The 1989 International Conference on Nuclear Analytical Methods in theUfe Scienceswas a continuationofa seriesofconfer encesheldbytheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency. Thefirsttook placeinAmsterdamin 1967, thesecondin Bledin 1972, andthethird inViennain 1978. Theaimoftheseconferenceshasbeentostimulate discussions between scientists who are working as biologists, envi ronmentalists, and physicians, and those who are working on the advancementofnuclear analytical techniques. The 1989 Conference was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards)inGaithersburg, Maryland. ThefocalpointoftheConfer ence was the presentation of results from multidisciplinary research involvingnuclear analytical techniques and their applications to the life sciences. Wehave obtained contributions from life sciencefields thatrelatethenuclear analyticalmethods to abroad scopeofbiologi cal, medical, and environmental applications. Deliberately, our defi nition of nuclear analytical techniques was made flexible. Methods and applications were treated in a more comprehensive way than thoseatestablished meetings. Particularconsideration was given to contributions from developing countries. We are indebted to many people and organizations for their assistancein making this symposium possible. TheConference was organizedbytheUSDepartmentofCommerce'sNISTincooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency, by supplying both financial support and scientific expertise. The meeting was cospon soredbytheAmericanNuclearSociety, theUSDepartmentofEnergy, andtheFoodandDrugAdministration, whoprovidedbothorganiza tional and financial support. We hope that the results of this Conference, presented here, will stimulatethe developmentofnew collaborativeresearch efforts betweenthe life sciencesand analytical fields. Acontinuationofthis series ofconferences willbe a measureofthe successofthis interdis ciplinary collaboration."

The biological action of radiation undoubtedly constitutes an issue of actual con cern, particularly after incidences like those in Harrisburg or Chernobyl. These considerations, however, were not the reason for writing this book although it is hoped that it will also be helpful in this respect. The interaction of radiation with biological systems is such an interesting research objective that to my mind no special justification is needed to pursue these problems. The combination of physics, chemistry and biology presents on one hand a fascinating challenge to the student, on the other, it may lead to insights which are not possible if the dif ferent subjects remain clearly separated. Special problems of radiation biology have quite often led to new approaches in physics (or vice versa), a recent example is "microdosimetry" (chapter 4). Biological radiation a9tion comprises all levels of biological organization. It starts with the absorption in essential atoms and molecules and ends with the development of cancer and genetic hazards to future generations. The structure of the book reflects this. Beginning with physical and chemical fundamentals, it then turns to a description of chemical and subcellular systems. Cellular effects form a large part since they are the basis for understanding all further responses. Reactions of the whole organism, concentrating on mammals and especially humans, are subsequently treated. The book concludes with a short discussion of problems in radiation protection and the application of radiation in medical therapy. These last points are necessarily short and somewhat superficial."

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the third of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex C "Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low dose and low-dose rate radiation" synthesizes the current knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses and low-dose-rates, and assesses the implications for understanding the processes of cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation, and for dose-response relationships of radiation-induced cancers.

Though thousands of articles and books have been published on various aspects of the Manhattan Project, this book is the first comprehensive single-volume history prepared by a specialist for curious readers without a scientific background. This project, the United States Army's program to develop and deploy atomic weapons in World War II, was a pivotal event in human history. The author presents a wide-ranging survey that not only tells the story of how the project was organized and carried out, but also introduces the leading personalities involved and features simplified but accurate descriptions of the underlying science and the engineering challenges. The technical points are illustrated by reader-friendly graphics. .

