'Radiation Effects on Embedded Systems' provides the reader with the major guidelines for coping with radiation effects on components supposed to be included in today's application devoted to operate in space, but also in atmosphere at high altitude or at ground level. It contains a set of chapters based on the tutorials presented at the International School on Effects of Radiation on Embedded Systems for Space Applications (SERESSA) that was held in Manaus, Brazil, from 20 to 25 November 2005.

The analysis of radionuclides in the environment became extremely important after the accident at Chernobyl in1986. The accident made scientists aware that accurate methods of radionuclide analyses are essential in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity. Methods are still being developed today because of the ongoing requirement to monitor environmental radioactivity and, to assess the radionuclide waste inventory for the recently proposed intermediate radioactive waste repository. This book brings together current developments in radioactive analyses. Environmental Radiochemical Analysis III is an authoritative, up to date review of research contributions presented at the 10th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists across the globe this edition provides information on: * new methods of radioanalyses * waste steams during decommissioning * radioactivity measurements in the environment * hazard assessment in decommissioning * improvements in measurement instrumentation * application of software to measurements * current IAEA activities for the ALMERA network * proficiency testing and research and development in the NDA. This exceptional work offers an insight into topical areas of research and is a key point of reference for graduates and professionals alike who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

Incidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity .This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on analytical radiochemistry, the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

This is the most updated, comprehensive collection of monographs on all aspects of photochemistry and photophysics related to natural and synthetic, inorganic, organic, and biological supramolecular systems. "Supramolecular Photochemistry: Controlling Photochemical Processes" addresses reactions in crystals, organized assemblies, monolayers, zeolites, clays, silica, micelles, polymers, dendrimers, organic hosts, supramolecular structures, organic glass, proteins and DNA, and applications of photosystems in confined media. This landmark publication describes the past, present, and future of this growing interdisciplinary area.

Vibrationally Mediated Photodissociation (VMP) deals with the influence of vibrational excitation of the ground electronic state of a molecule on its dissociation following excitation of this state to a higher electronic state. Aimed at students and academics, this is the first book devoted to the effect of vibrational pre-excitation on molecular dynamics in the gas phase. In particular, it deals with the influence of this excitation on the dissociation of molecules (ie: on the branching ratio between the dissociation products and its dependence on the vibrational state being excited). The effect in the gas phase has been extensively studied, both theoretically and experimentally and encompasses diverse areas of chemical physics. This monograph presents the methodology of VMP, using state-of-the-art specific examples. Overviews of earlier works are included as well, to serve as a background for current research. Wherever appropriate, original works are quoted, including the original drawings. The contents include a brief review of theoretical and experimental methods relevant to VMP and specific examples. Also included are a bibliography, author and subject index. From the description of the motivation, the approach, the execution of the experiment and the analysis of the results of the specific examples, the reader will get a comprehensive understanding of the field. The book is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students of chemistry and physics. It serves as an introduction to VMP for beginners and as a literature guide to those acquainted with the subject but not necessarily working on VMP.

Hardbound. Covering all theoretical and practical aspects of the applications of spot tests to organic analysis, this book includes information on more than 900 tests. It continues to be an indispensable reference to organic and analytical chemists in academia and in industry.

Eleven planetary atmospheres are included for detailed study in this reference/text, four for the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), four for the small bodies (Io, Titan, Triton, and Pluto), and three for the terrestrial planets (Mars, Venus, and Earth). The authors have carried out a comprehensive survey of the principal chemical cycles that control the present composition and past history of planetary atmospheres, using the database provided by recent spacecraft missions supplemented by Earth-based observations.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over one hundred years ago after observing the death of microorganisms upon exposure to dyes and light. It is the combination of non-toxic dyes and harmless visible light that, in the presence of oxygen, produce highly toxic reactive species. The principal medical application during the last century was in cancer therapy but, in these days of rising antibiotic resistance, PDT shows increasing promise as an alternative approach to treating infections. PDT has also been used in blood product sterilization, peridontology, acne reduction, and the treatment of viral lesions such as those caused by human papilloma virus. It may also have potential as an environmentally friendly pesticide. This is the first and only book to comprehensively cover the use of light and photosensitising agents for controlling microbial pathogens. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of an emerging field. There are several chapters on the design of antimicrobial photosensitizers, their use to kill pathogenic organisms and their success in treating infections in animal models. It has long been known that gram-positive bacteria are highly susceptible to photoinactivation but the book also discusses means of widening the range of microorganisms that can be tackled by PDT. Edited by two pioneers in the application of PDT to medical and environmental issues, this book covers the basic science, translational research in animals, and the clinical applications in various medical specialities. It represents an indispensable resource for microbiologists and infectious disease doctors as well as dentists, dermatologists, gastroenterologists and transfusion specialists.

