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Books > Science & Mathematics > Chemistry > Physical chemistry > Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry & radiation
The purpose of this volume is to trace the development of the
theoretical understanding of quark-gluon plasma, both in terms of
the
equation of state and thermal correlation functions and in terms
of
its manifestation in high energy nuclear collisions. Who among us
has
not wondered how tall a mountain is on a neutron star, what
happens
when matter is heated and compressed to higher and higher
densities,
what happens when an object falls into a black hole, or what
happened
eons ago in the early universe? The study of quark-gluon plasma is
related in one way or another to these and other thought provoking
questions. Oftentimes the most eloquent exposition is given in
the
original papers. To this end a selection is made of what are
the
most important pioneering papers in this field. The early 1950s
was
an era when high energy multiparticle production in cosmic
ray
interactions attracted the attention of some of the brightest minds
in physics, and so it should be no surprise that the first
reprinted
papers deal with the introduction of statistical models of
particle
production. The quark model arose in the 1960s, while QCD as
such
was recognized as the theory of the strong interactions in
the
1970's. The behavior of matter at high temperatures and
supranuclear
densities became of wide interest in the nuclear and particle
physics
communities starting in the 1970s, which is when the concept
of
quark-gluon plasma became established. The history of the field
has
been traced up to the early 1990s. There are three reasons
for
stopping at that point in time. First, most of the key
theoretical
concepts and formalisms arose before 1993, although many of
them
continue to be developed today and hopefully well into the future.
Second, papers written after 1992 are much more readily
available
than those writen before due to the advent of the World Wide Web
and
its electronic preprint databases and journals. Finally, in
making
this collection of reprints available as hardcopy one is limited
in
the number of pages, and some papers in the present selection
should
have been deleted in order to make room for post-1993 papers. For
the
same reason the subject focus must of necessity be limited,
which
means that in this reprint collection two wide subject areas are
not
addressed: the behavior of nuclear matter under extreme
conditions
is not reported, nor is quark matter in neutron stars. The
broad
categories into which the material has been placed, reflect
the
diverse studies of quark-gluon plasma and its manifestation. They
are: phase-space models of particle production, perturbative
QCD
plasma, lattice gauge theory, fluid dynamics and flow, strangeness,
heavy flavor (charm), electromagnetic signals, parton cascade
and
minijets, parton energy loss and jet quenching, Hanbury
Brown--Twiss
(HBT) interferometry, disoriented chiral condensates, phase
transition dynamics and cosmology, and color superconductivity.
Each
chapter is prefaced by an introduction, which contains a list
of
significant papers which is more complete than the reprinted
papers,
though by no means exhaustive. It also contains citations to
most
relevant papers published up to the date of completion of this
volume
(fall 2002). It is hoped that the short reviews will help bring
the
reader up to date on the latest developments. The selection
of
papers cited in each chapter, and in particular the ones selected
for
reprinting, is solely the responsibility of the Editors. It is
based
on their best judgement and experience in this field dating back
to
the mid-1970s. In order to be reprinted a paper must have
been
pioneering in the sense of originality and impact on the
field.
Generally they have been cited over a hundred times by other
papers
published in refereed journals. The final selection was reviewed
and
discussed among the Editors repeatedly. Just because a paper is not
included does not mean they do not know of it or do not have a
high
regard for it. All of the papers cited or reprinted are
original
research contributions. There are three other types of
publications
listed. The first is a compilation of books. The second is a
list
of reviews, many of which contain a significant amount of original
material. The third is a list of the proceedings of the series
of
Quark Matter meetings, the primary series of international
conferences in this field that is attended by both theorists
and
experimentalists.
A description of applications to electrical conductors, nonlinear
optical devices, polymer light-omitting diodes (LEDs), electronic
devices, batteries, antistatic coatings, and transistors. It
reviews cases of metal-organic polymers incorporated with
traditional organic polymers; assesses key properties of conjugated
polymers; discusses features of d10 complexes and their
interactions with DNA; and more.
Over the past few decades, the excitation and ionization of
atmospheric gases has become an area of intense research. A large
amount of data have been accumulated concerning the various
elementary processes which occur when photons, electrons and ions
collide with atoms and molecules. This scattered information has
now been collected in a handbook for the first time, and the
authors give a critical analysis of relevant data.
This book is a comprehensive and detailed study of the available
information and is distinguished by the following outstanding
features: the consideration of a large number of atmospheric
constituents, including H DEGREESO2, H, N DEGREESO2, N, O
DEGREESO2, O, CO, CO DEGREESO2, H DEGREESO2O, HCl and some
hydrocarbons the maximum number of space particles, including
magnetospheric particles, are considered as projectiles: photons,
electrons, hydrogen atoms, protons and helium ionsthe energy range
under study corresponds to the real spectrum of cosmic fluxes, from
threshold values for elementary processes up to several thousand
keV the recommended values of cross sections, obtained from
analysis of the available experimental data, are given in the
handbook and their accuracy is estimated.
These features make the handbook particularly valuable to
specialists in the aeronomy of planets, comets and active
perturbations, as well as to experimentalists and theoreticians
working in the fields of plasma physics, atomic and molecular
physics, physics of the upper atmosphere, chemical physics, o
Kompakt, interdiziplinar, praxisorientiert - so prasentiert sich
dieses facettenreiche Lehrbuch der Photochemie.