The project that finally led to this book, was originally started with Dr. Jean-Paul Desclaux. It is a pleasure to thank hirn for a fruitful collaboration stretching over more than a decade. While accepting the responsibility for any remaining errors and omissions, I wish to acknowledge in particular the comments by Teijo Aberg, Viktor Flambaum, Burkhard Fricke, Franz Mark and Arne Rosen. The Bibliography was compiled using a Fortran program, written for the DEC 20 at the University of Turku by Matti Hotokka, and adap ted to the University of Helsinki Burroughs 7800 by Dage Sundholm. Harriet Bjornstrom did most of the typing and Kathe Ramsay cross checked the text against the Bibliography. Readers, interested in obtaining a Wordstar-readable, IBM PC compatible diskette file (about 520 kb on a two-sided diskette) of the Bibliography should contact the author Helsinki, 20 August, 1986 Pekka Pyykko CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................. 1 Table 1.1. Managraphs and ather general references ........... 2 2. One-particle problems ........................................ 5 2.1. Special relativity and the ald quantum theary ........... 5 2.2. On the Klein-Gardon equation ............................ 5 2.3. The Dirac equation ...................................... 6 Table 2.l. The Dirac equation: interpretative studies, symmetry properties and non-relativistic limits ............ 7 Table 2.2. The Dirac equation: further transformations ...... 13 Table 2.3. The Dirac equation: solutions for hydrogen-like systems. . ........................................ 1 6 Table 2.4. The Dirac equations: solutions for various n- coulomb fields. . ................................. 21 Table 2.5. Relativistic virial theorems ..................... 26 3. Quantum electrodynamical effects ............................ 27 Table 3.1."

Drawing on the continued wealth of photochemical research, this volume combines reviews on the latest advances in the field with specific topical highlights. Starting with periodical reports of the recent literature on physical and inorganic aspects, light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices, properties of transition-metal compounds, time-resolved spectroscopy, the exploitation of solar energy and the molecules of colour. Coverage continues with highlighted topics, in the second part, from photoresponsive hydrogels, the tunable photoredox properties of organic dyes, light-driven asymmetric organocatalytic processes, dual gold-photoredox catalysis, the preparation and characterization of photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion and the role of photochemistry on traditional synthetic processes. This volume will include for the first time a section entitled 'SPR Lectures on Photochemistry', providing examples for academic readers to introduce a photochemistry topic and precious help for students in photochemistry. Providing critical analysis of the topics, this book is essential reading for anyone wanting to keep up to date with the literature on photochemistry and its applications.

"Photochemistry of Organic Compounds: From Concepts to Practice" provides a hands-on guide demonstrating the underlying principles of photochemistry and, by reference to a range of organic reaction types, its effective use in the synthesis of new organic compounds and in various applications.

The book presents a complete and methodical approach to the topic, Working from basic principles, discussing key techniques and studies of reactive intermediates, and illustrating synthetic photochemical procedures.Incorporating special topics and case studies covering various applications of photochemistry in chemistry, environmental sciences, biochemistry, physics, medicine, and industry.Providing extensive references to the original literature and to review articles.Concluding with a chapter on retrosynthetic photochemistry, listing key reactions to aid the reader in designing their own synthetic pathways.

This book will be a valuable source of information and inspiration for postgraduates as well as professionals from a wide range of chemical and natural sciences.

The world made new is a biography of one of the most original and widely significant, yet largely forgotten, British scientists. Frederick Soddy was born in 1877 and was one of the first generation of English atomic scientists, who stood out from his colleagues from the start. He worked with Rutherford on the initial discoveries about atomic disintegration, for which Rutherford received the Nobel Prize. Soddy himself received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his research on isotopes. Soddy's worry about the responsibility of science and scientists to society began with his fear that the atomic energy he and Rutherford had discovered could be disastrous if suitable political controls were not enforced, and led to him abandoning scientific research. He lived to see his worst fears realized with the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soddy was also concerned with economics and ecology and was a pioneer in the field of energy conservation and environmental ethics. Throughout his life, Soddy was also committed to social reform. Frederick Soddy was a remarkable and talented man who was not recognized as such in his own life-time, largely because his ideas and attitudes did not fit in with the times in which he lived. However he has become more appreciated since his death, not only because his scientific work has gained its rightful recognition, but also because of the increased awareness today of the environment and the role of science in it.

