This completely new and innovative textbook provides a comprehensive account of pericyclic reactions and organic photochemistry for undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The approach is based on mechanism and reaction type, and the subject matter is developed and concentrated on better understanding rather than on merely grasping factual knowledge. Basics of the subject are explained in thorough details in this title. Important points are revisited and mentioned wherever they are relevant. This title provides over 200 excellent thought-provoking textual problems. Glossary and questions for self-assessment are given at the end of each chapter. The most important aspect of this book is Chapter 14 which contains about 400 problems and their solutions based on pericyclic reactions and photochemistry. Applied photochemistry is also discussed in the book.

Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy is a summary of selected experimental and theoretical research performed over the last 19 years that gives profound and unambiguous evidence for low energy nuclear reaction (LENR), historically known as cold fusion.
In 1989, the subject was announced with great fanfare, to the chagrin of many people in the science community. However, the significant claim of its discoverers, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, excess heat without harmful neutron emissions or strong gamma radiation, involving electrochemical cells using heavy water and palladium, has held strong.
In recent years, LENR, within the field of condensed matter nuclear science, has begun to attract widespread attention and is regarded as a potential alternative and renewable energy source to confront climate change and energy scarcity. The aim of the research is to collect experimental findings for LENR in order to present reasonable explanations and a conclusive theoretical and practical working model.
The goal of the field is directed toward the fabrication of LENR devices with unique commercial potential demonstrating an alternative energy source that does not produce greenhouse gases, long-lived radiation or strong prompt radiation. The idea of LENR has led to endless discussions about the kinetic impossibility of intense nuclear reactions with high coulomb barrier potential. However, recent theoretical work may soon shed light on this mystery.
Understanding this process is one of the most challenging and perhaps important issues in the scientific world. This book includes previously unpublished studies, new and controversial theories to approach LENR with access to new sources and experimental results. The book offers insight into this controversial subject and will help readers re-evaluate their perspective on LENR as a possible alternative energy source.

Colorimetry is concerned with the measurement of, and discrimination between, colours. These are important topics in a wide range of the physical sciences, life sciences, and computing and engineering. Examples of specific areas where the techniques of colorimetry are used are: manufacturers of paints, textiles, plastics and cosmetics (and quality controllers in these industries), those interested in the effect of light in human environments (for example, in terms of its direct effects on the eye, laser safety and design of eye protection and ergonomics of hospital lighting), psychology, physiology and those involved in the technical aspects of photography. The book presents the physiological background behind how colour is perceived and discusses sources of visible radiation, before going on to describe in detail colorimetric techniques for measuring and discriminating between colours. Applications of these techniques are discussed and relevant mathematical data is provided. The book gives a comprehensive account of the physiological aspects of colour, the development of photometry and colorimetry, and applications of colorimetry in a single volume.

Synchrotron radiation is the name given to the radiation which occurs when charged particles are accelerated in a curved path or orbit. Classically, any charged particle which moves in a curved path or is accelerated in a straight-line path will emit electromagnetic radiation. Various names are given to this radiation in different contexts. Thus circular particle accelerators are called synchrotrons, this is where charged particles are accelerated to very high speeds and the radiation is referred to as synchrotron radiation.Suitable for a summer short course or one term lecture series this text introduces the subject, starting with some historical background then covering basic concepts such as flux, intensity, brilliance, emittance and Liouville's theorem. The book then covers the properties of synchrotron radiation, insertion devices, beamlines and monochromators before finishing with an introduction to free electron lasers and an overview of the most common techniques and applications of this technology.

This thesis explores two distinct applications of laser spectroscopy: the study of nuclear ground state properties, and element selective radioactive ion beam production. It also presents the methods and results of an investigation into isotope shifts in the mercury isotopic chain. These Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) developments are detailed, together with an RILIS ionization scheme that allowed laser ionized ion beams of chromium, germanium, radium and tellurium to be generated at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. A combination of laser spectroscopy with decay spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously demonstrated a cessation of the extreme shape staggering first observed in the 1970s and revealed the characteristic kink at the crossing of the N=126 shell closure. A series of RILIS developments were required to facilitate this experiment, including mercury "ionization scheme" development and the coupling of the RILIS with an arc discharge ion source. Laser spectroscopy has since become a powerful tool for nuclear physics and the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS), of the ISOLDE facility at CERN, is a prime example. Highlighting important advances in this field, the thesis offers a unique and revealing resource.

This book is an introduction to the concept of symmetries in electromagnetism and explicit symmetry breaking. It begins with a brief background on the origin of the concept of symmetry and its meaning in fields such as architecture, mathematics and physics. Despite the extensive developments of symmetry in these fields, it has yet to be applied to the context of classical electromagnetism and related engineering applications. This book unravels the beauty and excitement of this area to scientists and engineers.

Presents the state of the technology, from fundamentals to new materials and applications

Today's electronic devices, computers, solar cells, printing, imaging, copying, and recording technology, to name a few, all owe a debt to our growing understanding of the photophysics and photochemistry of polymeric materials. This book draws together, analyzes, and presents our current understanding of polymer photochemistry and photophysics. In addition to exploring materials, mechanisms, processes, and properties, the handbook also highlights the latest applications in the field and points to new developments on the horizon.

