This book describes the physical and chemical effects of radiation interaction with matter. Beginning with the physical basis for the absorption of charged particle radiations, Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry provides a systematic account of the formation of products, including the nature and properties of intermediate species. Developed from first principles, the coverage of fundamentals and applications will appeal to an interdisciplinary audience of radiation physicists and radiation biologists. Only an undergraduate background in chemistry and physics is assumed as a prerequisite for the understanding of applications in research and industry.
Key Features
* Provides a working knowledge of radiation effects for students and non-experts
* Stresses the role of the electron both as a radiation and as a reactant species
* Contains clear diagrams of track models
* Includes a chapter on applications
* Written by an expert with more than thirty years of experience in a premiere research laboratory
* Culled from the author's painstaking research of journals and other publications over several decades

Eleven planetary atmospheres are included for detailed study in this reference/text, four for the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), four for the small bodies (Io, Titan, Triton, and Pluto), and three for the terrestrial planets (Mars, Venus, and Earth). The authors have carried out a comprehensive survey of the principal chemical cycles that control the present composition and past history of planetary atmospheres, using the database provided by recent spacecraft missions supplemented by Earth-based observations.

A unique opportunity to learn about the most important developments in environmental applications of ionizing radiation

This book makes it easy for scientists and engineers to acquaint themselves with the state of the art in ionizing radiation techniques for pollution control, environmental cleanup, and waste processing. With contributions by more than 100 researchers working in industry, academia, and government, it reports from around the world on the most important recent advances in the field. From the latest refinements in electron beam technology to new techniques for the purification of flue gases, and from radiation recycling of rubber wastes to radiation-induced cleanup of water and wastewater, this valuable resource covers all established and emerging environmental applications of ionizing radiation.

The only book available in English to focus exclusively on the subject, Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation belongs in the working library of every aspiring or practicing scientist or engineer concerned with environmental pollution.

Radiation has long been used in food processing, medical device sterilization, and polymer production, but only recently has it begun to be widely accepted as a valued component in environmental cleanup initiatives. The growing popularity of radiation as a means of neutralizing both natural and synthetic contaminants is due, in great part, to impressive results recently achieved by researchers worldwide using ionizing radiation methods, especially those involving electron beam techniques. Despite these many successes, there continues to be a conspicuous poverty of professional references on the subject. Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation fills that gap.

Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation brings together contributions by more than 100 leading scientists from the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The first English-language text devoted exclusively to this exciting growth area, it affords readers a unique opportunity to acquaint themselves with state-of-the-art applications of ionizing radiation for solving environmental remediation problems. Featuring many fascinating and informative case studies from around the world, it brings scientists and engineers quickly in line with the latest advances in:

• Electron beam design
• Flue gas treatment using electron beams
• Ionizing radiation in pollution control
• Irradiation treatment of industrial wastes
• Irradiation treatment of soil and biosolids
• Irradiation and photocatalytic processes
• New and emerging applications of ionizing radiation.

Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation is a valuable working resource for civil, chemical, and environmental engineers and scientists involved with pollution control, water treatment, and natural and industrial waste treatment. It also belongs on the syllabuses of all graduate-level engineering courses in air and water management.

This newly revised and updated edition of Radiation Biophysics provides an in-depth description of the physics and chemistry of radiation and its effects on biological systems. Coverage begins with fundamental concepts of the physics of radiation and radioactivity, then progresses through the chemistry and biology of the interaction of radiation with living systems. The Second Edition of this highly praised text includes major revisions which reflect the rapid advances in the field. New material covers recent developments in the fields of carcinogenesis, DNA repair, molecular genetics, and the molecular biology of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The book also includes extensive discussion of the practical impact of radiation on everyday life.
Key Features
* Covers the fundamentals of radiation physics in a manner that is understandable to students and professionals with a limited physics background
* Includes problem sets and exercises to aid both teachers and students
* Discusses radioactivity, internally deposited radionuclides, and dosimetry
* Analyzes the risks for occupational and non-occupational workers exposed to radiation sources

This highly successful manual has served for nearly three decades as the definitive guide to the safe use of radioactive materials. Completely revised and updated, the fourth edition presents a new dimension by adding coverage of nonionizing radiation, and is thus concerned with the entire field of radiation protection.

The author takes the novel approach of introducing the whole range of energies possessed by particles and electromagnetic waves at the beginning of the text, thus integrating coverage of ionizing and nonionizing radiation rather than considering them as two separate disciplines. He goes on to cover the entire spectrum of radiation sources, including radionuclides, x-ray machines, accelerators, nuclear reactors, power lines, microwave towers, and cellular phones.