This book highlights a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the fundamental principles related to nuclear engineering. As one of the most popular choices of future energy, nuclear energy is of increasing demand globally. Due to the complexity of nuclear engineering, its research and development as well as safe operation of its facility requires a wide scope of knowledge, ranging from basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics to applied subjects such as reactor theory and radiation protection. The book covers all necessary knowledge in an illustrative and readable style, with a sufficient amount of examples and exercises. It is an easy-to-read textbook for graduate students in nuclear engineering and a valuable handbook for nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel and technical staff.

Different applications and uses of light energy have emerged over the last few years in many different fields such as in medicine, material science, energy and biochemistry. New and exciting applications of light-controlled processes have become practical in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, the preparation and use of functional materials, the storage of solar energy and the control of biological properties. Many of these applications are based on a very simple chemical step: a photoisomerization. The isomerization of a chemical double bond allows for the control with extreme spatial and temporal resolution of complex systems. Nature offers different examples of very complex functions that are initiated by this type of simple chemical. Upon photon absorption, the light energy can be used to induce a chemical (geometrical) change that influences the protein environment that triggers a specific signal or function. Inspired by these amazing and extremely efficient processes, many efforts have been devoted to the modification of natural systems and to the design of new applications, using simple and tunable photoisomerizations. Accordingly, the preparation of photoactive molecular devices based on photoisomerizations and the use of these species in different applications is now a very active scientific field, with profound implications in our everyday lives. In this book, the fundamental aspects of the photoisomerization of many different chemical structures containing C=C, N=N and C=N double bonds is covered. Different experimental and computational tools used to study these processes are discussed and some specific applications of different compounds are presented.

This textbook fills the gap between the very basic and the highly advanced volumes that are widely available on the subject. It offers a concise but comprehensive overview of a number of topics, like general relativity, fission and fusion, which are otherwise only available with much more detail in other textbooks. Providing a general introduction to the underlying concepts (relativity, fission and fusion, fundamental forces), it allows readers to develop an idea of what these two research fields really involve. The book uses real-world examples to make the subject more attractive and encourage the use of mathematical formulae. Besides short scientists' biographies, diagrams, end-of-chapter problems and worked solutions are also included. Intended mainly for students of scientific disciplines such as physics and chemistry who want to learn about the subject and/or the related techniques, it is also useful to high school teachers wanting to refresh or update their knowledge and to interested non-experts.

There is the conjuncture that 2012 is a special year in the history of physics that cannot go unobserved without celebration: 100 years of cosmic ray discovery, the 75th anniversary of Muon discovery and 70 years of the discovery of relativistic solar particles (Ground Level Enhancements). Several symposiums have been held in this regard, among which can be mentioned is that of the one held in Pollau, Austria in May 2012. There is need of a book that pays homage to these historical discoveries. The aim of this book is to collect some typical papers written for researchers of the international cosmic ray community that many scientists and students would like to have in their libraries. The main market for this book are universities and research institutes throughout the world, and mainly in countries where there is an old tradition in cosmic ray research: Europe, USA, Mexico, Canada, East Europe (mainly Russia), Japan, Australia, China, etc. It should also be of interest in scientific societies, professional organizations, or other groups relevant to the several fields of particle physics: e.g. The Victor F. Hess Society and the European Physical Society/History of Physics Group (EPS/HoP), COSPAR, IUGG, American Geophysical Union, Union Geofisica Mexicana, and others.

The question of "what to do with radioactive waste" has been raised frequently for both fission and fusion power plants. In recent years, fusion designers have become increasingly aware of the large amount of mildly radioactive materials that fusion generates. The search for a suitable solution has stimulated discussions about the origin and nature of fusion radioactive waste. This book discusses the perspectives of managing fusion radioactive materials. It also discusses the canister quandary, and the nuclear security system in Georgia.

