The first source on this expanding analytical science, this reference explores advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and the detection of biowarfare agents. Compiled by the pioneer of this highly innovative technology, this volume provides contributions from 16 leading authorities. They discuss the simulation of ECL behavior using commercial software, summarize key characteristics of organic ECL systems, and cover developments in metal chelate ECL.

This text discusses di-p-methane rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates, the photo-Fries rearrangement in organized media and of biologically active compounds, electron transfer leading to fragmentation, dimerization, and nucleophilic capture, and the characterization and reactivity of photochemically generated phenylene bis(diradical) species. The authors reveal experimental and computational techniques for the study of phenylene-linked carbenes and nitrenes. Brimming with over 900 references, Photochemistry of Organic Molecules in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media is crucial for professionals and students in photochemistry; chemical engineering; materials and semiconductor science; and organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.

The 1989 International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in theUfe Scienceswas a continuationofa seriesofconfer encesheldbytheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency. Thefirsttook placeinAmsterdamin 1967, thesecondin Bledin 1972, andthethird inViennain 1978. Theaimoftheseconferenceshasbeentostimulate discussions between scientists who are working as biologists, envi ronmentalists, and physicians, and those who are working on the advancementofnuclear analytical techniques. The 1989 Conference was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards)inGaithersburg, Maryland. ThefocalpointoftheConfer ence was the presentation of results from multidisciplinary research involvingnuclear analytical techniques and their applications to the life sciences. Wehave obtained contributions from life sciencefields thatrelatethenuclear analyticalmethods to abroad scopeofbiologi cal, medical, and environmental applications. Deliberately, our defi nition of nuclear analytical techniques was made flexible. Methods and applications were treated in a more comprehensive way than thoseatestablished meetings. Particularconsideration was given to contributions from developing countries. We are indebted to many people and organizations for their assistancein making this symposium possible. TheConference was organizedbytheUSDepartmentofCommerce'sNISTincooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency, by supplying both financial support and scientific expertise. The meeting was cospon soredbytheAmericanNuclearSociety, theUSDepartmentofEnergy, andtheFoodandDrugAdministration, whoprovidedbothorganiza tional and financial support. We hope that the results of this Conference, presented here, will stimulatethe developmentofnew collaborativeresearch efforts betweenthe life sciencesand analytical fields. Acontinuationofthis series ofconferences willbe a measureofthe successofthis interdis ciplinary collaboration."

The observation of Nature is an inexhaustible source of inspiration to promote innovations in chemistry. The bioinspired approach is a revolution in our paradigms because it is not based on what we can take to nature, but on what we can learn from it. Enzymatic systems involved in solar energy conversion (photosystem), hydrogen production (hydrogenases), dioxygen activation (oxydases et oxygenases), CO2 reduction (CO dehydrogenase) use abundant and cheap starting material such as O2, H2O and CO2. Inspiration of these biological systems is a solution to make our chemical processes greener. These are some of the many challenges that bioinspired chemistry is able to take up.A number of the recent developments in bioinspired chemistry are discussed, including some descriptions on the biological systems that are the source of inspiration. This book is a guide to where bioinspired chemistry will be in the near future and provides a thoughtful perspective on how bioinspiration could change our world.

The purpose of this book is to review the current, state-of-the-art application of isotopic methods to the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Isotopic studies are arguably the ultimate technique in in situ methods for heterogeneous catalysis. In this review volume, chapters have been contributed by experts in the field and the coverage includes both the application of specific isotopes ? Deuterium, Tritium, Carbon-14, Sulfur-35 and Oxygen-18 ? as well as isotopic techniques ? determination of surface mobility, steady state transient isotope kinetic analysis, and positron emission profiling.