"Photochemistry and Photophysics of Polymer Materials" is divided into seventeen chapters, including:

Optical and luminescent properties and applications of metal complex-based polymers

Photoinitiators for free radical polymerization reactions

Photovoltaic polymer materials

Photoimaging and lithographic processes in polymers

Photostabilization of polymer materials

Photodegradation processes in polymeric materials

Each chapter, written by one or more leading experts and pioneers in the field, incorporates all the latest findings and developments as well as the authors' own personal insights and perspectives. References guide readers to the literature for further investigation of individual topics.

Together, the contributions represent a series of major developments in the polymer world in which light and its energy have been put to valuable use. Not only does this reference capture our current state of knowledge, but it also provides the foundation for new research and the development of new materials and new applications.

Reviewing photo-induced processes that have relevance to a wide-ranging number of academic and commericial disciplines and interests covering chemistry, physics, biology and technology, this series is essential reading for anyone wishing to keep abreast of the current literature. Now in its 41st volume, and with contributions from across the globe, this series continues to present an accessible digest of current opinion and research in all aspects of photochemistry. More than 100 years have passed since Ciamician first talked of solar energy conversion and photoresponsive materials and these topics are among those reviewed in this Specialist Periodical Report. Other chapters examine the potential for photo-click chemistry, the photophysics of transition-metal complexes and excited state dynamics in conjugated polymers. This specialist periodical report presents critical and comprehensive reviews of the last 12 months of the literature and is an essential resource for anyone working at the cutting edge of photochemistry.

Radioactivity: History, Science, Vital Uses and Ominous Peril, Third Edition provides an introduction to radioactivity, the building blocks of matter, the fundamental forces in nature, and the role of quarks and force carrier particles. This new edition adds material on the dichotomy between the peaceful applications of radioactivity and the threat to the continued existence of human life from the potential use of more powerful and sophisticated nuclear weapons. The book includes a current review of studies on the probability of nuclear war and treaties, nonproliferation and disarmament, along with historical insights into the achievements of over 100 pioneers and Nobel Laureates. Through multiple worked examples, the book answers many questions for the student, teacher and practitioner as to the origins, properties and practical applications of radioactivity in fields such as medicine, biological and environmental research, industry, safe nuclear power free of greenhouse gases and nuclear fusion. Ratings and Reviews of Previous Editions: CHOICE Magazine, July 2008: "This work provides an overview of the many interesting aspects of the science of radioactive decays, including in-depth chapters that offer reminiscences on the history and important personalities of the field...This book can be useful as supplemental reading or as a reference when developing course material for nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, or health physics lectures. Special attention has been given to a chapter on the role radioactivity plays in everyday life applications...Generally the book is well produced and will be a valuable resource...Many lectures can be lightened up by including material from this work. Summing up: RECOMMENDED. Upper division undergraduates through professionals; technical program students." U. Greife, Colorado School of Mines, USA "I found the biographical accounts of the various stalwarts of Physics inspirational. Most of them, if not all, had to overcome economic hardships or p[ersonal tragedies or had to do their groundbreaking work in the face of tyranny and war. The biographies also highlighted the high standards of moral convictions that the scientists had as they realized the grave implications of some of their work and the potential threats to humanity. This ought to inspire and motivate young men and women aspiring to be physicists. Even people who have been in the field for a while should find your book re-energizing. It certainly had that effect on me." -- Dr. Ramkumar Venkataraman, Canberra Industries, Inc., Meriden, CT, USA Winner of an Honorable Mention in the 2017 PROSE Awards in the category of Chemistry and Physics (https://proseawards.com/winners/2017-award-winners/ )

The development of nuclear weapons during the Manhattan Project is one of the most significant scientific events of the twentieth century. This revised and updated 4th edition explores the challenges that faced the scientists and engineers of the Manhattan Project. It gives a clear introduction to fission weapons at the level of an upper-year undergraduate physics student by examining the details of nuclear reactions, their energy release, analytic and numerical models of the fission process, how critical masses can be estimated, how fissile materials are produced, and what factors complicate bomb design. An extensive list of references and a number of exercises for self-study are included. Revisions to this fourth edition include many upgrades and new sections. Improvements are made to, among other things, the analysis of the physics of the fission barrier, the time-dependent simulation of the explosion of a nuclear weapon, and the discussion of tamped bomb cores. New sections cover, for example, composite bomb cores, approximate methods for various of the calculations presented, and the physics of the polonium-beryllium "neutron initiators" used to trigger the bombs. The author delivers in this book an unparalleled, clear and comprehensive treatment of the physics behind the Manhattan project.

This book provides detailed information on the electrochemistry of technetium compounds. After a brief physico-chemical characterization of this element, it presents the comparative chemistry of technetium, manganese and rhenium. Particular attention is paid to the stability, disproportionation, comproportionation, hydrolysis and polymerization reactions of technetium ions and their influence on the observed redox systems. The electrochemical properties of both inorganic as well as organic technetium species in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions are also discussed. The respective chapters cover the whole spectrum of topics related to the application of technetium in nuclear medicine, electrochemistry of technetium in spent nuclear fuel (including corrosion properties of technetium alloys), and detecting trace amounts of technetium with the aid of electrochemical methods. Providing readers with information not easily obtained in any other single source, the book will appeal to researchers working in nuclear chemistry, nuclear medicine or the nuclear industry.