With the resurgence of nuclear power around the world, and the increasingly important role of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier, the utilization of nuclear energy for large-scale hydrogen production will have a key role in a sustainable energy future. Co-generation of both electricity and hydrogen from nuclear plants will become increasingly attractive. It enables load leveling together with renewable energy and storage of electricity in the form of hydrogen, when electricity prices and demand are lowest at off-peak hours of nuclear plants, such as overnight. Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy provides an overview of the latest developments and methods of nuclear based hydrogen production, including electrolysis and thermochemical cycles. Particular focus is given to thermochemical water splitting by the copper-chlorine and sulphur-based cycles. Cycle configurations, equipment design, modeling and implementation issues are presented and discussed. The book provides the reader with an overview of the key enabling technologies towards the design and industrialization of hydrogen plants that are co-located and linked with nuclear plants in the future. The book includes illustrations of technology developments, tables that summarize key features and results, overviews of recent advances and new methods of nuclear hydrogen production. The latest results from leading authorities in the fields will be presented, including efficiencies, costs, equipment design, and modeling.

Super Light Water Reactors and Super Fast Reactors provides an overview of the design and analysis of nuclear power reactors. Readers will gain the understanding of the conceptual design elements and specific analysis methods of supercritical-pressure light water cooled reactors. Nuclear fuel, reactor core, plant control, plant stand-up and stability are among the topics discussed, in addition to safety system and safety analysis parameters. Providing the fundamentals of reactor design criteria and analysis, this volume is a useful reference to engineers, industry professionals, and graduate students involved with nuclear engineering and energy technology.

This book combines theoretical explanations of the reactions of light and polymeric materials with development of light responsive polymeric materials for various practical applications. Photo associated reactions and light responsive materials have great potential to improve existing industrial processes, including capturing solar energy. This book presents a range of reactions and materials with some of the most exciting current and future applications.

Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus is a history of atomic and nuclear physics. It begins in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity, which leads to the discovery of the nucleus at the center of the atom. It follows the experimental discoveries and the theoretical developments up to the end of the Fifties. Unlike previous books regarding on history of nuclear physics, this book methodically describes how advances in technology enabled physicists to probe the physical properties of nuclei as well as how the physical laws which govern these microscopic systems were progressively discovered. The reader will gain a clear understanding of how theory is inextricably intertwined with the progress of technology. Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus will be of interest to physicists and to historians of physics, as well as those interested development of science.

This is the first book to cover actinide nano research. It is of interest both for fundamental research into the chemistry and physics of f-block elements as well as for applied researchers such as those studying the long-term safety of nuclear waste disposal and developing remediation strategies. The authors cover important issues of the formation of actinide nano-particles, their properties and structure, environmental behavior of colloids and nanoparticles related to the safe disposal of nuclear wastes, modeling and advanced methods of characterization at the nano-scale.

THE EURATOM WORKING GROUP ON REACTOR DOSIMETRY AND THE ASTM-EURATOM SYMPOSIA The Euratom Working Group on Reactor Dosimetry (EWGRD) started around 1960 with members having been nominated by the governments, from each European la boratory working in reactor physics and technology. The goal was to exchange di rectly experience and know-how in reactor dosimetry and related programmes. A need for normalisation was felt in order to guarantee that: the same nuclear data is used; measurements in different laboratories give the same results (need for in tercalibration experiments and standards); results are expressed such that a com parison with results from other laboratories is possible. In sub-groups, specific arguments were discussed resulting in final recommenda tions. These final recommendations were then discussed in a plenary meeting and accepted as a recommendation for European usage. Several of these recommenda tions were published, e.g. radiation damage dosimetry guidebooks, and a nuclear data guidebook. Also a programme, executed by the BCMN GEEL, for the produc tion and selling of Reference Materials for Neutron Dosimetry is sponsored by the EWGRD. Workshops in the field of radiation damage and on the pressure vessel steels programme in Europe were successfully organised. The group works in close contact with ASTM (American Society for Testing of Mate rials). Altogether seven symposia were jointly organized, and held, alternatively in Europe and USA. The next symposium, the eighth, will be organized by ASTM in 1993 in the USA.

