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Books > Science & Mathematics > Chemistry > Physical chemistry > Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry & radiation
Concentrating on techniques for the detection and measurement of radioactivity, this book offers a guide to selecting the type of counter, type of source sample, duration for which the counting must be made, and the radiation emitted by the isotope for its efficient detection. It introduces a novel concept to explain not only the decay processes but also the selection of counting procedures for detecting and measuring radioactivity. The author builds up the foundation from the nature of the interaction of radiation with matter. He also highlights the differences between an ordinary chemical laboratory and a radiochemical one.
Summarizing all the latest trends and recent topics in one handy volume, this book covers everything needed for a solid understanding of photochromic materials. Following a general introduction to organic photochromic materials, the authors move on to discuss not only the underlying theory but also the properties of such materials. After a selection of pplications, they look at the latest achievements in traditional solution-phase applications, including photochromic-based molecular logic operations and memory, optically modulated supramolecular system and sensors, as well as light-tunable chemical reactions. The book then describes the hotspot areas of photo-switchable surfaces and nanomaterials, photochromic-based luminescence/electronic devices and bulk materials together with light-regulated biological and bio-chemical systems. The authors conclude with a focus on current industrial applications and the future outlook for these materials. Written with both senior researchers and entrants to the field in mind.
As useful to students and nuclear professionals as its popular predecessors, this fifth edition provides the most up-to-date and accessible introduction to radiation detector materials, systems, and applications. There have been many advances in the field of radiation detection, most notably in practical applications. Incorporating these important developments, Measurement and Detection of Radiation, Fifth Edition provides the most up-to-date and accessible introduction to radiation detector materials, systems, and applications. It also includes more problems and updated references and bibliographies, and step-by-step derivations and numerous examples illustrate key concepts. New to the Fifth Edition: * Expanded chapters on semiconductor detectors, data analysis methods, health physics fundamentals, and nuclear forensics. * Updated references and bibliographies. * New and expanded problems.
Intended as a reference handbook of quantities used in dosimetry of ionizing radiations. Fields of application are radiological protection, environmental radiation, health physics, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy, radiobiology, radiopharmacy and radiation chemistry. The book is in three parts. The first part deals with electrons, X-rays and gamma-rays. The second part contains data for heavy charged particles ranging from protons to uranium ions, and the final part is concerned with neutrons. Quantities tabulated include quality paramenters recommended by the International Commissions of Radiological Protection and of radiation quantities units and measurements.
This completely new and innovative textbook provides a comprehensive account of pericyclic reactions and organic photochemistry for undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The approach is based on mechanism and reaction type, and the subject matter is developed and concentrated on better understanding rather than on merely grasping factual knowledge. Basics of the subject are explained in thorough details in this title. Important points are revisited and mentioned wherever they are relevant. This title provides over 200 excellent thought-provoking textual problems. Glossary and questions for self-assessment are given at the end of each chapter. The most important aspect of this book is Chapter 14 which contains about 400 problems and their solutions based on pericyclic reactions and photochemistry. Applied photochemistry is also discussed in the book.
This statistics textbook, with particular emphasis on radiation
protection and dosimetry, deals with statistical solutions to
problems inherent in health physics measurements and decision
making.
Gas-phase ion chemistry is a broad field which has many
applications and which encompasses various branches of chemistry
and physics. An application that draws together many of these
branches is the synthesis of molecules in interstellar clouds. This
was part of the motivation for studies on the neutralization of
ions by electrons and on isomerization in ion-neutral associations.
The results of investigations of particular aspects of ion dynamics
are presented in this volume. Solvation in ion-molecule reactions
is discussed and extended to include multiply charged ions by the
application of electrospray techniques. This volume also provides a
wealth of information on reaction thermodynamics which is critical
in determining reaction spontaneity and availability of reaction
channels. More focused studies are also presented towards the end
of this volume, relating to the ionization process and its
nature.
Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Photochemical Modes showcases the latest advances in solar cell technology while offering valuable insight into the future of solar energy conversion and storage. Focusing on photochemical methods of converting and/or storing light energy in the form of electrical or chemical energy, the book: Describes various types of solar cells, including photovoltaic cells, photogalvanic cells, photoelectrochemical cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells Covers the photogeneration of hydrogen, photoreduction of carbon dioxide, and artificial/mimicking photosynthesis Discusses the generation of electricity from solar cells, as well as methods for storing solar energy in the form of chemical energy Highlights existing photochemical methods of solar energy conversion and storage Explores emerging trends such as the use of nanoparticles Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Photochemical Modes provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art reference for graduate students, researchers, and engineers alike.
The first source on this expanding analytical science, this reference explores advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and the detection of biowarfare agents. Compiled by the pioneer of this highly innovative technology, this volume provides contributions from 16 leading authorities. They discuss the simulation of ECL behavior using commercial software, summarize key characteristics of organic ECL systems, and cover developments in metal chelate ECL.