Since its infancy in the early 1960s, the use of radiation chemistry in commercial and industrial processes has been greeted with equal parts enthusiasm and controversy. Thirty years later, while much has changed in the technology of radiation chemistry, both the enthusiasm and the controversy have remained. Applied Radiation Chemistry takes a long hard look at the entire field of radiation processing: its history, the current state of technology, level of use, controversial applications, and promising developments. The only book of its kind, Applied Radiation Chemistry places as much emphasis on the chemical changes and principles that produce the observable results as it places on the techniques in question. This enables the reader to understand applications in chemical terms, rather than as a series of recipes. Full chapters are devoted to the processing of polymers and the sterilization of medical disposables, two applications currently in use worldwide. There is also an extensive discussion of the controversial subject of radiation treatment of food, including detailed tables of foods approved for irradiation, and a section on identification of irradiated foods. Applied Radiation Chemistry is the ultimate handbook for chemists, food scientists, polymer scientists, environmental scientists, chemical engineers, and others engaged in research on radiation-processing applications. This fully referenced text is also an ideal textbook for graduate-level courses in radiation applications because it gives basic information on the processes, covers radiation dosimetry, and introduces students to a wide range of actual and potential applications.

A modern introduction to photochemistry covering the principles and applications of this topic from both a physical chemistry and organic chemistry angle. Coverage ranges from subjects such as lasers, the atmosphere, biochemistry, medicine and industry and also includes the latest developments in relation to photochemical molecular machines, photodynamic therapy applied to cancer, photochromatic imaging, and photostabilizers. Little in the way of prior knowledge is assumed, and the reader is aided by numerous worked examples, learning objectives, chapter summaries and problems.

The book deals with the environmentally friendly cleaning materials functionalized with TiO2, a widely known semiconductor giving rise to redox reactions under artificial or solar irradiation. The role of Titanium dioxide in the worldwide community is introduced first. The fundamental working principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis follow and a critical section on the semiconductor bulk and surface properties open the way to the differences between TiO2 blend features with respect to analogous thin film layouts. Then follows the main section of the book which deals with the techniques applied to manufactured commercial devices, ranging from glasses to textiles and from concrete and other construction materials to paintings. Also road asphalt and other devices, such as photocatalytic air conditioning machines are outlined. Last generation materials, not yet commercialized, and the deposition techniques applied to prepare them are also widely discussed. The final part of the book covers the difficult and modern topic of standardization and comparison of performance of photocatalytic processes and in particular the guidelines proposed by various worldwide organizations for standardization are discussed. The book covers the general matters as well as the practical applications with the supporting methods discussed in detail. This book brings together a team of highly experienced and well-published experts in the field, providing a comprehensive view of the applications of supported titanium dioxide.

This book provides a first comprehensive summary of the basic principles, instrumentation, methods, and clinical applications of three-dimensional dosimetry in modern radiation therapy treatment. The presentation reflects the major growth in the field as a result of the widespread use of more sophisticated radiotherapy approaches such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy and proton therapy, which require new 3D dosimetric techniques to determine very accurately the dose distribution. It is intended as an essential guide for those involved in the design and implementation of new treatment technology and its application in advanced radiation therapy, and will enable these readers to select the most suitable equipment and methods for their application. Chapters include numerical data, examples, and case studies.

This book provides a first authoritative text on radiochromic film, covering the basic principles, technology advances, practical methods, and applications. It focuses on practical uses of radiochromic film in radiation dosimetry for diagnostic x-rays, brachytherapy, radiosurgery, external beam therapies (photon, electron, protons), stereotactic body radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and other emerging radiation technologies. The expert authors address basic concepts, advantages, and the main applications including kilovoltage, brachytherapy, megavoltage, electron beam, proton beam, skin dose, in vivo dosimetry, postal and clinical trial dosimetry. The final chapters discuss the state of the art in microbeam, synchrotron radiation, and ultraviolet radiation dosimetry.

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the second of four volumes of scientific annexes that provides the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the United Nations General Assembly. Annex B "Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report" summarizes all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. These data relate to the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The aim of the report is to provide a summary of all scientific information and an appraisal of the implications of this information for the UNSCEAR 2013 Report.

Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences -1994 is a forefront survey of key presentations from the 1993 International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences. Sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), this useful volume covers the spectrum of multidisciplinary research on both the methodological aspects and the development of nuclear analytical methods and their applications in the life sciences.
The book is divided into six sections covering related material. These sections are: Methodology of Nuclear Analytical Methods; Environmental Applications; Biomedical Applications; Analysis of Biological Samples; Quality Assurance and Comparison with Other Methods; and a section dealing with miscellaneous issues, such as programs offered by the IAEA.

'Radiation Effects on Embedded Systems' provides the reader with the major guidelines for coping with radiation effects on components supposed to be included in today's application devoted to operate in space, but also in atmosphere at high altitude or at ground level. It contains a set of chapters based on the tutorials presented at the International School on Effects of Radiation on Embedded Systems for Space Applications (SERESSA) that was held in Manaus, Brazil, from 20 to 25 November 2005.

Incidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity .This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on analytical radiochemistry, the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.

This is the most updated, comprehensive collection of monographs on all aspects of photochemistry and photophysics related to natural and synthetic, inorganic, organic, and biological supramolecular systems. "Supramolecular Photochemistry: Controlling Photochemical Processes" addresses reactions in crystals, organized assemblies, monolayers, zeolites, clays, silica, micelles, polymers, dendrimers, organic hosts, supramolecular structures, organic glass, proteins and DNA, and applications of photosystems in confined media. This landmark publication describes the past, present, and future of this growing interdisciplinary area.

Hardbound. Covering all theoretical and practical aspects of the applications of spot tests to organic analysis, this book includes information on more than 900 tests. It continues to be an indispensable reference to organic and analytical chemists in academia and in industry.

Radiochemistry or nuclear chemistry is the study of radiation from an atomic and molecular perspective, including elemental transformation and reaction effects, as well as physical, health and medical properties.

This revised edition of one of the earliest and best-known books on the subject has been updated to bring into teaching the latest developments in research and the current hot topics in the field. To further enhance the functionality of this text, the authors have added numerous teaching aids, examples in MathCAD with variable quantities and options, hotlinks to relevant text sections from the book, and online self-grading tests.
New edition of a well-known, respected text in the specialized field of nuclear/radiochemistry
Includes an interactive website with testing and evaluation modules based on exercises in the book
Suitable for both radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry courses"

Eleven planetary atmospheres are included for detailed study in this reference/text, four for the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), four for the small bodies (Io, Titan, Triton, and Pluto), and three for the terrestrial planets (Mars, Venus, and Earth). The authors have carried out a comprehensive survey of the principal chemical cycles that control the present composition and past history of planetary atmospheres, using the database provided by recent spacecraft missions supplemented by Earth-based observations.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered over one hundred years ago after observing the death of microorganisms upon exposure to dyes and light. It is the combination of non-toxic dyes and harmless visible light that, in the presence of oxygen, produce highly toxic reactive species. The principal medical application during the last century was in cancer therapy but, in these days of rising antibiotic resistance, PDT shows increasing promise as an alternative approach to treating infections. PDT has also been used in blood product sterilization, peridontology, acne reduction, and the treatment of viral lesions such as those caused by human papilloma virus. It may also have potential as an environmentally friendly pesticide. This is the first and only book to comprehensively cover the use of light and photosensitising agents for controlling microbial pathogens. It provides a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of an emerging field. There are several chapters on the design of antimicrobial photosensitizers, their use to kill pathogenic organisms and their success in treating infections in animal models. It has long been known that gram-positive bacteria are highly susceptible to photoinactivation but the book also discusses means of widening the range of microorganisms that can be tackled by PDT. Edited by two pioneers in the application of PDT to medical and environmental issues, this book covers the basic science, translational research in animals, and the clinical applications in various medical specialities. It represents an indispensable resource for microbiologists and infectious disease doctors as well as dentists, dermatologists, gastroenterologists and transfusion specialists.

"Laser Chemistry: Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Applications" provides a basic introduction to the subject, written for students and other novices. It assumes little in the way of prior knowledge, and carefully guides the reader through the important theory and concepts whilst introducing key techniques and applications.