As the title suggests, Isotope Effects in the Chemical, Geological and Bio Sciences deals with differences in the properties of isotopically substituted molecules, such as differences in the chemical and physical properties of water and the heavy waters. Since the various fields in which isotope effects are applied do not only share fundamental principles but also experimental techniques, this book includes a discussion of experimental apparatus and experimental techniques. Isotope Effects in the Chemical, Geological and Bio Sciences is an educational monograph addressed to graduate students and others undertaking isotope effect research. The fundamental principles needed to understand isotope effects are presented in appropriate detail. While it is true that these principles are more familiar to students of physical chemistry and some background in physical chemistry is recommended, the text provides enough detail to make the book an asset to students in organic and biochemistry, and geochemistry.

Personalized medicine employing patient-based tailor-made therapeutic drugs is taking over treatment paradigms in a variety of ?elds in oncology and the central nervous system. The success of such therapies is mainly dependent on ef?cacious therapeutic drugs and a selective imaging probe for identi?cation of potential responders as well as therapy monitoring for an early bene?t assessment. Molecular imaging (MI) is based on the selective and speci?c interaction of a molecular probe with a biological target which is visualized through nuclear, magnetic resonance, near infrared or other methods. Therefore it is the method of choice for patient selection and therapy monitoring as well as for speci?c e- point monitoring in modern drug development. PET (positron emitting tomography), a nuclear medical imaging modality, is ideally suited to produce three-dimensional images of various targets or processes. The rapidly increasing demand for highly selective probes for MI strongly pushes the development of new PET tracers and PET chemistry. 'PET chemistry' can be de?ned as the study of positron-emitting compounds regarding their synthesis, structure, composition, reactivity, nuclear properties and processes and their properties in natural and - natural environments. In practice PET chemistry is strongly in?uenced by the unique properties of the radioisotopes used (e. g. , half-life, che- cal reactivity, etc. ) and integrates scienti?c aspects of nuclear-, organic-, inorganic- and biochemistry.

How did life begin on the Earth? The units of life are cells, which can be defined as bounded systems of molecules that capture energy and nutrients from the environment -- systems that expand, reproduce, and evolve over time, often into more complex systems. This book is the proceedings of a unique meeting, sponsored by NATO and held in Maratea, Italy, that brought together for the first time an international group of investigators who share an interest in how molecules self-assemble into supramolecular structures, and how those structures may have contributed to the origin of life. The book is written at a moderately technical level, appropriate for use by researchers and by students in upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in biochemistry and molecular biology. The overall interest of its subject matter provides an excellent introduction for students who wish to understand how the foundational knowledge of chemistry and physics can be applied to one of the most fundamental questions now facing the scientific community. The editors are pioneers in defining what we mean by the living state, particularly the manner in which simple molecular systems can assume complex associations and functions, including the ability to reproduce. Each chapter of the book presents an up-to-date report of highly significant research. Two of the authors received medals from the National Academy of Science USA in 1994, and other research reported in the book has been featured in internationally recognized journals such Scientific American, Time, and Discover.

The 1982 summer school on nuclear physics, organized by the Nuclear Physics Division of the Netherlands' Physical Society, was the fifth in a series that started in 1963. The number of students attending has always been about one hundred, coming from about thirty countries. The theme of this year's school was symmetry in nuclear physics. This book covers the material presented by the enthusi astic speakers, who were invited to lecture on this subject. We think they have succeeded in presenting us with clear and thorough introductory talks at graduate or higher level. The time schedule of the school and the location allowed the participants to make many informal contacts during many social activities, ranging from billiards to surf board sailing. We hope and expect that the combination of a relaxed atmosphere during part of the time and hard work during most of the time, has furthered the interest in, and understanding of, nuclear physics. The organization of the summer school was made possible by substantial support from the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Netherlands' Ministry of Education and Science, the Foundation Physica and the Nether lands' Physical Society."