With its expanded coverage, including a broader focus on public health issues, this new volume will serve as an important training and reference resource, not only for research scientists, physicians, and engineers, but for regulatory officials, attorneys, engineers, and environmental health and safety professionals. The breadth of citations alone makes this resource invaluable.

This book presents coherent and systematic coverage of the broad and dynamic field of free atom and cluster atom chemistry. The text provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature and describes the mostimportant experimental techniques developed since 1980 including bimetallic clusters/catalysts, carbon clusters (fullerenes) and trapped single atoms. Metal atoms, clusters, and particles are covered in sequence with the Periodic Table.

A comprehensive review of non-ionizing radiation and its public health and environmental risks, for researchers, policy makers, and laymen This book explains the characteristics of all forms of electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation (NIR) and analyzes the relationship between exposure and its biological effects, as well as the known dose-response relationships associated with each. Taking a uniquely holistic approach to the concept of health that builds upon the WHO definition to include not only absence of disease, but the physical, mental and social well-being of individuals and the population, it reviews established and potential risks and protections, along with regulatory issues associated with each. The risks to public health of NIR, whether in the form of UV light, radio waves from wireless devices, or electric and magnetic fields associated with electrical power systems, is currently a cause of great concern among members of the public and lawmakers. But in order to separate established science from speculation and make informed decisions about how to mitigate the risks of NIR and allocate precious resources, policymakers, manufacturers, and individuals need a comprehensive source of up-to-date information based on the current scientific evidence. Written by a team of experts in their fields, this book is that source. Among other things, it: * Summarizes scientific findings on the safety of different forms of NIR and the rationale behind current standards * Describes devices for monitoring NIR along with the established and potential hazards of each form * Explores proper protections against UV light and lasers, RF radiation, ELF fields and other forms of NIR * Discusses how to avoid injuries through occupational training or public awareness programs, and how to perform medical assessments in cases of suspected NIR injuries * Considers how to decide whether or not to spend money on certain mitigation measures, based on cost-benefit analyses Offering expert reviews and analyses of the latest scientific findings and public policy issues concerning the risks to public health and the environment of NIR, Non-ionizing Radiation Protection is an indispensable source of information for manufacturers, government regulators, and regulatory agencies, as well as researchers, concerned laypersons, and students.

Written by established experts in the field, this book features in-depth discussions of proven scientific principles, current trends, and applications of nuclear chemistry to the sciences and engineering. Provides up-to-date coverage of the latest research and examines the theoretical and practical aspects of nuclear and radiochemistry Presents the basic physical principles of nuclear and radiochemistry in a succinct fashion, requiring no basic knowledge of quantum mechanics Adds discussion of math tools and simulations to demonstrate various phenomena, new chapters on Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Forensics and Particle Physics, and updates to all other chapters Includes additional solved problems to help students and a solutions manual for all end of chapter problems for instructors Reviews of 1st edition: "...an authoritative, comprehensive but succinct, state-of-the-art textbook ..." (The Chemical Educator) and "...an excellent resource for libraries and laboratories supporting programs requiring familiarity with nuclear processes ..." (CHOICE)

Incidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 12th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on radiochemical analysis, measurement of radioactivity, naturally occurring radioactive materials, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour and analysis of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and waste disposal.

Nuclear and related techniques can help develop climate smart agricultural practices by optimizing water and nutrient use efficiency, assessing organic carbon sequestration in soil, and assisting in the evaluation of soil erosion control measures. Knowledge on the behaviour of radioactive materials in soil, water and foodstuffs is also essential in enhancing nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Appropriate sampling and sample preparation are the first steps to ensure the quality and effective use of the measurements and this publication provides comprehensive detail on the necessary steps.

Setting the pace for progress and innovation . . .
ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY
More than a simple survey of the current literature, Advances in Photochemistry offers critical evaluations written by internationally recognized experts. These pioneering scientists offer unique and varied points of view of the existing data. Their articles are challenging as well as provocative and are intended to stimulate discussion, promote further research, and encourage new developments in the field.
In this volume
Photochemistry in Cyclodextrin Cavities
PIETRO BORTOLUS AND SANDRA MONTI
Asymmetric Photoreactions of Conjugated Enones and Esters
JEAN-PIERRE PETE
Photodissociation Dynamics of Hydride Molecules: H Atom Photofragment Translational Spectroscopy
MICHAEL N. R. ASHFOLD, DAVID H. MORDAUNT, AND STEVEN H. S. WILSON

Advances in Nuclear Fuel Chemistry presents a high-level description of nuclear fuel chemistry based on the most recent research and advances. Dr. Markus H.A. Piro and his team of global, expert contributors cover all aspects of both the conventional uranium-based nuclear fuel cycle and non-conventional fuel cycles, including mining, refining, fabrication, and long-term storage, as well as emerging nuclear technologies, such as accident tolerant fuels and molten salt materials. Aimed at graduate students, researchers, academics and practicing engineers and regulators, this book will provide the reader with a single reference from which to learn the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics and radiochemistry.

