With contributions from 24 international authorities, Synthetic Organic Photochemistry offers a leading-edge presentation of the most recent and in-demand applications of photochemical methodologies. Outlining a wide assortment of reaction types entailing cycloadditions, cyclizations, isomerizations, rearrangements, and other organic syntheses, this reference offers unmatched coverage of all reactions in the foreground of organic photochemistry and ties in critical considerations that overlap in modern photochemistry and organic chemistry, such as stereoselectivity. Select experimental procedures demonstrate the industrial and academic value of reactions presented in the text.

In this fascinating biography, Patricia Rife interprets both the life and times of Lise Meitner (1878 1968), providing a rich background of the scientific discoveries and social milieu that affected the research, events, personalities, and politics of 20th century quantum physics. Rife asks the central question of why, given the priority evidence of Meitner's role in the interpretation of nuclear fission, was she too not awarded the Nobel Prize?

The use of catalysts as a means of facilitating and expediting polymer synthesis has become an essential industrial tool over the past forty years. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the entire field of catalysis in polymer synthesis covering the majority of essential aspects from basic organic, organometallic and bio-chemistry to industrial production. Particular emphasis is placed on 'precision polymerization', where the catalyst plays a key role in the fabrication of innovative polymers. Precision polymerization enables the production of polymers with precisely controlled structures, molecular weight, distribution and stereochemistry, free from defects. New catalysis is now used in addition polymerization, polycondensation and polyadditions for various monomers of vinyl, diene, acetylene, hetero-multiple bond, ring-opening and enzyme-substrate types. By utilising precision polymerization, highly functional and high performance polymers for future demands will be created. Intended as a polymer synthesis text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses, this book will also serve as a valuable reference source for polymer chemists researching catalytic functions with reaction mechanisms in academia and industry, stimulating the discovery of new catalysts and consequently, the design of innovative high performance materials.

This is a comprehensive account of the nature of the hazards presented by ionizing radiation and the methods of protection. It takes the reader through the general background of the subject, the underlying principles applied to the control of radiation hazards (including chapters on human physiology, the biological effects of radiation and radiation detection and measurement), before moving to specialized topics such as medical applications and waste disposal.;This edition has been revised and updated to reflect the significant changes that have occurred in this area in recent years. The most recent ICRP recommendations are included, the section on legislation has been expanded to emphasize the European and International requirements in addition to those of the UK, while the chapter on radiological emergencies has been rewritten to highlight international developments arising from the Chernobyl disaster.

In the last two decades it was demonstrated that, in addition to masses and charges, magnetic moments of nuclei are able to influence remarkably chemical reactions. This book presents the physical background (both theoretical and experimental) of the magnetic isotope effects in radical reactions in solutions. Special attention has been paid to the quantitative interpretation of the available experimental data. This book will be useful for physicists, chemists and biologists employing the isotope effect in their investigations as well as for those involved in isotope separation and isotope enrichment projects. Additionally, the magnetic isotope effect appears to be important in geochemistry and cosmochemistry. The book can be recommended for postgraduates and senior undergraduate students.

Traditionally, most synthetically developed materials are hardened by heating them to an elevated temperature, a process requiring large amounts of energy and space. Interest in photo cured materials using UV-light is growing due to simplifications in manufacturing and growing environmental concerns; it is expected photocuring could reduce electricity consumption by 90% compared to traditional curing. Photocured materials also reduce evaporation of volatile organic components, curing time and waste, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing work space. The materials technologies based on photocuring are gaining momentum, and this will be the first book to provide an in-depth focus on the subject. This book summarises the fundamentals required to understand the field, characterises the use of novel materials and the development of synthetic aspects, and discusses the future of the technology. The comprehensive review chapters are suitable for a broad readership from diverse backgrounds including chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, medical science, pharmacy, biotechnology and biomedical engineering. Photocured Materials will be of interest to students, researchers, scientists, engineers and professors.