Das gut strukturierte und sehr verstandlich geschriebene Werk macht
den Leser mit allen bedeutenden photochemischen Prozessen vertraut.
Das Spektrum reicht dabei von den klassischen photochemischen
Reaktionen, uber die Photosynthese, Chemolumineszenz, Photovoltaik
und Photopolymerisationen bis hin zur photodynamischen
Krebstherapie. Die vielschichtigen Lerninhalte werden stets
kompetent und anschaulich dargestellt, und die uberprufung und
Vertiefung des Lernstoffes ist anhand zahlreicher aktueller
Literaturhinweise zu jedem Kapitel gewahrleistet.
Der zweite Teil des Buches stellt ausfuhrlich Methoden und
Experimente zu den Lerninhalten vor. Diese Versuche werden
sicherlich das experimentelle Repertoire von vielen Vorlesungen und
Praktika bereichern und auch wertvolle Anregungen fur
Forschungsarbeiten liefern.
Ein "Lichtblick" fur Chemiker, Physiker, Biologen, Mediziner...
kurz fur alle, die eine Einfuhrung in die vielfaltigen
Wechselwirkungen zwischen Licht und Materie suchen
Laser photoelectron emission not only allows investigation of
interfaces between electrodes and solution, but also provides a
method for fast generation of intermediate species in the vicinity
of the interface and so permits study of their electrode reactions.
Laser Electrochemistry of Intermediates presents the first-ever
comprehensive review of this important phenomenon and its
electrochemical applications.
The book explores how the innovative method of laser electron
emission from metal electrodes resolves two fundamental problems
inherent in current methods of intermediate species (IS) generation
and detection: difficulty generating IS quickly in the vicinity of
the electrode surface and low IS surface concentration. In
addition, for the first time, quasi-free and solvated electrons,
hydrogen atoms, simple organic and inorganic radicals, and ions
with anomalous valence are systematically studied.
Laser Electrochemistry of Intermediates incorporates a unique,
two-pronged analytical approach. First, the authors consider the
kinetics and thermodynamics of the processes based on the
participation of IS in its one-electron stages, thus allowing the
assignment of real physical meaning to the electrochemical
measurables. Second, they consider electrode reactions side by side
with homogeneous reactions of electron transfer, facilitating
understanding of the universal theory of electron transfer
reactions in polar media as well as the peculiarities of these
reactions occurring in the interface between electrode and
solution.
Building on Mozumder's and Hatano's Charged Particle and Photon
Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological
Consequences with Applications (CRC Press, 2004), Charged Particle
and Photon Interactions with Matter: Recent Advances, Applications,
and Interfaces expands upon the scientific contents of the previous
volume by covering state-of-the-art advances, novel applications,
and future perspectives. It focuses on relatively direct
applications used mainly in radiation research fields as well as
the interface between radiation research and other fields. The book
first explores the latest studies on primary processes (the
physical stage), particularly on the energy deposition spectra and
oscillator strength distributions of molecules interacting with
charged particles and photons. Other studies discussed include the
use of synchrotron radiation in W-value studies and the progress
achieved with positrons and muons interacting with matter. It then
introduces new theoretical studies on the physicochemical and
chemical stages that describe the behavior of electrons in liquid
hydrocarbons and the high-LET radiolysis of liquid water. The book
also presents new experimental research on the physicochemical and
chemical stages with specific characteristics of matter or specific
experimental conditions, before covering new experimental studies
on the biological stage. The last set of chapters focuses on
applications in health physics and cancer therapy, applications to
polymers, the applications and interface formation in space science
and technology, and applications for the research and development
of radiation detectors, environmental conservation, plant breeding,
and nuclear engineering. Edited by preeminent scientists and with
contributions from an esteemed group of international experts, this
volume advances the field by offering greater insight into how
charged particles and photons interact with matter. Bringing
together topics across a spectrum of scientific and technological
areas, it provides clear explanations of the dynamic processes
involved in and applications of interface formation.
Answering the need for information that could revolutionize the
development of alternate solar energy sources and the reduction of
atmospheric contaminants, Semiconductor Photochemistry and
Photophysics reflects renewed interest inspired by the unique
properties of nanocrystalline semiconductor particles. It provides
a thorough overview and describes fundamental research aimed at
understanding the underlying mechanisms of the cells and looks at
the application of nanocrystalline TiO2 as a photocatalyst for
environmental remediation. Key topics include semiconductor
photoelectrochemistry, dye-sensitized solar cells, and
photocatalytic treatment of chemical waste.
Written by leading Russian scientists, including Nobel laureate,
A.M. Prokhorov (1916-2002), this first book on this important
technology allows an understanding of the physics of atomic vapor
laser isotope separation and new photochemical methods of laser
isotope separation.
One entire chapter is devoted to chemical reactions of atoms in
excited states, while further chapters deal with the separation of
isotopes by one photon isotope-selective and coherent
isotope-selective two photon excitation of atoms. A final chapter
looks at the prospects for the industrial production of isotope
products by laser isotope separation. The whole is rounded off by
six appendices.
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