The field of nuclear and radiochemistry is wide-reaching, with results having functions and use across a variety of disciplines. Drawing on 40 years of experience in teaching and research, this concise book explains the basic principles and applications of the primary areas of nuclear and radiochemistry. Separate chapters cover each main area of recent radiochemistry. This includes nuclear medicine and chemical aspects of nuclear power plants, namely the problems of nuclear wastes and nuclear analysis (both bulk and surface analysis), with the analytical methods based on the interactions of radiation with matter. Furthermore, special attention is paid to thermodynamics of radioisotope tracer methods, the very diluted system (carrier-free radioactive isotopes) and the principles of chemical processes with unsealed radioactive sources. This book will be helpful to students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental sciences, and specialists working in all fields of radiochemistry.

This book explores nuclear power plants which stand on the border between humanity's greatest hopes and its deepest fears for the future. Atomic energy offers a clean energy alternative that frees us from the shackles of fossil fuel dependence, while also having lived through the disasters of the quake-ruptured Japanese power plant now spewing radioactive steam, and the dead zone surrounding Chernobyl's concrete sarcophagus. Topics discussed include the investigation of materials and components obtained from nuclear power plants decommissioning; high-temperature gas-cooled reactors; the impact and effects of the ongoing discussion on the nuclear phase-out in Germany; modeling of corrosion product activity in primary circuits of pressurized water reactors and the fundamental stability analysis of hypothetical boiling and pressurized water reactors.

Atmospheric Chemistry provides readers with a basic knowledge of the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere, and an understanding of the role that chemical transformations play in this vital part of our environment. The composition of the 'natural' atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere) is described in terms of the physical and chemical cycles that govern the behaviour of the major and the many minor species present, and of the atmospheric lifetimes of those species. An extension of these ideas leads to a discussion of the impacts of Man's activities on the atmosphere, and to an understanding of some of the most important environmental issues of our time. One thread of the book explains how living organisms alter the composition and pressures in the atmosphere, modify temperatures, and change the intensity and wavelength-distribution of light arriving from the Sun. Meanwhile, the living organisms on Earth have depended on these very same environmental conditions being satisfactory for the maintenance and evolution of life. There thus appear to be two-way interactions between life and the atmosphere. Man, just one species of living organism, has developed an unfortunate ability to interfere with the feedbacks that seem to have maintained the atmosphere to be supportive of surface life for more than 3.5 billion years. This book will help chemists to understand the background to the problems that arise from such interference. The structure of the book and the development of the subject deviate somewhat from those usually encountered. Important and recurring concepts are presented in outline first, before more detailed discussions of the atmospheric behaviour of specific chemical species. Examples of such themes are the sources and sinks of trace gases, and their budgets and lifetimes. That is, the emphasis is initially on the principles of the subject, with the finer points emerging at later points in the book, sometimes in several successive chapters. In this way, some of the core material gets repeated exposure, but in new ways and in new contexts. The book is written at a level that makes it accessible to undergraduate chemists, and in a manner that should make it interesting to them. However, the material presented forms a solid base for those who are extending their studies to a higher level, and it will also provide non-specialists with the background to an understanding of Man's several and varied threats to the atmosphere. Well-informed citizens can then better assess measures proposed to prevent or alleviate the potential damage, and policy makers more realistically formulate the necessary controls on a sound scientific foundation.

Unique in its focus on preparative impact rather than mechanistic details, this handbook provides an overview of photochemical reactions classed according to the structural feature that is built in the photochemical step, so as to facilitate use by synthetic chemists unfamiliar with this topic. An introductory section covers practical questions on how to run a photochemical reaction, while all classes of the most important photocatalytic reactions are also included.
Perfect for organic synthetic chemists in academia and industry.

A modern introduction to photochemistry covering the principles and applications of this topic from both a physical chemistry and organic chemistry angle. Coverage ranges from subjects such as lasers, the atmosphere, biochemistry, medicine and industry and also includes the latest developments in relation to photochemical molecular machines, photodynamic therapy applied to cancer, photochromatic imaging, and photostabilizers. Little in the way of prior knowledge is assumed, and the reader is aided by numerous worked examples, learning objectives, chapter summaries and problems.