This text discusses di-p-methane rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates, the photo-Fries rearrangement in organized media and of biologically active compounds, electron transfer leading to fragmentation, dimerization, and nucleophilic capture, and the characterization and reactivity of photochemically generated phenylene bis(diradical) species. The authors reveal experimental and computational techniques for the study of phenylene-linked carbenes and nitrenes. Brimming with over 900 references, Photochemistry of Organic Molecules in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media is crucial for professionals and students in photochemistry; chemical engineering; materials and semiconductor science; and organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.
This book provides a first authoritative text on radiochromic film, covering the basic principles, technology advances, practical methods, and applications. It focuses on practical uses of radiochromic film in radiation dosimetry for diagnostic x-rays, brachytherapy, radiosurgery, external beam therapies (photon, electron, protons), stereotactic body radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and other emerging radiation technologies. The expert authors address basic concepts, advantages, and the main applications including kilovoltage, brachytherapy, megavoltage, electron beam, proton beam, skin dose, in vivo dosimetry, postal and clinical trial dosimetry. The final chapters discuss the state of the art in microbeam, synchrotron radiation, and ultraviolet radiation dosimetry.
This book provides a first comprehensive summary of the basic principles, instrumentation, methods, and clinical applications of three-dimensional dosimetry in modern radiation therapy treatment. The presentation reflects the major growth in the field as a result of the widespread use of more sophisticated radiotherapy approaches such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy and proton therapy, which require new 3D dosimetric techniques to determine very accurately the dose distribution. It is intended as an essential guide for those involved in the design and implementation of new treatment technology and its application in advanced radiation therapy, and will enable these readers to select the most suitable equipment and methods for their application. Chapters include numerical data, examples, and case studies.
Cleavage of water to its constituents (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) for production of hydrogen energy at an industrial scale is one of the "holy grails" of materials science. That can be done by utilizing the renewable energy resource i.e. sunlight and photocatalytic material. The sunlight and water are abundant and free of cost available at this planet. But the development of a stable, efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic material to split water is still a great challenge. To develop the effective materials for photocatalytic water splitting, various type of materials with different sizes and structures from nano to giant have been explored that includes metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and so on. Fundamental concepts and state of art materials for the water splitting are also discussed to understand the phenomenon/mechanism behind the photoelectrochemical water splitting. This book gives a comprehensive overview and description of the manufacturing of photocatalytic materials and devices for water splitting by controlling the chemical composition, particle size, morphology, orientation and aspect ratios of the materials. The real technological breakthroughs in the development of the photoactive materials with considerable efficiency, are well conversed to bring out the practical aspects of the technique and its commercialization.
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) played a sinister role in the race for nuclear energy during the World War II. It was a key factor in Germany's bid to harness atomic energy primarily as a source of electric power; its acute shortage was a factor in Japan's decision not to pursue seriously nuclear weaponry; its very existence was a nagging thorn in the side of the Allied powers. Books and films have dwelt on the Allies' efforts to deny the Germans heavy water by military means; however, a history of heavy water has yet to be written. Filling this gap, Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy concentrates on the circumstances whereby Norway became the preeminent producer of heavy water and on the scientific role the rare isotope of hydrogen played in the wartime efforts by the Axis and Allied powers alike. Instead of a purely technical treatise on heavy water, the book describes the social history of the subject. The book covers the discovery and early uses of deuterium before World War II and its large-scale production by Norsk Hydro in Norway, especially under German control. It also discusses the French-German race for the Norwegian heavy-water stocks in 1940 and heavy water's importance for the subsequent German uranium project, including the Allied sabotage and bombing of the Norwegian plants, as well as its lesser role in Allied projects, especially in the United States and Canada. The book concludes with an overall assessment of the importance and the perceived importance of heavy water for the German program, which alone staked everything on heavy water in its quest for a nuclear chain reaction.
Since the publication of the second edition of this handbook in 1993, the field of photochemical sciences has continued to expand across several disciplines including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biological chemistries, and, most recently, nanosciences. Emphasizing the important role light-induced processes play in all of these fields, the Handbook of Photochemistry, Third Edition provides quick and convenient access to chemical and physical data that are crucial to photochemical investigations from the planning and experimentation phases to the interpretation of results. The third edition of the Handbook of Photochemistry offers detailed overviews of the photochemical processes that occur in organic molecules and transition metal complexes, written by leading experts around the world. The authors maintain the highly regarded organization of data from previous editions while updating and expanding its tables with data pertaining to hundreds of new compounds. The book now contains sections focusing on metal complexes and organometallic compounds, offering photophysical and quenching data as well as reduction potential values, a key factor in photochemical electron transfer processes. It also features new information on light sources and filters, chemical actinometry, solutions to common problems in photoluminescence measurements, and lab-friendly techniques pertaining to experimental UV/visible spectroscopy and irradiation methodologies. The Handbook of Photochemistry delivers an exhaustive, up-to-date collection of photophysical and electrochemical data on organic compounds and transition metal complexes. It represents an invaluable compilation of complementary data, background information, and references for students, researchers, and spectroscopists performing a vast assortment of photochemical experiments.