Phosphors for Radiation Detector Phosphors for Radiation Detectors Discover a comprehensive overview of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection In Phosphors for Radiation Detection, accomplished researchers Takayuki Yanagida and Masanori Koshimizu deliver a state-of-the-art exploration of the use of phosphors in radiation detection. The internationally recognized contributors discuss the fundamental physics and detector functions associated with the technology with a focus on real-world applications. The book discusses all forms of luminescence phosphors for radiation detection used in a variety of fields, including medicine, security, resource exploration, environmental monitoring, and high energy physics. Readers will discover discussions of dosimeter materials, including thermally stimulated luminescent materials, optically stimulated luminescent materials, and radiophotoluminescence materials. The book also covers transparent ceramics and glasses and a broad range of devices used in this area. Phosphors for Radiation Detection also includes: Thorough introductions to ionizing radiation induced luminescence, organic scintillators, and inorganic oxide scintillators Comprehensive explorations of luminescent materials, including discussions of materials synthesis and their use in gamma-ray, neutron, and charged particle detection Practical discussions of semiconductor scintillators, including treatments of organic-inorganic layered perovskite materials for scintillation detectors In-depth examinations of thermally stimulated luminescent materials, including discussions of the dosimetric properties for photons, charged particles, and neutrons Relevant for research physicists, materials scientists, and electrical engineers, Phosphors for Radiation Detection is an also an indispensable resource for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students working in detection physics.

Ultraviolent (UV) radiation represents a comparatively small part of the total electromagnetic spectrum, yet this portion of the spectrum is responsible for an extremely wide range of effects in many different settings. In biological systems, it can produce good and bad outcomes. We use UV radiation to drive chemical reactions that are desired, and we know that it also drives environmental reactions that are harmful to living organisms. We use UV radiation to interrogate molecules and to analyze cells. Some animals view our world in the UV radiation range, while astronomers use UV to study the universe; in both cases, what is observed is very different from that observed using other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This volume gives the reader just the very beginning of the broad range of properties, applications, and effects of UV radiation and is intended to stimulate the reader to explore more of this fascinating part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Little is known about lithium-7 production in China and Russia and whether their supplies can meet future domestic demand. According to industry representatives, China and Russia produce enough lithium-7 to meet demand from U.S. pressurised water reactors, a type of commercial nuclear power reactor that requires lithium-7 for safe operation. This book examines what is known about the supply and demand of lithium-7, what federal agencies are responsible for managing supply risks, and alternative options to mitigate a potential shortage. The authors of this book also discuss the management of helium-3 and the availability of tritium for the weapons stockpile to the National Nuclear Security Administration.

A Flash of Light is an intriguing book that starts at the beginning of time itself and then winds its way through a host of fascinating light related topics including the hues of aliens sunsets, the psychology of colour, and the chemistry of LCD screens. Written as part of a novel experiment, editors Mark Lorch and Andy Miah hatched a plan to collect a critical mass of academics in a room and charged them with writing a popular science book, under the watchful eye of the general public at the Manchester Science Festival. The result is an enlightening look into the science behind colour and light, encompassing biology, chemistry and physics and including simple and fun "try this at home" ideas to illustrate the concepts covered. Drawing on the experience of some of the UK's best science communicators, this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in science. Its pacey, witty and engaging tone provides illuminating insight into how and why we see the universe the way we do.

The Department of Energy is the only domestic supplier for many of the over 300 different isotopes it sells that are critical to medical, commercial, research, and national security applications. Previous shortages of some isotopes, such as helium-3, an isotope used to detect radiation at seaports and border crossings, highlight the importance of managing supplies of and demand for critical isotopes. Additionally, the U.S. neutron science effort continues to be world-class, with searches for the neutron electric dipole moment and measurements of the neutron lifetime, radiative decay, beta decay correlation coefficients, hadronic parity violation, and interferometry. This book provides an overview of select assessments of national science programs relating to both isotopes and neutrons.