Since the publication of the second edition of this handbook in 1993, the field of photochemical sciences has continued to expand across several disciplines including organic, inorganic, physical, analytical, and biological chemistries, and, most recently, nanosciences. Emphasizing the important role light-induced processes play in all of these fields, the Handbook of Photochemistry, Third Edition provides quick and convenient access to chemical and physical data that are crucial to photochemical investigations from the planning and experimentation phases to the interpretation of results. The third edition of the Handbook of Photochemistry offers detailed overviews of the photochemical processes that occur in organic molecules and transition metal complexes, written by leading experts around the world. The authors maintain the highly regarded organization of data from previous editions while updating and expanding its tables with data pertaining to hundreds of new compounds. The book now contains sections focusing on metal complexes and organometallic compounds, offering photophysical and quenching data as well as reduction potential values, a key factor in photochemical electron transfer processes. It also features new information on light sources and filters, chemical actinometry, solutions to common problems in photoluminescence measurements, and lab-friendly techniques pertaining to experimental UV/visible spectroscopy and irradiation methodologies. The Handbook of Photochemistry delivers an exhaustive, up-to-date collection of photophysical and electrochemical data on organic compounds and transition metal complexes. It represents an invaluable compilation of complementary data, background information, and references for students, researchers, and spectroscopists performing a vast assortment of photochemical experiments.

Advances in Nuclear Fuel Chemistry presents a high-level description of nuclear fuel chemistry based on the most recent research and advances. Dr. Markus H.A. Piro and his team of global, expert contributors cover all aspects of both the conventional uranium-based nuclear fuel cycle and non-conventional fuel cycles, including mining, refining, fabrication, and long-term storage, as well as emerging nuclear technologies, such as accident tolerant fuels and molten salt materials. Aimed at graduate students, researchers, academics and practicing engineers and regulators, this book will provide the reader with a single reference from which to learn the fundamentals of classical thermodynamics and radiochemistry.

The first comprehensive source on this ever-expanding analytical science, this reference explores recent advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques utilizing electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)-examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and the detection of biowarfare agents. Compiled by the pioneer of this highly innovative technology, Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence surveys the use of ECL systems for the development of light-emitting devices, as well as the measurement and identification of biologically important compounds. It provides more than 1150 references, 240 tables, and contributions from 16 leading authorities on the subject, identifying promising research pathways, trends, challenges and topics of vital importance to field progression.; It discusses the simulation of ECL behavior using commercial software, summarizes key characteristics of the most common organic ECL systems, covers the latest developments in metal chelate ECL, and describes the use of flow injection, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis in conjunctio

Cleavage of water to its constituents (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) for production of hydrogen energy at an industrial scale is one of the "holy grails" of materials science. That can be done by utilizing the renewable energy resource i.e. sunlight and photocatalytic material. The sunlight and water are abundant and free of cost available at this planet. But the development of a stable, efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic material to split water is still a great challenge. To develop the effective materials for photocatalytic water splitting, various type of materials with different sizes and structures from nano to giant have been explored that includes metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, carbides, nitrides, phosphides, and so on. Fundamental concepts and state of art materials for the water splitting are also discussed to understand the phenomenon/mechanism behind the photoelectrochemical water splitting. This book gives a comprehensive overview and description of the manufacturing of photocatalytic materials and devices for water splitting by controlling the chemical composition, particle size, morphology, orientation and aspect ratios of the materials. The real technological breakthroughs in the development of the photoactive materials with considerable efficiency, are well conversed to bring out the practical aspects of the technique and its commercialization.

This text discusses di-p-methane rearrangements via radical-cation intermediates, the photo-Fries rearrangement in organized media and of biologically active compounds, electron transfer leading to fragmentation, dimerization, and nucleophilic capture, and the characterization and reactivity of photochemically generated phenylene bis(diradical) species. The authors reveal experimental and computational techniques for the study of phenylene-linked carbenes and nitrenes. Brimming with over 900 references, Photochemistry of Organic Molecules in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media is crucial for professionals and students in photochemistry; chemical engineering; materials and semiconductor science; and organic, inorganic, and physical chemistry.