"Laser Chemistry: Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Applications" provides a basic introduction to the subject, written for students and other novices. It assumes little in the way of prior knowledge, and carefully guides the reader through the important theory and concepts whilst introducing key techniques and applications.

Nuclear power currently contributes nearly a quarter of the electricity needs of the UK. Much of this is from nuclear reactor plants developed some fifty years ago. Consequently, in the next few decades, many of these reactors and components are coming to the end of their 'useful' life and strategies for the effective management of these decommissioned parts are paramount. Management of Ageing Processes in Graphite Reactor Cores discusses in detail both the scientific challenges and the issues involved in this subject. It begins with an introductory section on the fundamentals of reactor design and goes on to discuss graphite core behaviour under irradiation; graphite-component behaviour and its assessment; and whole core behaviour. The book concludes with a section on the lessons learned from decades of experience. Written by leading experts in the field, this high level book is ideal for both academia and industry, and would also be of relevance to policy makers and governments.

Since the publication of the second edition of this handbook in 1993, the field of photochemical sciences has continued to expand across several disciplines including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biological chemistries, and, most recently, nanosciences. Emphasizing the important role light-induced processes play in all of these fields, the Handbook of Photochemistry, Third Edition provides quick and convenient access to chemical and physical data that are crucial to photochemical investigations from the planning and experimentation phases to the interpretation of results. The third edition of the Handbook of Photochemistry offers detailed overviews of the photochemical processes that occur in organic molecules and transition metal complexes, written by leading experts around the world. The authors maintain the highly regarded organization of data from previous editions while updating and expanding its tables with data pertaining to hundreds of new compounds. The book now contains sections focusing on metal complexes and organometallic compounds, offering photophysical and quenching data as well as reduction potential values, a key factor in photochemical electron transfer processes. It also features new information on light sources and filters, chemical actinometry, solutions to common problems in photoluminescence measurements, and lab-friendly techniques pertaining to experimental UV/visible spectroscopy and irradiation methodologies. The Handbook of Photochemistry delivers an exhaustive, up-to-date collection of photophysical and electrochemical data on organic compounds and transition metal complexes. It represents an invaluable compilation of complementary data, background information, and references for students, researchers, and spectroscopists performing a vast assortment of photochemical experiments.

Advances in Nuclear Fuel Chemistry presents a high-level description of nuclear fuel chemistry based on the most recent research and advances. Dr. Markus H.A. Piro and his team of global, expert contributors cover all aspects of both the conventional uranium-based nuclear fuel cycle and non-conventional fuel cycles, including mining, refining, fabrication, and long-term storage, as well as emerging nuclear technologies, such as accident tolerant fuels and molten salt materials. Aimed at graduate students, researchers, academics and practicing engineers and regulators, this book will provide the reader with a single reference from which to learn the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics and radiochemistry.

The first comprehensive source on this ever-expanding analytical science, this reference explores recent advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques utilizing electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and the detection of biowarfare agents. Compiled by the pioneer of this highly innovative technology, Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence surveys the use of ECL systems for the development of light-emitting devices, as well as the measurement and identification of biologically important compounds. It provides more than 1150 references, 240 tables, and contributions from 16 leading authorities on the subject, identifying promising research pathways, trends, challenges and topics of vital importance to field progression.; It discusses the simulation of ECL behavior using commercial software, summarizes key characteristics of the most common organic ECL systems, covers the latest developments in metal chelate ECL, and describes the use of flow injection, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis in conjunctio

Cleavage of water to its constituents (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) for production of hydrogen energy at an industrial scale is one of the "holy grails" of materials science. That can be done by utilizing the renewable energy resource i.e. sunlight and photocatalytic material. The sunlight and water are abundant and free of cost available at this planet. But the development of a stable, efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic material to split water is still a great challenge. To develop the effective materials for photocatalytic water splitting, various type of materials with different sizes and structures from nano to giant have been explored that includes metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and so on. Fundamental concepts and state of art materials for the water splitting are also discussed to understand the phenomenon/mechanism behind the photoelectrochemical water splitting. This book gives a comprehensive overview and description of the manufacturing of photocatalytic materials and devices for water splitting by controlling the chemical composition, particle size, morphology, orientation and aspect ratios of the materials. The real technological breakthroughs in the development of the photoactive materials with considerable efficiency, are well conversed to bring out the practical aspects of the technique and its commercialization.