Photoaging results from chronic exposure to UV radiation and is an increasingly common clinical feature, with an aging population the clinical burden is likely to increase despite advances in our understanding of the pathology and development of improved treatments. This book will present and review the latest progress from the forefront of translational research in cutaneous photoaging. The core chapters focus on the current understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of photoageing and lead on to aspects of photoprotection and photomedicine to provide a complete picture of the current field and a context for the importance of the basic mechanistic understanding. With a global team of authors Cutaneous Photoaging provides an international perspective on the causes, consequences, pathophysiology and treatment of photoaging, ideal for dermatologists, students and professionals in photoscience.

Photoluminescence (abbreviated as PL) is a process in which a substance absorbs photons (electromagnetic radiation) and then radiates photons back out. Quantum mechanically, this can be described as an excitation to a higher energy state and then a return to a lower energy state accompanied by the emission of a photon. This is one of many forms of luminescence (light emission) and is distinguished by photoexcitation (excitation by photons), hence the prefix photo-. The period between absorption and emission is typically extremely short, in the order of 10 nanoseconds. Under special circumstances, however, this period can be extended into minutes or hours. Ultimately, available chemical energy states and allowed transitions between states (and therefore wavelengths of light preferentially absorbed and emitted) are determined by the rules of quantum mechanics. A basic understanding of the principles involved can be gained by studying the electron configurations and molecular orbitals of simple atoms and molecules. More complicated molecules and advanced subtleties are treated in the field of computational chemistry.

Nuclear materials include materials relevant to nuclear fission and fusion reactors and high power accelerator technologies, and closely related aspects of materials science and engineering. Processes and properties include atomic lattice defects, microstructures, thermodynamics, corrosion and mechanical and physical properties. Included are fission reactor materials, including fuels, cladding, core structures, pressure vessels, moderator and control components; fission product behaviour; Materials aspects of the entire fuel cycle; Performance of nuclear waste materials, glasses and ceramics, immobilisation of wastes; Fusion reactor materials, including first walls, blankets, insulators and magnets; Neutron radiation effects in materials, including defects, microstructures, transmutations, phase changes and macroscopic properties; Interaction of plasmas, ion beams, electron beams and electromagnetic radiation with materials. The book presents state-of-the art research in this field which is crucial to the growth and exploitation of nuclear energy.

"Laser Chemistry: Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Applications" provides a basic introduction to the subject, written for students and other novices. It assumes little in the way of prior knowledge, and carefully guides the reader through the important theory and concepts whilst introducing key techniques and applications.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly being used amongst health practitioners in combating a variety of diseases. One common strategy used during this light activated process is to induce the accumulation of significant amounts of a photosensitising agent in the diseased tissue. The naturally occurring amino acid 5-aminovulinic acid (ALA) is used to produce high levels of the photosensitizer, Protoprophyin IX, in the therapy known as ALA-PDT. Written by experts in the field Photodynamic therapy with ALA outlines a variety of clinical approaches to the topic, outlining current applications. These include the use of ALA-PDT and ALA-FD (fluorescence diagnosis) in the areas of dermatology, urology, brain, otorhinolaryngology, gynaecology and gastroenterology. Also included is a chapter that comprehensively reviews the scientific principles of ALA-PDT. Primarily aimed at a clinical audience Photodynamic therapy with ALA should provide a comprehensive review and useful insight into ALA-PDT.