Combining the basic concepts of photocatalysis with the synthesis of new catalysts, reactor and reaction engineering, this book provides a comprehensive resource on the topic. The book introduces the fundamental aspects of photocatalysis including the role of surface chemistry and understanding the chemistry of photocatalytic processes before exploring the theory and experimental studies of charge carrier dynamics. Specific chapters then cover new materials for the degradation of organics; water splitting and CO2 reduction; as well as reactor and reaction engineering. Researchers new to this discipline can learn the first principles, whilst experienced researchers can gain further information about aspects in photocatalysis beyond their area of expertise. Together with Photocatalysis: Applications, these volumes provide a complete overview to photocatalysis.

Research in the area of porphyrins, phthalocyanines and related macrocycles continues to expand at a phenomenal rate with literally thousands of original articles being published every year in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, material science and photodynamic therapy. The current volume comprehensively summarizes key aspects involved in the synthesis, characterization and use of these compounds, as well as computational methodologies for the design of novel tetrapyrroles whose structural and electronic properties are described. Each chapter is authored by an expert or group of experts in the field who were asked to write 'a review for the ages' and we anticipate that what is written in this volume will remain relevant for at least the next 15 years, and possibly longer.This volume should be considered as required reading for both new and experienced researchers in a number of sub-disciplines where tetrapyrroles are studied or utilized in a variety of applications. A complete understanding of the chemistry of these compounds necessitates not only a knowledge of what has been accomplished in the area of synthesis and characterization but also a knowledge of what is possible in the future when using porphyrins and related tetrapyrroles as key components for applications in catalysis, energy production and biomedical applications.

Borne out of the current widespread interest in the pollution of water bodies, this book explores the latest research concerning the photochemical fate of organic pollutants in surface water. Considering both the functioning of ecosystems and the behaviour of emerging pollutants in those ecosystems, it is dedicated to techniques that can be used in the field and in the laboratory for the detection of pollutants and of their transformation intermediates. The inclusion of photochemical processes that have not gained previous coverage will afford the reader novel insights, whilst the focus on modelling and transformation intermediates will ensure the title's relevance to academics, the chemical manufacturing industries and environmental assessment experts alike.

Gas-cooled, graphite-moderated nuclear reactors suffer ageing and degradation to the graphite during service posing a threat to the functionality of the core, and potentially, the safe operation of the reactor. Thus, the importance of modelling and measuring reactor core graphite properties and performance increases especially as continued use beyond the designed life time becomes significant. This book captures the proceedings from the third in a series of meetings addressing the extensive research and analysis performed to ensure the continuing safe performance of the graphite cores. Covering four broad themes: mechanistic; statistical; empirical; and, plant performance, this book should appeal to a wide range of readers from engineers and reactor operators to policy makers.

In situ leach or leaching (ISL) or in situ recovery (ISR) mining has become one of the standard uranium production methods. Its application to amenable uranium deposits (in certain sedimentary formations) has been growing in view of its competitive production costs and low surface impacts. This publication provides an historical overview and shows how ISL experience around the world can be used to direct the development of technical activities, taking into account environmental considerations, and emphasizing the economics of the process, including responsible mine closure. The publication provides information on how to design, operate and regulate current and future projects safely and efficiently, with a view to maximizing performance and minimizing negative environmental impact.

El Sistema Globalmente Armonizado de clasificacion y etiquetado de productos que micos (SGA) trata de la clasificacion y etiquetado de productos que micos por tipos de peligro. Proporciona la base para la armonizacion a escala mundial de los requisitos y reglamentaciones aplicables a dichos productos y tiene como objetivo mejorar la proteccion de la salud humana y del medioambiente durante su manipulacion, transporte y utilizacion, garantizando la disponibilidad de la informacion sobre los peligros fsicos, para la salud y para el medioambiente que presentan. La presente sexta edicion revisada incluye entre otras disposiciones, una nueva clase de peligro para los explosivos desensibilizados y una nueva categora de peligro para los gases pirofricos; varias enmiendas destinadas a clarificar los criterios de clasificacion de ciertas clases (explosivos, toxicidad especfica derganos diana tras una exposicion nica, peligro por aspiracion y peligro para el medioambiente acutico) y la informacion que debe figurar en la seccion 9 de la ficha de datos de seguridad; consejos de prudencia revisados y racionalizados, y un ejemplo de etiquetado de pequeos embalajes en el anexo 7.