The first comprehensive source on this ever-expanding analytical science, this reference explores recent advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques utilizing electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and the detection of biowarfare agents. Compiled by the pioneer of this highly innovative technology, Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence surveys the use of ECL systems for the development of light-emitting devices, as well as the measurement and identification of biologically important compounds. It provides more than 1150 references, 240 tables, and contributions from 16 leading authorities on the subject, identifying promising research pathways, trends, challenges and topics of vital importance to field progression.; It discusses the simulation of ECL behavior using commercial software, summarizes key characteristics of the most common organic ECL systems, covers the latest developments in metal chelate ECL, and describes the use of flow injection, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis in conjunctio
This text discusses di-p-methane rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates, the photo-Fries rearrangement in organized media and of biologically active compounds, electron transfer leading to fragmentation, dimerization, and nucleophilic capture, and the characterization and reactivity of photochemically generated phenylene bis(diradical) species. The authors reveal experimental and computational techniques for the study of phenylene-linked carbenes and nitrenes. Brimming with over 900 references, Photochemistry of Organic Molecules in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media is crucial for professionals and students in photochemistry; chemical engineering; materials and semiconductor science; and organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.
This text examines organic, physical and materials photochemistry. It reports the first example of a TiO2 sensitization with a fullerene-based donor-acceptor dyad, and covers halophenols, diflusinal photochemistry, hydroxystyrenes, acetylenes, and other related compounds. The volume also investigates whether c, d-alkenes influence the efficiency and course of light-induced reactions, and more
This long-awaited, revised and updated reference/text combines a thorough description of the origin and application of fundamental chemical kinetics through an assessment of realistic reactor problems with an expanded discussion of kinetics and its relation to chemical thermodynamics. Provides exercises of gradiating difficulty that range from simple applications of equations and concepts developed in the text to open-ended situations drawing on creative thinking Adds a host of worked-out illustrations and a notation list after each chapter, reinforcing important concepts Retaining the careful organization and logical progression of ideas that characterized the first edition, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design clarifies chain and polymerization reactions in greater depth contains new material on microbial and enzyme kinetics and adsorption-desorption theory streamlines the presentation of the derivations arising from the kinetic theory of gases addresses transport effect in catalytic reactions explains gas-solid noncatalytic reactions covers the development of two-phase reactor theory based on plug flow, mixing cell, and dispersion models introduces theory and design of fluid slurry and trickle beds examines catalyst deactivation phenomena, ion exchange, and chromatographic reactors and more Including over 1450 equations for developing rational chemical reactor designs and analysis models, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design is an excellent reference for chemical, mechanical, petroleum, plant, process, civil, and design engineers, and an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
Focuses on complex naturally occurring and synthetic supramolecular arrays. The text describes applications of photochemistry in cystalline organic matrices; covers two-component crystals - crystalline molecular compounds, mixed crystals and simple mechanical mixtures - in solid and liquid phases; assesses photoinduced fragmentation of carbon-heteroatom bonds; and more.
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) played a sinister role in the race for nuclear energy during the World War II. It was a key factor in Germany's bid to harness atomic energy primarily as a source of electric power; its acute shortage was a factor in Japan's decision not to pursue seriously nuclear weaponry; its very existence was a nagging thorn in the side of the Allied powers. Books and films have dwelt on the Allies' efforts to deny the Germans heavy water by military means; however, a history of heavy water has yet to be written. Filling this gap, Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy concentrates on the circumstances whereby Norway became the preeminent producer of heavy water and on the scientific role the rare isotope of hydrogen played in the wartime efforts by the Axis and Allied powers alike. Instead of a purely technical treatise on heavy water, the book describes the social history of the subject. The book covers the discovery and early uses of deuterium before World War II and its large-scale production by Norsk Hydro in Norway, especially under German control. It also discusses the French-German race for the Norwegian heavy-water stocks in 1940 and heavy water's importance for the subsequent German uranium project, including the Allied sabotage and bombing of the Norwegian plants, as well as its lesser role in Allied projects, especially in the United States and Canada. The book concludes with an overall assessment of the importance and the perceived importance of heavy water for the German program, which alone staked everything on heavy water in its quest for a nuclear chain reaction.
Deals with a new and promising field developed during the last two decades on the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This book presents general information on catalysis for a wide range of organic reactions, e.g., hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, and polymerization transformations. Special attention is paid to electro- and photochemical stimulation of catalytic processes in the presence of immobilized metal complexes. Other topics covered are the quantitative data on the comparison of catalyses by mobile and immobilized metal complexes; main factors affecting the activity of these catalytic systems and methods of optimizing their control; and specific problems of catalysis by fixed complexes (e.g., ligand exchange and electron transfer in metal polymer systems, macromolecular effects and polyfunctional catalysis).
Photodegradation of Water Pollutants, the only complete survey
available of current photocatalytic methods for treating water
pollutants, covers all aspects of light-stimulated detoxification.
Ideal for researchers and students, this new book explains methods
for pollution treatment that have proven more effective than
conventional biodegradation. |
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