The present volume in our annual review series reviews a wide range of developments, giving a broad interpretation to the "technology" of our title. Starting at the beginning, Science, we have the review of basic nuclear physics data of Walker and Weaver for reactor kinetics, particularly, there fore, delayed neutron data. In the search for better and better accuracy, it is being realized that this involves the closest scrutiny of fundamental data, given to us here from the Birmingham school. Associated with this review of data is the review from Italy by Professor Pacilio and his co workers of the theory of reactor kinetics in the stochastic form, and a valuable compilation of the theory underlying a wide range of practical techniques. Tending more to technology come the papers by Jervis, reviewing the application of digital computers to the control of large nuclear power stations as developed in both the united Kingdom and Canada, Pickman's review of the design of fuels for heavy water reactors, and the account by Ishi kawa and Inabe of the new Japanese Research Reactor Program, itself initially directed largely to fuel element studies. The balance of the volume is made up of more philoso phical contributions to the practicalities of nuclear power."

Dr J. Landi Dessy, Director of the Astronomical Observatory, Cordoba, Argentina, invited the International Astronomical Union to hold a Symposium in Cordoba in connection with the celebration of the Centennial of the Cordoba Observatory; the date of foundation is October 24, 1871. He proposed that the Symposium should deal with Spectral Classification and Multicolour Photometry as seven years had elapsed since the Symposium No. 24 in Saltsj6baden, and much development had occurred in the field. The invitation and the proposal were accepted by the IAU, and the Symposium was held in Villa Carlos Paz, near Cordoba, between October 18 and October 24, 1971. It was attended by about 50 scientists representing Argentina, Canada, Chile, Den mark, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Sweden, Switzerland, U.K., U.S.A., Vatican City State and Venezuela. The Symposium was divided into four sessions: 1. Classification of slit spectra, 2. Classification of objective-prism spectra, 3. Photometric classification, 4. Catalogues and documentation. It was decided not to include problems of calibration of absolute magnitudes and temperatures of stars but to refer this to a separate symposium. The contents of the present volume follow closely the programmes of the individual sessions of the Symposium. All the participants at the Symposium appreciated the excellent hospitality of their Argentinian hosts and the efficient help given by the staff ofthe Cordoba Observatory."

This book attempts to build a bridge between two sciences: chemistry and electronics. The inside of the black boxes the nuclear chemist uses daily is explained in simple electronic terms. Knowledge of the inside not only satisfies curiosity but helps one "get the most out of the available equipment." Likewise, this book tries to give sufficient understanding for not "over buying," that is to say, for buying the equipment which just serves the purpose, instead of buying the best so at least it will serve the purpose. The first three chapters give a concise understanding of what the area of applied nuclear chemistry is concerned with and what kind of equipment is generally used. Chapter 1 gives a theoretical background, while Chapter 3 deals with the practical implementations. Thus, these chapters provide the background to determine what one can expect from the experiments. The remainder of the book is devoted to the practical instrumentation of the experiments. Each chapter deals with specific types of instruments and devices, discusses briefly the electronics involved, considers the limitations, and investigates how and to what extent they can be circumvented. The advantage of having different contributors, each with his own practical experience, shows clearly in this latter aspect. Detailed practical knowledge and experience can be explained best by the person who has long been con cerned with the subject theoretically and practically."

Significant amounts of liquid and solid radioactive waste have been generated in Russia during the production of nuclear weapons, and there is an urgent need to find suitable ways to manage these wastes in a way that protects both the current population and future generations. This book contains contributions from pure and applied scientists and other representatives from Europe, North America, and Russia, who are, or have been, actively involved in the field of radioactive waste management and disposal. First-hand experience of specific problems associated with defence-related wastes in the USA and the Russian Federation is presented, and current plans are described for the disposal of solid wastes arising from civilian nuclear power production programmes in other countries, including Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany and the UK. The book provides a good insight into ongoing research at local and national level within Russia, devoted to the safe disposal of defence-related radioactive waste. It also demonstrates how existing expertise and technology from civilian nuclear waste management programmes can be applied to solving the problems created by nuclear defence programmes. Contributions address methods of immobilisation, site selection methodology, site characterisation techniques and data interpretation, the key elements of safety/performance assessments of planned deep (geological) repositories for radioactive waste, and radionuclide transport modelling. Concerns associated with certain specific nuclear waste disposal concepts and repository sites are also presented.