This text discusses di-p-methane rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates, the photo-Fries rearrangement in organized media and of biologically active compounds, electron transfer leading to fragmentation, dimerization, and nucleophilic capture, and the characterization and reactivity of photochemically generated phenylene bis(diradical) species. The authors reveal experimental and computational techniques for the study of phenylene-linked carbenes and nitrenes. Brimming with over 900 references, Photochemistry of Organic Molecules in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media is crucial for professionals and students in photochemistry; chemical engineering; materials and semiconductor science; and organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.

Heavy water (deuterium oxide) played a sinister role in the race for nuclear energy during the World War II. It was a key factor in Germany's bid to harness atomic energy primarily as a source of electric power; its acute shortage was a factor in Japan's decision not to pursue seriously nuclear weaponry; its very existence was a nagging thorn in the side of the Allied powers. Books and films have dwelt on the Allies' efforts to deny the Germans heavy water by military means; however, a history of heavy water has yet to be written. Filling this gap, Heavy Water and the Wartime Race for Nuclear Energy concentrates on the circumstances whereby Norway became the preeminent producer of heavy water and on the scientific role the rare isotope of hydrogen played in the wartime efforts by the Axis and Allied powers alike. Instead of a purely technical treatise on heavy water, the book describes the social history of the subject. The book covers the discovery and early uses of deuterium before World War II and its large-scale production by Norsk Hydro in Norway, especially under German control. It also discusses the French-German race for the Norwegian heavy-water stocks in 1940 and heavy water's importance for the subsequent German uranium project, including the Allied sabotage and bombing of the Norwegian plants, as well as its lesser role in Allied projects, especially in the United States and Canada. The book concludes with an overall assessment of the importance and the perceived importance of heavy water for the German program, which alone staked everything on heavy water in its quest for a nuclear chain reaction.

Radiation and the effects of radioactivity have been known for more than 100 years. International research spanning this period has yielded a great deal of information about radiation and its biological effects and this activity has resulted in the discovery of many applications in medicine and industry including cancer therapy, medical diagnostics and quality control during manufacturing.
After Chernobyl, there has been a tendency for the public to regard radiation as harmful, even in situations where the doses are equal to, or below the natural level. Radiation and Health aims to increase awareness by presenting a balanced view of the nature of radiation and its existence in the environment, as well as discussing its effects on plants, animals and humans. It provides a survey of current knowledge from the discovery and basic theory of radiation and radioactivity to more recent developments concerned with the nature of radiation and its effect on biological systems. Numerous examples, exercises and diagrams are included to make this book accessible to non-specialists.

During the twentieth century, radiation chemistry emerged as a multi-faceted field encompassing all areas of science. Radiation chemical techniques are becoming increasingly popular and are being routinely used not only by chemists but also by biologists, polymer scientists, etc.
""Radiation Chemistry: Present Status and Future Trends"" presents an overall view of the different aspects of the subject. The chapters review the current status of the field and present the future opportunities in utilizing radiation chemical techniques. This will be of interest to chemists in general and in particular to radiation chemists, chemical kineticists, photochemists, physical-organic chemists and spectroscopists.
In view of the diverse nature of the field, the book is a multi-authored effort by several experts in their particular areas of research. Six main areas, both basic and applied, were identified and the book is organized around them. The topics were selected in terms of their relative importance and the contribution of radiation chemistry to the general areas of chemistry, biology and physics. The topics covered are as diverse as gas phase radiation chemistry, the use of radiation chemical techniques, the treatment of water pollutants, the chemical basis of radiation biology, and muonium chemistry. The book also contains an update of the next generation electron accelerators.