CONTENTS: Preface Introduction -- Muriel Mitchell-Smith Regulations and Standards General and Biological Risks Radioluminous Materials Mining, Agricultural, and Construction Materials Containing Radioactivity Products Containing Radioactive Sources Miscellaneous Products Panel Discussion

This two-volume set very comprehensively covers the physical, chemical and biological properties of singlet oxygen, and also the increasingly important applications of this reactive oxygen species across chemical, environmental and biomedical areas. Meeting the desire for a comprehensive book that collects and curates the vast amount of knowledge gained in this field over recent years, the editors have invited contributions from experts from across the globe. The long and distinguished background of the editors and contributors in the field is evidenced within these pages that tackle such a broad topic. Chapters in the first volume cover properties, production, reactions of this species with biomolecules, and photosensitizers. The second volume explores detection methods, tools for understanding mechanisms and biology, and photodynamic therapy applications among other topics. The set provides an up to date reference resource for both the beginner and experienced researcher and crucially for those working across disciplines such as photochemistry, photobiology and photomedicine.

Cosmic rays and radiations of living beings. This work is on the study of electromagnetic waves, deeply penetrating waves and unknown waves. Contents: problem of instinct or special sense in animals; auto- electrification in living beings; universal nature of radiation in living beings; on radiations in general and on electromagnetic waves in particular; oscillation and radiation of cells; modifications in cells and oscillatory disequilibrium; nature of radiant energy; sunspots and cosmic radiation in relation to health and life; influence of nature of soil on field cosmic waves; therapeutics of cellular oscillation; origin of life.

Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.
It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.

A unique opportunity to learn about the most important developments in environmental applications of ionizing radiation

This book makes it easy for scientists and engineers to acquaint themselves with the state of the art in ionizing radiation techniques for pollution control, environmental cleanup, and waste processing. With contributions by more than 100 researchers working in industry, academia, and government, it reports from around the world on the most important recent advances in the field. From the latest refinements in electron beam technology to new techniques for the purification of flue gases, and from radiation recycling of rubber wastes to radiation-induced cleanup of water and wastewater, this valuable resource covers all established and emerging environmental applications of ionizing radiation.

The only book available in English to focus exclusively on the subject, Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation belongs in the working library of every aspiring or practicing scientist or engineer concerned with environmental pollution.

Radiation has long been used in food processing, medical device sterilization, and polymer production, but only recently has it begun to be widely accepted as a valued component in environmental cleanup initiatives. The growing popularity of radiation as a means of neutralizing both natural and synthetic contaminants is due, in great part, to impressive results recently achieved by researchers worldwide using ionizing radiation methods, especially those involving electron beam techniques. Despite these many successes, there continues to be a conspicuous poverty of professional references on the subject. Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation fills that gap.

Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation brings together contributions by more than 100 leading scientists from the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The first English-language text devoted exclusively to this exciting growth area, it affords readers a unique opportunity to acquaint themselves with state-of-the-art applications of ionizing radiation for solving environmental remediation problems. Featuring many fascinating and informative case studies from around the world, it brings scientists and engineers quickly in line with the latest advances in:

• Electron beam design
• Flue gas treatment using electron beams
• Ionizing radiation in pollution control
• Irradiation treatment of industrial wastes
• Irradiation treatment of soil and biosolids
• Irradiation and photocatalytic processes
• New and emerging applications of ionizing radiation.

Environmental Applications of Ionizing Radiation is a valuable working resource for civil, chemical, and environmental engineers and scientists involved with pollution control, water treatment, and natural and industrial waste treatment. It also belongs on the syllabuses of all graduate-level engineering courses in air and water management.