This topical book addresses the need for emerging economies in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe to find a new, sustainable growth model that fosters continued convergence with the EU without leading to the build-up of new vulnerabilities.The expert contributions frame the discussion on balanced growth in Europe, deal with the legacy of the old growth model (such as managing disrupted capital flows and deleveraging), and provide insights from the growth strategies of Russia and Turkey as well as the adjustment process of successful small CESEE countries. They focus on providing a multi-disciplinary assessment, combining the views of policy-makers and academics with those of central and commercial bankers. This book will prove a thought-provoking read for academics, researchers and students in the fields of economics - particularly international economics - and finance, money and banking. Policy-makers and economists interested in European integration and emerging European economies will also find this book to be an invaluable resource. Contributors: A.F. Aysan, G. Bisagni, D. Bogov, M. Dabrowski, M. Ferrazzi, A. Filardo, M. Gachter, L. Gattini, M.H. Guler, A. Hansson, S. Honkapohja, R. Jela i , K. Knot, I. Korhonen, A. Krstevska, E. Liikanen, E. Nowotny, C. Orman, E. Plato, P. Pumberger, M. Randveer, D. Revoltella, A. Riedl, D. Ritzberger-Grunwald, K. Sonin, E. Tuomi, S. Verkaart

The biological action of radiation undoubtedly constitutes an issue of actual con cern, particularly after incidences like those in Harrisburg or Chernobyl. These considerations, however, were not the reason for writing this book although it is hoped that it will also be helpful in this respect. The interaction of radiation with biological systems is such an interesting research objective that to my mind no special justification is needed to pursue these problems. The combination of physics, chemistry and biology presents on one hand a fascinating challenge to the student, on the other, it may lead to insights which are not possible if the dif ferent subjects remain clearly separated. Special problems of radiation biology have quite often led to new approaches in physics (or vice versa), a recent example is "microdosimetry" (chapter 4). Biological radiation a9tion comprises all levels of biological organization. It starts with the absorption in essential atoms and molecules and ends with the development of cancer and genetic hazards to future generations. The structure of the book reflects this. Beginning with physical and chemical fundamentals, it then turns to a description of chemical and subcellular systems. Cellular effects form a large part since they are the basis for understanding all further responses. Reactions of the whole organism, concentrating on mammals and especially humans, are subsequently treated. The book concludes with a short discussion of problems in radiation protection and the application of radiation in medical therapy. These last points are necessarily short and somewhat superficial."

The project that finally led to this book, was originally started with Dr. Jean-Paul Desclaux. It is a pleasure to thank hirn for a fruitful collaboration stretching over more than a decade. While accepting the responsibility for any remaining errors and omissions, I wish to acknowledge in particular the comments by Teijo Aberg, Viktor Flambaum, Burkhard Fricke, Franz Mark and Arne Rosen. The Bibliography was compiled using a Fortran program, written for the DEC 20 at the University of Turku by Matti Hotokka, and adap ted to the University of Helsinki Burroughs 7800 by Dage Sundholm. Harriet Bjornstrom did most of the typing and Kathe Ramsay cross checked the text against the Bibliography. Readers, interested in obtaining a Wordstar-readable, IBM PC compatible diskette file (about 520 kb on a two-sided diskette) of the Bibliography should contact the author Helsinki, 20 August, 1986 Pekka Pyykko CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................. 1 Table 1.1. Managraphs and ather general references ........... 2 2. One-particle problems ........................................ 5 2.1. Special relativity and the ald quantum theary ........... 5 2.2. On the Klein-Gardon equation ............................ 5 2.3. The Dirac equation ...................................... 6 Table 2.l. The Dirac equation: interpretative studies, symmetry properties and non-relativistic limits ............ 7 Table 2.2. The Dirac equation: further transformations ...... 13 Table 2.3. The Dirac equation: solutions for hydrogen-like systems. . ........................................ 1 6 Table 2.4. The Dirac equations: solutions for various n- coulomb fields. . ................................. 21 Table 2.5. Relativistic virial theorems ..................... 26 3. Quantum electrodynamical effects ............................ 27 Table 3.1."

"Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice" provides a hands-on guide demonstrating the underlying principles of photochemistry and, by reference to a range of organic reaction types, its effective use in the synthesis of new organic compounds and in various applications.

The book presents a complete and methodical approach to the topic, Working from basic principles, discussing key techniques and studies of reactive intermediates, and illustrating synthetic photochemical procedures.Incorporating special topics and case studies covering various applications of photochemistry in chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, physics, medicine, and industry.Providing extensive references to the original literature and to review articles.Concluding with a chapter on retrosynthetic photochemistry, listing key reactions to aid the reader in designing their own synthetic pathways.

This book will be a valuable source of information and inspiration for postgraduates as well as professionals from a wide range of chemical and natural sciences.

Drawing on the continued wealth of photochemical research, this volume combines reviews on the latest advances in the field with specific topical highlights. Starting with periodical reports of the recent literature on physical and inorganic aspects, light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices, properties of transition-metal compounds, time-resolved spectroscopy, the exploitation of solar energy and the molecules of colour. Coverage continues with highlighted topics, in the second part, from photoresponsive hydrogels, the tunable photoredox properties of organic dyes, light-driven asymmetric organocatalytic processes, dual gold-photoredox catalysis, the preparation and characterization of photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion and the role of photochemistry on traditional synthetic processes. This volume will include for the first time a section entitled 'SPR Lectures on Photochemistry', providing examples for academic readers to introduce a photochemistry topic and precious help for students in photochemistry. Providing critical analysis of the topics, this book is essential reading for anyone wanting to keep up to date with the literature on photochemistry and its applications.

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the third of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex C "Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low dose and low-dose rate radiation" synthesizes the current knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses and low-dose-rates, and assesses the implications for understanding the processes of cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation, and for dose-response relationships of radiation-induced cancers.

Building on Mozumder's and Hatano's Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications (CRC Press, 2004), Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Recent Advances, Applications, and Interfaces expands upon the scientific contents of the previous volume by covering state-of-the-art advances, novel applications, and future perspectives. It focuses on relatively direct applications used mainly in radiation research fields as well as the interface between radiation research and other fields. The book first explores the latest studies on primary processes (the physical stage), particularly on the energy deposition spectra and oscillator strength distributions of molecules interacting with charged particles and photons. Other studies discussed include the use of synchrotron radiation in W-value studies and the progress achieved with positrons and muons interacting with matter. It then introduces new theoretical studies on the physicochemical and chemical stages that describe the behavior of electrons in liquid hydrocarbons and the high-LET radiolysis of liquid water. The book also presents new experimental research on the physicochemical and chemical stages with specific characteristics of matter or specific experimental conditions, before covering new experimental studies on the biological stage. The last set of chapters focuses on applications in health physics and cancer therapy, applications to polymers, the applications and interface formation in space science and technology, and applications for the research and development of radiation detectors, environmental conservation, plant breeding, and nuclear engineering. Edited by preeminent scientists and with contributions from an esteemed group of international experts, this volume advances the field by offering greater insight into how charged particles and photons interact with matter. Bringing together topics across a spectrum of scientific and technological areas, it provides clear explanations of the dynamic processes involved in and applications of interface formation.

This book highlights a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the fundamental principles related to nuclear engineering. As one of the most popular choices of future energy, nuclear energy is of increasing demand globally. Due to the complexity of nuclear engineering, its research and development as well as safe operation of its facility requires a wide scope of knowledge, ranging from basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics to applied subjects such as reactor theory and radiation protection. The book covers all necessary knowledge in an illustrative and readable style, with a sufficient amount of examples and exercises. It is an easy-to-read textbook for graduate students in nuclear engineering and a valuable handbook for nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel and technical staff.