This text examines organic, physical and materials photochemistry. It reports the first example of a TiO2 sensitization with a fullerene-based donor-acceptor dyad, and covers halophenols, diflusinal photochemistry, hydroxystyrenes, acetylenes, and other related compounds. The volume also investigates whether c, d-alkenes influence the efficiency and course of light-induced reactions, and more

Nuclear Receptors and Genetic Disease provides the first compilation of the role of nuclear hormones in health and disease and incorporates the latest breakthroughs in the field. It provides comprehensive reviews of the major receptors prepared by the acknowledged experts in each area. Each chapter provides information on the history, physiology, structure, mechanism of action, genetics, pathophysiology, disease diagnosis, and disease treatment for a particular nuclear receptor. Each chapter also includes a table showing all the known mutations of the respective nuclear receptor with the corresponding clinical disorder.
Receptors included in this book are:
* The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
* Thyroid Hormone Receptors
* Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
* The Androgen Receptor
* DAX-1 and Related Orphan Receptors
* The Vitamin D Receptor
* Retinoid Receptors
* Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptors
* Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 α
* Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors
* Coactivators and Corepressors

This long-awaited, revised and updated reference/text combines a thorough description of the origin and application of fundamental chemical kinetics through an assessment of realistic reactor problems with an expanded discussion of kinetics and its relation to chemical thermodynamics. Provides exercises of gradiating difficulty that range from simple applications of equations and concepts developed in the text to open-ended situations drawing on creative thinking Adds a host of worked-out illustrations and a notation list after each chapter, reinforcing important concepts Retaining the careful organization and logical progression of ideas that characterized the first edition, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design clarifies chain and polymerization reactions in greater depth contains new material on microbial and enzyme kinetics and adsorption-desorption theory streamlines the presentation of the derivations arising from the kinetic theory of gases addresses transport effect in catalytic reactions explains gas-solid noncatalytic reactions covers the development of two-phase reactor theory based on plug flow, mixing cell, and dispersion models introduces theory and design of fluid slurry and trickle beds examines catalyst deactivation phenomena, ion exchange, and chromatographic reactors and more Including over 1450 equations for developing rational chemical reactor designs and analysis models, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design is an excellent reference for chemical, mechanical, petroleum, plant, process, civil, and design engineers, and an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

This book represents a detailed and systematic account of the basic principles, developments and applications of the theory of nucleation.
The formation of new phases begins with the process of nucleation and is, therefore, a widely spread phenomenon in both nature and technology. Condensation and evaporation, crystal growth, electrodeposition, melt crystallization, growth of thin films for microelectronics, volcano eruption and formation of particulate matter in space are only a few of the processes in which nucleation plays a prominent role.

The book has four parts, which are devoted to the thermodynamics of nucleation, the kinetics of nucleation, the effect of various factors on nucleation and the application of the theory to other processes, which involve nucleation. The first two parts describe in detail the two basic approaches in nucleation theory - the thermodynamic and the kinetic ones. They contain derivations of the basic and most important formulae of the theory and discuss their limitations and possibilities for improvement. The third part deals with some of the factors that can affect nucleation and is a natural continuation of the first two chapters. The last part is devoted to the application of the theory to processes of practical importance such as melt crystallization and polymorphic transformation, crystal growth and growth of thin solid films, size distribution of droplets and crystallites in condensation and crystallization. The book is not just an account of the status quo in nucleation theory - throughout the book there are a number of new results as well as extensions and generalisations of existing ones.

Radiochemistry or nuclear chemistry is the study of radiation from an atomic and molecular perspective, including elemental transformation and reaction effects, as well as physical, health and medical properties.

This revised edition of one of the earliest and best-known books on the subject has been updated to bring into teaching the latest developments in research and the current hot topics in the field. To further enhance the functionality of this text, the authors have added numerous teaching aids, examples in MathCAD with variable quantities and options, hotlinks to relevant text sections from the book, and online self-grading tests.
New edition of a well-known, respected text in the specialized field of nuclear/radiochemistry
Includes an interactive website with testing and evaluation modules based on exercises in the book
Suitable for both radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry courses"

Focuses on complex naturally occurring and synthetic supramolecular arrays. The text describes applications of photochemistry in cystalline organic matrices; covers two-component crystals - crystalline molecular compounds, mixed crystals and simple mechanical mixtures - in solid and liquid phases; assesses photoinduced fragmentation of carbon-heteroatom bonds; and more.

Deals with a new and promising field developed during the last two decades on the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This book presents general information on catalysis for a wide range of organic reactions, e.g., hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, and polymerization transformations. Special attention is paid to electro- and photochemical stimulation of catalytic processes in the presence of immobilized metal complexes. Other topics covered are the quantitative data on the comparison of catalyses by mobile and immobilized metal complexes; main factors affecting the activity of these catalytic systems and methods of optimizing their control; and specific problems of catalysis by fixed complexes (e.g., ligand exchange and electron transfer in metal polymer systems, macromolecular effects and polyfunctional catalysis).