This book provides a readable and thought-provoking analysis of the issues surrounding nuclear fuel reprocessing and fast-neutron reactors, including discussion of resources, economics, radiological risk and resistance to nuclear proliferation. It describes the history and science behind reprocessing, and gives an overview of the status of reprocessing programmes around the world. It concludes that such programs should be discontinued. While nuclear power is seen by many as the only realistic solution to the carbon emission problem, some national nuclear establishments have been pursuing development and deployment of sodium-cooled plutonium breeder reactors, and plutonium recycling. Its proponents argue that this system would offer significant advantages relative to current light water reactor technology in terms of greater uranium utilization efficiency, and that separating out the long-lived plutonium and other transuranics from spent fuel and fissioning them in fast reactors would greatly reduce the duration of the toxicity of radioactive waste. However, the history of efforts to deploy this system commercially in a number of countries over the last six decades has been one of economic and technical failure and, in some cases, was used to mask clandestine nuclear weapon development programs. Covering topics of significant public interest including nuclear safety, fuel storage, environmental impact and the spectre of nuclear terrorism, this book presents a comprehensive analysis of the issue for nuclear engineers, policy analysts, government officials and the general public. "Frank von Hippel, Jungmin Kang, and Masafumi Takubo, three internationally renowned nuclear experts, have done a valuable service to the global community in putting together this book, which both historically and comprehensively covers the "plutonium age" as we know it today. They articulate in a succinct and clear manner their views on the dangers of a plutonium economy and advocate a ban on the separation of plutonium for use in the civilian fuel cycle in view of the high proliferation and nuclear-security risks and lack of economic justification." (Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency (1997-2009), Nobel Peace Prize (2005)) "The 1960s dream of a 'plutonium economy' has not delivered abundant low-cost energy, but instead has left the world a radioactive legacy of nuclear weapons proliferation and the real potential for nuclear terrorism. Kang, Takubo, and von Hippel explain with power and clarity what can be done to reduce these dangers. The governments of the remaining countries whose nuclear research and development establishments are still pursuing the plutonium dream should pay attention." (Senator Edward Markey, a leader in the US nuclear-disarmament movement as a member of Congress since 1976) "The authors have done an invaluable service by putting together in one place the most coherent analysis of the risks associated with plutonium, and the most compelling argument for ending the practice of separating plutonium from spent fuel for any purpose. They have given us an easily accessible history of the evolution of thinking about the nuclear fuel cycle, the current realities of nuclear power around the world and, arguably most important, a clear alternative path to deal with the spent fuel arising from nuclear reactors for decades to centuries to come." (Robert Gallucci, Chief US negotiator with North Korea (1994); Dean, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service (1996-2009); President, MacArthur Foundation (2009-2014))

A comprehensive review of non-ionizing radiation and its public health and environmental risks, for researchers, policy makers, and laymen This book explains the characteristics of all forms of electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation (NIR) and analyzes the relationship between exposure and its biological effects, as well as the known dose-response relationships associated with each. Taking a uniquely holistic approach to the concept of health that builds upon the WHO definition to include not only absence of disease, but the physical, mental and social well-being of individuals and the population, it reviews established and potential risks and protections, along with regulatory issues associated with each. The risks to public health of NIR, whether in the form of UV light, radio waves from wireless devices, or electric and magnetic fields associated with electrical power systems, is currently a cause of great concern among members of the public and lawmakers. But in order to separate established science from speculation and make informed decisions about how to mitigate the risks of NIR and allocate precious resources, policymakers, manufacturers, and individuals need a comprehensive source of up-to-date information based on the current scientific evidence. Written by a team of experts in their fields, this book is that source. Among other things, it: * Summarizes scientific findings on the safety of different forms of NIR and the rationale behind current standards * Describes devices for monitoring NIR along with the established and potential hazards of each form * Explores proper protections against UV light and lasers, RF radiation, ELF fields and other forms of NIR * Discusses how to avoid injuries through occupational training or public awareness programs, and how to perform medical assessments in cases of suspected NIR injuries * Considers how to decide whether or not to spend money on certain mitigation measures, based on cost-benefit analyses Offering expert reviews and analyses of the latest scientific findings and public policy issues concerning the risks to public health and the environment of NIR, Non-ionizing Radiation Protection is an indispensable source of information for manufacturers, government regulators, and regulatory agencies, as well as researchers, concerned laypersons, and students.

Written by established experts in the field, this book features in-depth discussions of proven scientific principles, current trends, and applications of nuclear chemistry to the sciences and engineering. Provides up-to-date coverage of the latest research and examines the theoretical and practical aspects of nuclear and radiochemistry Presents the basic physical principles of nuclear and radiochemistry in a succinct fashion, requiring no basic knowledge of quantum mechanics Adds discussion of math tools and simulations to demonstrate various phenomena, new chapters on Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Forensics and Particle Physics, and updates to all other chapters Includes additional solved problems to help students and a solutions manual for all end of chapter problems for instructors Reviews of 1st edition: "...an authoritative, comprehensive but succinct, state-of-the-art textbook ..." (The Chemical Educator) and "...an excellent resource for libraries and laboratories supporting programs requiring familiarity with nuclear processes ..." (CHOICE)

Incidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 12th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on radiochemical analysis, measurement of radioactivity, naturally occurring radioactive materials, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour and analysis of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and waste disposal.