Stability is one of the most important performances required for silver halide photographic materials. In 1935, Dr. E. 1. Birr introduced the concept of the stabilization ofphotographic emulsions for the first time by inventing a most effective stabilizer, 4-oxo-6-methyl-l,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene (TAl). Dr. Birr's monograph Stabilization ofPhotographic Silver Halide Emulsions was published in 1974,and accepted as a reliable reference book by many photographic scientists and engineers. Since then, silver halide photographic materials have been greatly improved and expanded through active and continual development of various kinds of technologies. Especially, extensive efforts have been made to develop photographic materials with high sensitivity and rapid processing, which rely upon the stability ofphotographic emulsions under various conditions. Thus, the concept and technologies of stabilization ofphotographic silver halide materials have been expanded so extensively that many photographic scientists and engineers eagerly want a reliable, new reference book on the stabilization of photographic emulsions. Dr. Gunther Fischer is one of the most experienced and eminent scientists and engineers in the field of the stabilization of photographic materials with expanded concept. He has been involved in research on the stabilization of pho tographic emulsions since 1964 when he joined the Technical Scientific Laboratory in the Research and Development Department of the Photo Film Company Agfa Wolfen formerly headed by Dr. Birr, whom he succeeded in that position. I was deeply impressed by his fruitful and elaborate achievements in these fields.

Prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) is a unique, non-destructive nuclear analytical method with multi-element capabilities. It is most effective if intense neutron beams (especially cold beams) of nuclear reactors are used to induce the prompt gamma radiation. Based largely on the authors' pioneering research in cold neutron PGAA, the handbook describes the methodology in self-contained manner and reviews recent applications. The library of prompt gamma ray data and spectra for all natural elements is a unique aid to the practitioner. The level is understandable by a broad audience, which facilitates teaching and training. The Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis is a comprehensive handbook written for those practising the method, wanting to implement it at a reactor facility, or just looking for a powerful non-destructive method of element analysis. The book is also useful for nuclear physics, chemistry and engineering scientists, scholars and graduate students interested in neutron-induced gamma ray spectroscopy and nuclear analytical methods.

After the success of the previous summer schools organized by the Nuclear Physics Division of the Netherlands' Physical Society in 1975 and 1977, we thought it worthwhile to continue this tradition. The immediate very positive reactions received from all invited speakers encouraged us to proceed with the orgaization. Although the number of students had to be restricted to about one hundred, the international character of the School was evident from about thirty nationalities which were represented. The material contained in this book covers the talks given by all speakers invited to lecture on the subject of nuclear structure research. These proceedings should therefore serve as an excellent introduction to many topics of current interest in this exciting field. We hope that the lectures and discussions as well as the many informal contacts made during the various social activities will greatly stimulate interest in nuclear structure investigations among all the participants. The organization of the summer school has been made possible by substantial support given by the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Netherlands' Ministry of Education and Science and the Netherlands' Physical Society. The invaluable help of the "Bureau Congressen" of the Ministry of Education and Science and the friendly assistance of the manage ment of the College of Agriculture in Dronten contributed greatly to the pleasant atmosphere during the summer school."

The increased demand on fossil fuels for energy production has resulted in expanded research and development efforts on direct use of fossil fuels and conversion of fossil fuels into synthetic fuels. These efforts have focused on the efficiency of the energy production and/or conversion processes, and of the emission control technology, as well as delineation of the health and environmental impacts of those processes and their by-products. A key ingredient of these studies is the analytical capability necessary to identify and quan- tify those chemicals of interest in the process and by-produce streams from coal combustion, oil shale retorting, petroleum refin- ing, coal l1quifaction and gasification. These capabilities are needed to analyze a formidable range of materials including liquids, solids, gases and aerosols containing large numbers of criteria and pollutants including potentially hazardous polynuclear aromatic hy- drocarbons, organo-sulfur and organo-nitrogen species, trace elements and heavy metals, among others. Taking notice of these developments we sought to provide a forum to discuss the latest information on new and novel applica- tions of a subset of those necessary analytical capabilities, namely atomic and nuclear techniques. Consequently, we organized the con- ference on Atomic and Nuclear Methods in Fossil Fuel Energy Research, which was held in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico from December 1 to December 4, 1980.

