular foramen - cranial base lesions that present particular diagnostic and management difficulties and remain challenging to remove despite advances in surgery and interventional neuroradiology. The authors have developed novel concepts and surgical techniques relating to management of the facial nerve, reconstruction of the cranial base, and resection of large tumors with intra- and extracranial extension. These techniques, as well as anatomic studies in cadavers, are presented by means of surgical photographs, illustrations, and videos. Tumors of the Jugular Foramen will be of interest to all specialists involved in the management of these challenging tumors, including neurosurgeons, ENT surgeons, neuroradiologists, neurologists, neurointensivists, radiotherapists, oncologists, and physiotherapists.

This volume provides an overview of new concepts in neurovascular interventions based on clinical and scientific knowledge of cerebrovascular disorders. It especially focuses on subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebrovascular malformations, e.g. aneurysms, arterio-venous malformations, and cavernomas. A separate part addresses cerebral revascularization for both complex aneurysms and ischemia. All contributions were written by recognized experts and cover original papers presented at the 7th European Japanese Stroke Surgery Conference, held in Verona, Italy in June 2014. The authors present new trends and strategies for managing emerging problems, as well as in-depth discussions on controversial issues in the field.

The first work of its kind devoted to the pelvis and lower limb, Surgical Anatomy of the Sacral Plexus and Its Branches clearly explains and illustrates this important subset of peripheral nervous system anatomy. Ideal for physicians and residents from a wide range of medical and surgical disciplines, this unique title details new methods of imaging the sacral plexus, as well as its pathology and appropriate surgical approaches. Demonstrates the surgical anatomy of each branch of the sacral plexus using fresh cadaveric dissections. Color-codes nerves to differentiate them from other tissues and dissects them in a layer-by-layer manner. Complies the knowledge and expertise of renowned clinical anatomists and researchers Dr. R. Shane Tubbs and Dr. Joe Iwanaga in this key area of surgical anatomy