Nuclear and related techniques can help develop climate smart agricultural practices by optimizing water and nutrient use efficiency, assessing organic carbon sequestration in soil, and assisting in the evaluation of soil erosion control measures. Knowledge on the behaviour of radioactive materials in soil, water and foodstuffs is also essential in enhancing nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Appropriate sampling and sample preparation are the first steps to ensure the quality and effective use of the measurements and this publication provides comprehensive detail on the necessary steps.

Combining the basic concepts of photocatalysis with the synthesis of new catalysts, reactor and reaction engineering, this book provides a comprehensive resource on the topic. The book introduces the fundamental aspects of photocatalysis including the role of surface chemistry and understanding the chemistry of photocatalytic processes before exploring the theory and experimental studies of charge carrier dynamics. Specific chapters then cover new materials for the degradation of organics; water splitting and CO2 reduction; as well as reactor and reaction engineering. Researchers new to this discipline can learn the first principles, whilst experienced researchers can gain further information about aspects in photocatalysis beyond their area of expertise. Together with Photocatalysis: Applications, these volumes provide a complete overview to photocatalysis.

The bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, brought radiation to international attention but the exact nature of what had been unleashed was still unclear to most. The 1986 meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear plant again made headlines with estimates of fatalities ranging from 4000 to almost a million deaths. By the time of the shocking 2011 disaster at the Fukushima nuclear plant social media meant governments and corporations no longer hada monopoly over the release of information, but transparency remains low on the agenda.

Meanwhile, few physicians give thought to the delayed health effects of radiation. It has been the bold physician who has challenged the potential overuse of chest X-rays, CT scanning, or PET scans. This book provides clear and accurate information about radiation so that we can all make informed choices. In clear language it offers answers to citizens' questions: What is radiation? Where do we encounter it? What are the benefits and risks? How do we develop a responsible future around the uses and abuses of radioactivity?

Setting the pace for progress and innovation . . .
ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY
More than a simple survey of the current literature, Advances in Photochemistry offers critical evaluations written by internationally recognized experts. These pioneering scientists offer unique and varied points of view of the existing data. Their articles are challenging as well as provocative and are intended to stimulate discussion, promote further research, and encourage new developments in the field.
In this volume
Photochemistry in Cyclodextrin Cavities
PIETRO BORTOLUS AND SANDRA MONTI
Asymmetric Photoreactions of Conjugated Enones and Esters
JEAN-PIERRE PETE
Photodissociation Dynamics of Hydride Molecules: H Atom Photofragment Translational Spectroscopy
MICHAEL N. R. ASHFOLD, DAVID H. MORDAUNT, AND STEVEN H. S. WILSON

Research in the area of porphyrins, phthalocyanines and related macrocycles continues to expand at a phenomenal rate with literally thousands of original articles being published every year in the fields of chemistry, physics, biology, material science and photodynamic therapy. The current volume comprehensively summarizes key aspects involved in the synthesis, characterization and use of these compounds, as well as computational methodologies for the design of novel tetrapyrroles whose structural and electronic properties are described. Each chapter is authored by an expert or group of experts in the field who were asked to write 'a review for the ages' and we anticipate that what is written in this volume will remain relevant for at least the next 15 years, and possibly longer.This volume should be considered as required reading for both new and experienced researchers in a number of sub-disciplines where tetrapyrroles are studied or utilized in a variety of applications. A complete understanding of the chemistry of these compounds necessitates not only a knowledge of what has been accomplished in the area of synthesis and characterization but also a knowledge of what is possible in the future when using porphyrins and related tetrapyrroles as key components for applications in catalysis, energy production and biomedical applications.