Photochemistry is an important facet in the study of the origin of life and prebiotic chemistry. Solar photons are the unique source of the large amounts of energy likely required to initiate the organisation of matter to produce biological life. The Miller-Urey experiment simulated the conditions thought to be present on the early earth and supported the hypothesis that under such conditions complex organic compounds could be synthesised from simpler inorganic precursors. The experiment inspired many others, including the production of various alcohols, aldehydes and organic acids through UV-photolysis of water vapour with carbon monoxide. This book covers the photochemical aspects of the study of prebiotic and origin of life chemistry an ideal companion for postgraduates and researchers in prebiotic chemistry, photochemistry, photobiology, chemical biology and astrochemistry.

Phosphors for Radiation Detector Phosphors for Radiation Detectors Discover a comprehensive overview of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection In Phosphors for Radiation Detection, accomplished researchers Takayuki Yanagida and Masanori Koshimizu deliver a state-of-the-art exploration of the use of phosphors in radiation detection. The internationally recognized contributors discuss the fundamental physics and detector functions associated with the technology with a focus on real-world applications. The book discusses all forms of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection used in a variety of fields, including medicine, security, resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and high energy physics. Readers will discover discussions of dosimeter materials, including thermally stimulated luminescent materials, optically stimulated luminescent materials, and radiophotoluminescence materials. The book also covers transparent ceramics and glasses and a broad range of devices used in this area. Phosphors for Radiation Detection also includes: Thorough introductions to ionizing radiation induced luminescence, organic scintillators, and inorganic oxide scintillators Comprehensive explorations of luminescent materials, including discussions of materials synthesis and their use in gamma-ray, neutron, and charged particle detection Practical discussions of semiconductor scintillators, including treatments of organic-inorganic layered perovskite materials for scintillation detectors In-depth examinations of thermally stimulated luminescent materials, including discussions of the dosimetric properties for photons, charged particles, and neutrons Relevant for research physicists, materials scientists, and electrical engineers, Phosphors for Radiation Detection is an also an indispensable resource for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students working in detection physics.

In our everyday imaginations we use the laws of nature with their tremendous possibilities of technical progress for the benefit of mankind. The three catastrophes of Chernobyl (26 April 1986), Fukushima Daichii (11 March 2011) and in the Gulf of Mexico, explosion of the drilling platform Deepwater Horizon (20 April 2010), have shaken this world view. Who directed this development? Is it a matter of human error or technical failure? For the answer, approaches from the natural sciences and the humanities are presented.

Das Buch deckt neben den Themen der Entstehung, der Eigenschaften sowie Detektion von R ntgenstrahlen, die Entwicklungshistorie der Computertomographie, die elementaren Methoden der Signalverarbeitung und insbesondere die Signalverarbeitungsverfahren der Computertomographie ab. Hierbei wird Wert auf die ausf hrliche Darstellung der Mathematik der zwei- und dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktionsverfahren gelegt. Neben der ausf hrlichen Erkl rung der theoretischen Konzepte wird auf die praktischen Randbedingungen der technischen Realisierung sowie auf die auftretenden Bildartefakte besonders eingegangen.

After World War II, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) began mass-producing radioisotopes, sending out nearly 64,000 shipments of radioactive materials to scientists and physicians by 1955. Even as the atomic bomb became the focus of Cold War anxiety, radioisotopes represented the government's efforts to harness the power of the atom for peace-advancing medicine, domestic energy, and foreign relations. In Life Atomic, Angela N. H. Creager tells the story of how these radioisotopes, which were simultaneously scientific tools and political icons, transformed biomedicine and ecology. Government-produced radioisotopes provided physicians with new tools for diagnosis and therapy, specifically cancer therapy, and enabled biologists to trace molecular transformations. Yet the government's attempt to present radioisotopes as marvelous dividends of the atomic age was undercut in the 1950s by the fallout debates, as scientists and citizens recognized the hazards of low-level radiation. Creager reveals that growing consciousness of the danger of radioactivity did not reduce the demand for radioisotopes at hospitals and laboratories, but it did change their popular representation from a therapeutic agent to an environmental poison. She then demonstrates how, by the late twentieth century, public fear of radioactivity overshadowed any appreciation of the positive consequences of the AEC's provision of radioisotopes for research and medicine.

Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis: Radiation Physics and Detectors, Volume One, and Radioanalytical Applications, Volume Two, Fourth Edition, constitute an authoritative reference on the principles, practical techniques and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity - everything from the very low levels encountered in the environment, to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities, and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. It includes sample preparation techniques for all types of matrices found in the environment, including soil, water, air, plant matter and animal tissue, and surface swipes. Users will find the latest advances in the applications of radioactivity analysis across various fields, including environmental monitoring, radiochemical standardization, high-resolution beta imaging, automated radiochemical separation, nuclear forensics, and more.

A Flash of Light is an intriguing book that starts at the beginning of time itself and then winds its way through a host of fascinating light related topics including the hues of aliens sunsets, the psychology of colour, and the chemistry of LCD screens. Written as part of a novel experiment, editors Mark Lorch and Andy Miah hatched a plan to collect a critical mass of academics in a room and charged them with writing a popular science book, under the watchful eye of the general public at the Manchester Science Festival. The result is an enlightening look into the science behind colour and light, encompassing biology, chemistry and physics and including simple and fun "try this at home" ideas to illustrate the concepts covered. Drawing on the experience of some of the UK's best science communicators, this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in science. Its pacey, witty and engaging tone provides illuminating insight into how and why we see the universe the way we do.

This textbook introduces the topic of special relativity, with a particular emphasis upon light-matter interaction and the production of light in plasma. The physics of special relativity is intuitively developed and related to the radiative processes of light. The book reviews the underlying theory of special relativity, before extending the discussion to applications frequently encountered by postgraduates and researchers in astrophysics, high power laser interactions and the users of specialized light sources, such as synchrotrons and free electron lasers. A highly pedagogical approach is adopted throughout, and numerous exercises are included within each chapter to reinforce the presentation of key concepts and applications of the material.

This thesis explores two distinct applications of laser spectroscopy: the study of nuclear ground state properties, and element selective radioactive ion beam production. It also presents the methods and results of an investigation into isotope shifts in the mercury isotopic chain. These Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) developments are detailed, together with an RILIS ionization scheme that allowed laser ionized ion beams of chromium, germanium, radium and tellurium to be generated at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. A combination of laser spectroscopy with decay spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously demonstrated a cessation of the extreme shape staggering first observed in the 1970s and revealed the characteristic kink at the crossing of the N=126 shell closure. A series of RILIS developments were required to facilitate this experiment, including mercury "ionization scheme" development and the coupling of the RILIS with an arc discharge ion source. Laser spectroscopy has since become a powerful tool for nuclear physics and the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS), of the ISOLDE facility at CERN, is a prime example. Highlighting important advances in this field, the thesis offers a unique and revealing resource.

Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Photochemical Modes showcases the latest advances in solar cell technology while offering valuable insight into the future of solar energy conversion and storage. Focusing on photochemical methods of converting and/or storing light energy in the form of electrical or chemical energy, the book: Describes various types of solar cells, including photovoltaic cells, photogalvanic cells, photoelectrochemical cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells Covers the photogeneration of hydrogen, photoreduction of carbon dioxide, and artificial/mimicking photosynthesis Discusses the generation of electricity from solar cells, as well as methods for storing solar energy in the form of chemical energy Highlights existing photochemical methods of solar energy conversion and storage Explores emerging trends such as the use of nanoparticles Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Photochemical Modes provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art reference for graduate students, researchers, and engineers alike.

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for core courses offered to postgraduate students enrolled in chemistry. This book can also be used as a core or supplementary text for nuclear chemistry courses offered to students of chemical engineering. The book covers various topics of nuclear chemistry like Shell model, fission/fusion reaction, natural radioactive equilibrium series, nuclear reactions carried by various types of accelerators. In addition, it describes the law of decay of radioactivity, type of decay, and interaction of radiation with matter. It explains the difference between ionization counter, scintillation counter and solid state detector. This book also consists of end-of-book problems to help readers aid self-learning. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for postgraduate students and researchers enrolled in various chemistry and engineering courses. This book will also be beneficial for industry professionals in the allied fields.