This book offers comprehensive coverage of the most important areas in photoreceptors and light signalling. Photoreceptors enable most species to sense not only the presence of light but also the information, such as irradiance, colour or spectral distribution, direction and polarization of light. They are vital, therefore, in providing organisms with energy and information about their surroundings, such as day and night cycles. This book covers the range of photoreceptors that have been discovered to date and the broad range of methods used when researching how they operate, including: action spectroscopy; methods for protein purification; the whole range of molecular biological and genetic methods; and numerous spectroscopic methods, from absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy to X-ray diffraction, used for solving the structure of photoreceptors. Written by leading experts in the field, Photoreceptors and Light Signalling provides the reader with the most recent results and research. This book will be valued by a wide-range of readers, including students of photochemistry, photobiology, biology, chemistry and physics and other professionals in academia.

Rotational Structure in Molecular Infrared Spectra, Second Edition, fills the gap between these complex topics and the most elementary methods in the field of rotational structure in the infrared spectra of gaseous molecules. Combining foundational theoretical information with advanced applications, this book is a useful guide for all those involved in the application of molecular spectroscopic techniques and the interpretation of vibration-rotation spectra. Interpreting vibration-rotation spectra is an important skill in many scientific disciplines, ranging from nanochemistry to planetary research, hence this book is an ideal resource.

Cleavage of water to its constituents (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) for production of hydrogen energy at an industrial scale is one of the "holy grails" of materials science. That can be done by utilizing the renewable energy resource i.e. sunlight and photocatalytic material. The sunlight and water are abundant and free of cost available at this planet. But the development of a stable, efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic material to split water is still a great challenge. To develop the effective materials for photocatalytic water splitting, various type of materials with different sizes and structures from nano to giant have been explored that includes metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and so on. Fundamental concepts and state of art materials for the water splitting are also discussed to understand the phenomenon/mechanism behind the photoelectrochemical water splitting. This book gives a comprehensive overview and description of the manufacturing of photocatalytic materials and devices for water splitting by controlling the chemical composition, particle size, morphology, orientation and aspect ratios of the materials. The real technological breakthroughs in the development of the photoactive materials with considerable efficiency, are well conversed to bring out the practical aspects of the technique and its commercialization.

Photochemical reactions have tremendous scientific importance, ranging from photosynthesis to atmospheric reactions, and technologies such as sensors or displays. Due to the intrinsic complexity of photochemical reactions, they remain the least understood type of chemical process. Nonadiabatic dynamics, ultrafast time-scales, quantum effects and conical intersections are known to be important, but a detailed comprehension remains elusive. However, new experimental techniques capable of monitoring photochemical processes in unprecedented detail are appearing. Many of these techniques are being developed by research communities not traditionally concerned with photochemistry, but provide an opportunity to shed new light on photochemical dynamics. This Faraday Discussion brings together experimentalists and theoreticians working from different perspectives in the field. It provides the opportunity to identify how new techniques can complement each other, to address contention and controversy, and to propose future research.

Combining the basic concepts of photocatalysis with the synthesis of new catalysts, reactor and reaction engineering, and exploring the numerous important applications of photocatalysis, these books provide a comprehensive resource on the topic. Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Perspectives introduces the fundamental aspects of photocatalysis before exploring the theory and experimental studies of charge carrier dynamics. Photocatalysis: Applications discusses photocatalytic processes applied to a wide range of areas, from the treatment of water and air; to photocatalysis in food packaging and biomedical and medical applications. Together these books provide a complete overview to photocatalysis. Researchers new to this field can learn the first principles, whilst experienced researchers can gain further information about applications of photocatalysis beyond their area of expertise.

The only combined organic photochemistry and photobiology handbook As spectroscopic, synthetic and biological tools become more and more sophisticated, photochemistry and photobiology are merging-making interdisciplinary research essential. Following in the footsteps of its bestselling predecessors, the CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology, Third Edition has evolved into a state-of-the-art collection on modern aspects of photochemistry and photobiology. A compilation 67 of topical reviews by leading experts, this compilation provides cutting-edge information on the applications of photochemical and photobiological principles, techniques, and methodologies. New and updated topics in this edition include Industrial photochemistry Photocatalyic water splitting Photocatalysis Photostability of drugs Photochemistry in microreactors Photochemical key-steps in organic synthesis Photochirogenesis Photolabile protecting groups Solar photochemistry Computational photochemistry and photobiology Spin-center shift reactions Sustainable photochemistry Artificial photosynthetic systems Biology of UV-A radiation UV radiation and vitamin D Photodynamic drug delivery Photoimmunology Photodermatology Endogenous antioxidant photoprotection and its enhancement in human skin Phototoxicity of drugs Photodynamic approaches to water disinfection This high-quality and concise collection bridges traditional topics, current trends, and future directions to provide you with the most authoritative and complete resource available on the subject. The IUPAC glossary of photochemistry is included as a CD-ROM.