Ionizing radiation is radiation composed of particles that individually can liberate an electron from an atom or molecule, producing ions, which are atoms or molecules with a net electric charge. These tend to be especially chemically reactive, and the reactivity produces the high biological damage caused per unit of energy of ionizing radiation. This new book examines the applications, sources and biological effects of ionizing radiation with a focus on the analytical methods for the identification of irradiated foods; protein kinases as fundamental participants in the response to DNA damage from ionizing radiation; radiative defects in nanocyrstals as compared with those in bulk crystals; mechanical and optical properties of ionic crystals; mtDNA as a marker of radiation damage; antioxidant prophylaxis of radiation stress; and dosimetry characterisation of a cobalt-60 y-irradiation facility for the radiation sterilization of insects.

In our everyday imaginations we use the laws of nature with their tremendous possibilities of technical progress for the benefit of mankind. The three catastrophes of Chernobyl (26 April 1986), Fukushima Daichii (11 March 2011) and in the Gulf of Mexico, explosion of the drilling platform Deepwater Horizon (20 April 2010), have shaken this world view. Who directed this development? Is it a matter of human error or technical failure? For the answer, approaches from the natural sciences and the humanities are presented.

After World War II, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) began mass-producing radioisotopes, sending out nearly 64,000 shipments of radioactive materials to scientists and physicians by 1955. Even as the atomic bomb became the focus of Cold War anxiety, radioisotopes represented the government's efforts to harness the power of the atom for peace-advancing medicine, domestic energy, and foreign relations. In Life Atomic, Angela N. H. Creager tells the story of how these radioisotopes, which were simultaneously scientific tools and political icons, transformed biomedicine and ecology. Government-produced radioisotopes provided physicians with new tools for diagnosis and therapy, specifically cancer therapy, and enabled biologists to trace molecular transformations. Yet the government's attempt to present radioisotopes as marvelous dividends of the atomic age was undercut in the 1950s by the fallout debates, as scientists and citizens recognized the hazards of low-level radiation. Creager reveals that growing consciousness of the danger of radioactivity did not reduce the demand for radioisotopes at hospitals and laboratories, but it did change their popular representation from a therapeutic agent to an environmental poison. She then demonstrates how, by the late twentieth century, public fear of radioactivity overshadowed any appreciation of the positive consequences of the AEC's provision of radioisotopes for research and medicine.

This thesis explores two distinct applications of laser spectroscopy: the study of nuclear ground state properties, and element selective radioactive ion beam production. It also presents the methods and results of an investigation into isotope shifts in the mercury isotopic chain. These Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS) developments are detailed, together with an RILIS ionization scheme that allowed laser ionized ion beams of chromium, germanium, radium and tellurium to be generated at the Isotope Mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility. A combination of laser spectroscopy with decay spectroscopy and mass spectrometry unambiguously demonstrated a cessation of the extreme shape staggering first observed in the 1970s and revealed the characteristic kink at the crossing of the N=126 shell closure. A series of RILIS developments were required to facilitate this experiment, including mercury "ionization scheme" development and the coupling of the RILIS with an arc discharge ion source. Laser spectroscopy has since become a powerful tool for nuclear physics and the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source (RILIS), of the ISOLDE facility at CERN, is a prime example. Highlighting important advances in this field, the thesis offers a unique and revealing resource.

This textbook introduces the topic of special relativity, with a particular emphasis upon light-matter interaction and the production of light in plasma. The physics of special relativity is intuitively developed and related to the radiative processes of light. The book reviews the underlying theory of special relativity, before extending the discussion to applications frequently encountered by postgraduates and researchers in astrophysics, high power laser interactions and the users of specialized light sources, such as synchrotrons and free electron lasers. A highly pedagogical approach is adopted throughout, and numerous exercises are included within each chapter to reinforce the presentation of key concepts and applications of the material.