Artificial sources of radiation are commonly used in the manufacturing and service industries, research institutions and universities, and the nuclear power industry. As a result, workers can be exposed to artificial sources of radiation. There are also a significant number of workers, such as underground miners and aircrew, who are exposed to naturally occurring sources of radiation. This publication, prepared in collaboration with the International Labour Organization, and with reference to IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3 provides guidance for individuals and organizations on the assessment of prospective cancer risks due to occupational exposure to ionizing radiation for prevention purposes. It describes cancer risk assessment theory, models and methodologies, and offers practical examples of carrying out these assessments.

The papers included in this volume were presented at the symposium on "Americium and Curium Chemistry and Technology" at the International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies in Honolulu, Hawaii, December 16-21, 1984. This symposium commemorated forty years of research on americium and curium. Accordingly, the papers included in this volume begin with historical perspectives on the discovery of americium and curium and the early characterization of their chemical properties, and then cover a wide range of subjects, such as thermodynamic properties, electronic structure, nuclear reactions, analytic chemistry, high pressure phase transitions, and technological aspects. Thus, this volume is a review of the chemistry of americium and curium, and provides a perspective on the current research on these elements forty years after their discovery. The editors would like to thank the participants in this symposium for their contributions. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of Ms. Barbara Moriguchi in handling the administrative aspects of the symposium and of the production of this volume. April 2, 1985 Norman M. Edelstein Materials and Molecular Research Division Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. James D. Navratil Rockwell International Rocky Flats Plant P.O. Box 464 Golden, Colorado 80402-0464, U.S.A. Wallace W. Schulz Rockwell Hanford P.O. Box 800 Richland, Washington 99352, U.S.A.

Risk assessment has come to assume acute importance in the former Soviet Union since money is so scarce, yet the needs for cleanup are so huge. Other factors contribute to this situation, too: New leaders are still emerging, and governmental structures are still evolving. This creates a particular difficulty for environmentalists who attempt to become involved in the risk assessment process. New information continues to surface on the fallout from Chernobyl and its consequences for human health. Scientists are still debating the effects of low doses of radiation delivered over a long period of time. This type of contamination is especially prevalent in the Russian North, for example, as a result of the dumping of nuclear submarine reactors into the Kara and Barents Seas. This book examines the complexities of risk assessment in the FSU at this unique time in history.

Microdosimetry and Its Applications is an advanced textbook presenting the fundamental concepts and numerical aspects of the absorption of energy by matter exposed to ionizing radiation. It is the only comprehensive work on the subject that can be considered definitive. It provides a deeper understanding of the initial phase of the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter, especially biological matter, and its consequences.

A stone carving from the 14th century B.C. records that the Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (born Amenhoteph IV) and his wife, Nefertiti, recognized the importance of sunlight to life. In fact, Akhenaten initiated a monotheistic religion, with Aton, the sun, as God. One of his daughters be came the wife of King Tut Ankamon, the spelling of whose name indicates a return to the old religion and an eclipse of interest in photobiology among the pharaohs. A renewal of interest in photobiology in modern times was climaxed in 1928 by the establishment of an international organization for photobiology under the title Comite International de la Lumiere (C.I.L.). Its present title, Comite International de Photobiologie (C.I.P.), was adopted at a meeting in Paris in 1951. The first of a series of international congresses on photobiology was held in 1954 and probably represents the beginning of modern day photobiology. Medical men were prominent in the activities of the old C.I.L., for the importance of natural sunlight in human health and disease was obvious though not well understood. The bringing together of physicians with physicists, chemists, and biologists from the pure and applied branches of their subjects was the aim of the older C.I.L. and continues to the present day through the C.I.P."